YPICA Lee Lim Ming College

Set 2: Exercise 1
Read the following notes ( Chapter 9)

9.1 Common acids and alkalis

1 Acidshave asour taste.Alkalis are slipperyand some of them have a bittertaste.
2 Hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid and nitric acidare commonly used acids in the
laboratory.
3 Acids can be found in food and daily products.

4 Sodium hydroxide solution, calcium hydroxide solution(lime water) andammonia

solutionare commonly used alkalis in the laboratory.
5 Alkalis can be found in food and daily products.

6 The acids and alkalis areirritant or evencorrosive.

7 Safety precautions when handling acids and alkalis in laboratory:
• Read the hazard warning symbols on the bottles of chemicals and identify the
risks of handling them.

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 • Wear safety spectacles.
• Wear a laboratory coat and disposable gloves
when necessary to avoid direct contact with
acids or alkalis.

• Never taste acids or alkalis.

• When working with acidic or alkaline solutions, fill no more than one-third of the
container.
• Do not mix acids or alkalis with other chemicals without getting approval from
the teacher.
• Pour the waste solutions into suitable waste bottles.
Do not pour them into the sink.

• Wash hands thoroughly after handling acids or alkalis.

8 If an accident occurs in the laboratory, we must keep calm and report it to the
teacher at once.If acids or alkalis come into contact with our body accidentally:
• wash the affected • if the eye is affected, • carefully remove
area under running wash it with an eye clothes that have
waterimmediately wash been contaminated.
for at least 10 bottleimmediately.
minutes.

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 YPICA Lee Lim Ming College
Set 2: Exercise 2
Read the following notes ( Chapter 9)
9.2 Distinguishing acids and alkalis
1 Some plants contain pigmentswhich show different colours in acidic and alkaline
solutions. They can be used asindicatorsto distinguish between acids and alkalis.

2 Litmus is an acid-alkali indicator commonly used in the laboratory.There are two

kinds of litmus: the blue litmus and the red litmus.

3 Litmus is available in solution form. It can be added to paper strips and then dried to
become litmus paper.

4 The colours of blue and red litmus paper in different solutions:

In neutral solution
Litmus paper In acidic solution (e.g. distilled In alkaline solution
water)
Blue litmus paper Red Blue Blue
Red litmus paper Red Red Blue

5 The pH valueshows the relative acidityor alkalinity of a substance. In general, pH

value ranges from 0 to 14. This range is known as the pH scale.

neutral

pH value

more acidic more alkaline

6 The pH value of a substance can be found by usinguniversal indicator. It is also

available in paper form. It is called pH paper.

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 pHcolour chart

pHcolour chart

Universal indicator pH paper

7 Electronic instruments used to measure the pH of solutions:

pHmeter computer

data logger

probe
probe

sensor

8 Comparison between using universal indicator and a pH meter to measure the pH of

solutions:

Using universal indicator Using a pH meter

 Convenient:  Measurement is more

Calibration is not needed accurate and precise
Advantage
 Less solution is needed for  Suitable for solutions of
measurement anycolours

 Measurement is less  Calibration is needed

accurate and precise  More solution is needed for
Disadvantage
 Not suitable for measurement
dark-colouredsolutions

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 YPICA Lee Lim Ming College
Set 2: Exercise 3
Read the following notes ( Chapter 9)

9.3 Neutralization
1 When an alkali is mixed with an acid, the pHchanges.

2 When the pH of the resulting solution after mixingacid and alkali reaches 7, the
solution becomes neutral. In other words, the acid and the alkali neutralizeeach other.

3 Word equation ofneutralization:

acid + alkali salt + water

Е 4 The type of salt formed in neutralization depends on the types of acid and alkali that
react. Examples of neutralization of acids and alkalis:
sodium hydrochloric sodium
+ + water
hydroxide acid chloride
(also known as table salt)

potassium potassium
+ nitric acid + water
hydroxide nitrate
(a component of chemical fertilizers)

sodium sulphuric sodiumsulph

+ + water
hydroxide acid ate
(a component of washing powder)

5 The mass of reactants and productis conservedin neutralization.

6 Some applications of neutralization:

• Brushing teeth withtoothpaste:
Toothpasteis slightly alkaline. It neutralizes the acids in the mouth and
helpsprevent tooth decay.
• Treating stomach ache withantacid:
Antacidis alkaline. It helps neutralize excess acidin stomach and relieve pain.

