Perception 1

Perception

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Perception 2

Introduction

Perception is the capacity that is flexible enough to satisfy the function of apprehending

the actual, concrete truth in a way that is ethically appropriate to our beliefs, to be contrasted,

adapted and assessed by our senses, hearing seeing, degusting, touching (De Lange et al., 2018).

Perception for each person is their present reality, independent of our positions, workers,

managers, leaders. Besides, this understanding will allow our attitudes and behaviors'. Attitudes

and behaviour are what we show and do in our daily life, in personal life or even workplace. In

this paper, I would only discuss Halo Effect, Stereotype, Projection including how positively and

negatively they affect attitudes, perception and behaviour in the personal and organizational

context.

Halo Effect

Halo Effect is a type of motivated reasoning, where we base our thinking and emotions

about a person on our general view of the individual, bringing our perception of a single trait of

theirs onto other aspects of the individual. Essentially what this means is that first impressions

make up much of an individual's experience (Hofflinger et al., 2019). People tend to associate a

person's physical attributes with other positive mental attributes; an attractive and successful

person, such as a celebrity, is often considered intelligent and kind. The psychologist Edward L.

Thorndike first invented "Halo Effect" in 1920, when Thorndike presented a paper based on his

observations of military officers rating their subordinates (Behrmann, 2019). What he found was

a strong connection between one's understanding of intelligence and their physical appearance.

In real-world, Halo Effect plays a major role in a variety of environments, in the

classroom, teachers connect more with the attractive students, in the workplace, the most
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attractive people get better grades and feedback, they also seem to get the better end of the

bargain when it comes to important things like promotion, better projects, etc. Even when it

comes to ads, people seem to get drawn to a product that beautiful celebrities support, and their

opinion of the product is very positive.

Stereotype

It is very common for people to carry preconceived notions about social groups and

certain topics, even though they may be unconscious and not realized him/her. Through many

studies conducted by researchers at the Universities of Pennsylvania and Berkeley, it has been

found that stereotypes about the well-studied characteristics, warmth, and competency, play a

greater role than expected in changing people's behaviour and their equity responses (Lindqvist

et al., 2017). The concept of 'warmth' here corresponds to the goodness (or badness) of the

intentions of a person toward others. The 'Competence' trait denotes how much a person rates

others as to their ability to act according to their intentions. The research revealed that in any

situation, warmth and competence are present at the opposite ends of the spectrum, depending on

the resources (their number) available, so that when people were abundant, a person tended to

get close to the warmth, whereas, in a human scarcity, the decisive factor was competence.

Another study, this one conducted at the University of Maryland, concluded that a

relationship exists between mind reading and stereotyping, two ideas that are rarely related.

Mental reading comes into the equation because when a person has some sort of attitude-a

stereotype-regarding someone else, it also affects what they think happens in the mind of the

other person (Clarke, 2017). Mind reading is essentially projecting what the other person is going

to do and what we are doing every day to manage our world, while stereotypes are the basic

information, we store about social groups such as gender, ethnicity, occupation, race, etc. Using
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mind-reading, we try to predict an individual's warmth and competence, and then combine that

with the built-in stereotypes to form our image of a person/group.

Projection

Psychological projection is what happens when, as a kind of defensive mechanism, men,

often subconsciously attempt to cope with difficult emotions affecting others. It means

transferring the negative or unwelcome emotions onto the other person, rather than recognizing

them or realizing that it is the person who feels them. According to what the renowned

psychologist Sigmund Freud said, the negative and unwanted feelings we can't handle are

transferred onto the other person, so that they become the carriers for these feelings in our minds.

The most common example is' He/she hate me! "How we transfer our feelings of hate and

disdain onto our teachers, friends, family, employers, colleagues and everyone else (Behrmann,

2019). Another example is 'He/she is so ugly/fat/weird' because that's what we think about

ourselves, and because we don't want anyone else to point it out to us, we just presume that their

view is like that. "And if we don't mention anything else, people will think we're evil and gross if

we want this or that.

Conclusion

Halo Effect will drive us to try to change our general normal look. If good morality is the

general norm, so we are a better person for society. Even if not, it could cause a dispute, for

example, as a general norm for the managers, a professional outfit and business manners. If

understandable, they are sought by people to make a change to upgrade to a higher level their job

role. However, the Threat of stereotypes may harm psychological stereotypes by influencing

market recognition and commitment, expectations, the tendency to self-disability and openness
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to feedback. Changes in Projections will influence how workers feel about the organization,

while changes in Projections will affect loyal clients. Likewise, any differences between the

predicted images and actual experiences will adversely affect your company and your ability to

drive business performance.

References

Behrmann, L. (2019). The Halo Effect as a Teaching Tool for Fostering Research-Based

Learning. European Journal of Educational Research, 8(2), 433-441.

Clarke, A. (2017, March 01). How stereotypes shape our perceptions of other minds. Retrieved

from https://icog.group.shef.ac.uk/how-stereotypes-shape-our-perceptions-of-other-

minds/

De Lange, F. P., Heilbron, M., & Kok, P. (2018). How do expectations shape perception? Trends

in cognitive sciences, 22(9), 764-779.

Hofflinger, Á., Boso, A., & Oltra, C. (2019). The home halo effect: how air quality perception is

influenced by place attachment. Human Ecology, 47(4), 589-600.

Lindqvist, A., Björklund, F., & Bäckström, M. (2017). The perception of the poor: Capturing

stereotype content with different measures. Nordic Psychology, 69(4), 231-247.