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 • Regulating soil pH:
Lime is alkaline. It can be added to acidic soil to neutralize acids in the soil.
• Treating insect stings and bites:
• Wasp stings are alkaline.Vinegar can be used to neutralize the alkali in wasp
stings.
• Bee stings and ant bites are acidic. Baking soda can be used to neutralize
acids in the stings or bites.
• Treating chemical waste:
To reduce pollution caused by chemical waste containing acids or alkalis, the
waste can be neutralized with the use of suitable acids or alkalis before
discharging.

9.4 Corrosive nature of acids

1 Dilute acids react with some metals to produce hydrogen. The metals decrease in size.
We say that acidscorrodethe metals.

2 Dilute acids react with zinc, magnesium and iron. They do not reactwith copper.

3 We should avoid using metal containers to cook or store acidic foods.

Е 4 Word equation of reactionbetween dilute acids and metals:

metal + acid salt + hydrogen

Е 5 The type of salt produced depends on the type of acid and metal that react. Examples
of reactions between dilute acids and metals:
• zinc + hydrochloric acid zinc chloride + hydrogen
• iron + sulphuric acid iron sulphate + hydrogen

6 Dilute acids corrode building materials likemarble, limestoneand sandstone. These

building materials containcalcium carbonate.

7 When dilute acids react with calcium carbonate, carbon dioxideis produced.

Е 8 Word equation of reactionbetween dilute acids and carbonates:

carbonate +acid salt + water + carbon dioxide

Е 9 The type of salt produced depends on the type of acid and carbonate that react.

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 Examples of reactions between dilute acids and metals:

calcium hydrochloric calcium carbon

+ + water +
carbonate acid chloride dioxide

magnesium sulphuric magnesiums carbon

+ + water +
carbonate acid ulphate dioxide

10 If the rainwater has a pH value lower than 5.6, it is considered to be acid rain.

11 The burning of fossil fuels gives off large amounts of acidic gases such as sulphur
dioxideandnitrogen oxides. These gases lead to the formation of acid rain.

12 Effects of acid rain on environment and living things:

• Acid rain may corrode metal objects and building materials.
• Acid rain increases the acidity of the water in rivers and lakes. Living thingsin the
acidic water may not be able to reproduce and even die.
• Acid rain may dissolve some minerals in the soil and carry them to rivers or lakes.
Living things in the water may die if the minerals are toxic to them.
• Acid rain makes the soil acidic. Many plants cannot growwell in acidic soil.
• Acid rain may damage the leaves of plants directly. The plants cannot carry out
photosynthesis and die finally.
• Acid rain may dissolve some mineralsin the soil and wash them away. If they are
necessary for plant growth, the plants will become weak or even die.

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 YPICA Lee Lim Ming College
Set 2: Exercise 4

Unit 7
Note:
1 Attempt ALL questions.
2 Write your answers in the spaces provided on the Answer Sheet.

A True or false questions(5 marks, 1 mark each)

Write ‘T’ for a true statement and ‘F’ for a false statement.

1 The percentages of different gases in air are fixed.

2 Carbon dioxide is a by-product of photosynthesis.
3 Inhaled air contains more oxygen than carbon dioxide.
4 Respiration occurs in the lung only.
E 5 In most of the food chains, animals are consumers.

B Multiple-choice questions(10 marks, 1 mark each)

1 Gas X does not turn lime water milky. It can relight a glowing splint. What can
gas X be?
A Nitrogen
B Oxygen
C Carbon dioxide
D None of the above

2 Which of the following can we use to prove that exhaled air contains more carbon dioxide
than inhaled air does?
A Hydrogencarbonate indicator
B Soda lime
C Iodine solution
D Blue cobalt chloride paper

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3 Which of the following is/are the test(s) for oxygen?
(1) Smelling
(2) Glowing splint test
(3) Hydrogencarbonate indicator test
(4) Using dry cobalt chloride paper
A (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (1), (2) and (4) only
D (2), (3)and (4) only

4 When designing an experiment to investigate whether light is a necessary factor for

photosynthesis, which of the following is/are the controlled variable(s)?
(1) Presence of light
(2) Temperature
(3) Presence of starch in the plant
A (1) only
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
D (2) and (3) only

5 Which of the following combinations is correct about gas exchange in the human body?
Carbon dioxide Oxygen

A Enters the blood from theair sacs Leaves the blood and enters the air sacs

B Enters the blood from the air sacs Enters the blood from the air sac

C Leaves the blood and enters the air sacs Enters the blood from the air sacs

D Leaves the blood and enters the air sacs Leaves the blood and enters the air sacs

6 Which of the following combinations of the substances found in cigarette smoke and their
effects on our body is INCORRECT?
Substance Effect on our body

A Tar Reduces surface area for gas exchange

B Carbon monoxide Reduces oxygen-carrying ability of blood

C Nicotine Causes addiction

D Tar Causes illusion

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Directions: Questions 7 and 8 refer to the situation below.
Raymonddestarches a plant with variegated leaves in the dark for 48 hours. He then puts the plant
under sunlight for 4 hours. Before and after putting the plant under sunlight, he picks a leaf to test
for starch.

white part green part

A variegated leave from the plant

7 Which of the following should he use to test for starch in the leaves?
A Iodine solution
B Chlorine water
C Sugar solution
D Copper sulphate solution

8 Which of the combinations below is correct about the test for starch in the leaves before and
after putting the plant under sunlight?
Leaf picked right after destarching Leaf picked after putting under sunlight

for 4 hours

brown blue black

B
brown brown blue black

C
blue black blue black brown

D
brown brown

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9 Which of the gases below has the largest proportion in exhaled air?
A Nitrogen
B Oxygen
C Carbon dioxide
D Water vapour

10 Which of the followingcorrectly matches the gas exchange of a plant in light and dark
conditions?
Light conditions Dark conditions

A Net uptake of carbon dioxide Net release of nitrogen

B Net uptake of carbon dioxide Net release of oxygen

C Net uptake of oxygen Net release of carbon dioxide

D Net uptake of oxygen Net release of nitrogen

C Fill in the blanks(10 marks, 1 mark each)

Complete the following diagramandsentences.
1 The diagram below shows the process of photosynthesis:

a (a gas)
+
water

food (in the form of d)

b energy
+
c(a pigment) e (a gas)

2 In the human breathing system, thefprotect the lungs. The action of

gandh brings about breathing.
3 The natural phenomenon in which certain gasses in the atmosphere trap thermal energy from
the sun and keep the Earth warm is called i.
4 Cells carry out respiration to release the j energy stored in food. The energy is converted to
other forms of energy for supporting body activities.

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D Questions(25 marks)

1 The bar chart below shows the levels of air pollutants detected in Mongkok in a morning in
September, 2018.

Air pollutant level in Mongkok

1200

1000

800
Arbitrary unit

600

400

200

0
Nitrogen Ozone Sulphur Carbon Carbon
dioxide dioxide monoxide particle

a Name ONEmajor source of air pollution in Mongkok. (1 mark)

b Name ONE other source of air pollution in industrialized cities. (1 mark)
c From the above bar chart, identify the TWO air pollutants with the highest level. For
each air pollutant, state ONE effect of it on our health. (4 marks)

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2 Mario uses the following set-up to investigate gas exchange in plants under light and dark
conditions. He observes the colour of the indicator three hours later.

aluminium
foil
leaf

hydrogencarbonate
indicator

For a to c below, fill in the tables in the Answer Sheet by using the letters A, B, C or D
which represent the four test tubes.

a Identify which tubes are the experimental set-up and which are the control set-up for
investigating gas exchange under light and dark conditions. (4 marks)
Investigation of gas exchange under

light conditions dark conditions

Experimental set-up

Control set-up

b Identify in which tubes does the indicator show the following colour changes.(4 marks)
From red to purple From red to yellow Remains red

c Identify in which tubes have the following processes taken place.

(3 mark)
Photosynthesis Respiration

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3 The graph below shows the changes in the average carbon dioxide concentration in the
atmosphere from 1959 to 2014.

Average carbon dioxide concentration in atmosphere

420
Average carbon dioxide concentration

400

380
(arbitrary unit)

360

340

320

300
1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2014
Year

a Describe the changes in average carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere shown
by the graph. (1 mark)
b State TWO human activities that may lead to the change in the carbon dioxide
concentration in the atmosphere shown by the graph. (2 marks)
c How may such changes in the carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere affect the
global temperatures? Explain briefly. (2 marks)
d The change in global temperature in c may lead to adverse consequences. State TWO
consequences. (2 marks)
e What can we do to help stop such change of the concentration of carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere in our daily life? Suggest ONE way. (1 mark)

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Unit 7Living things and air
Unit test
Answers

A True or false questions (5 marks, 1 mark each)

1 F 2 F 3 T 4 F 5 T

B Multiple-choice questions (10 marks, 1 mark each)

1 B 2 A 3 A 4 B 5 C
6 D 7 A 8 B 9 A 10 B

C Fill in the blanks (10 marks, 1 mark each)

a carbon dioxide b light
c chlorophyll d glucose
e oxygen f ribs
g / hdiaphragm /intercostal muscle
i greenhouse effect j chemical

D Questions (25 marks)

1 a Motor cars 1m
b Any ONE from: 1m
Power stations / factories
c Air pollutant Effect on health

Carbon monoxide Reduce oxygen-carrying ability of blood. / 1 m×4

Causing dizziness and headache

Carbon particles Irritate our lungs. /

Worsen bronchitis and asthma.

2 a Investigation of gas exchange under

light conditions dark conditions

Experimental
A C
set-up 1 m×4
Control set-up B D

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 b From red to purple From red to yellow Remains red

C A B, D
1 m×4

c Photosynthesis Respiration

A A, C
1 m×3

3 a From 1959 to 2014, the average concentration of carbon

dioxide increased continuously. 1m
b Large amount of fossil fuels are burnt. / 1m
Large areas of forest are cleared. 1m
c More heat is trapped in the atmosphere by carbon dioxide. 1m
This leads to a rise in global temperatures. 1m
d Any TWO from: 1 m× 2
Ice at Polar regions melts. Living things there lose their
habitats and die. /
Sea levels rise, leading to flooding in low-lying coastal areas. /
Climate change may occur, leading to more typhoons and
droughts.
e Any ONE from: 1m
Use electrical appliances that save energy. (e.g. those carrying
grade 1 energy label) /
Take public transport instead of private cars. /
Travel on foot or by bicycle if possible. /
Turn off electrical appliances when they are not in use. /
Reuse and recycle waste. /
Avoid buying things with excessive packaging.
(Accept other reasonable answers.)
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 YPICA Lee Lim Ming College
Set 2: Exercise 5

Unit 8
Note:
1 Attempt ALL questions.
2 Write your answers in the spaces provided on the Answer Sheet.

A True or false questions(5 marks, 1 mark each)

Write ‘T’ for a true statement and ‘F’ for a false statement.

1 A light bulb is an energy converter.

2 The current is the same at any point in a series circuit.
3 As the resistance of a circuit increases, the current passing through the circuit also increases.
4 The earth wire protects us from electric shock whereas the fuse protectsan electrical
appliance from overheating.
5 The source of electrical energy is NOT a necessary condition for current to flow in a parallel
circuit.

B Multiple-choice questions(10 marks, 1 mark each)

1 Which of the following electrical appliances does NOT make use of the heating effect of
current?
A Electric iron
B Loudspeaker
C Electric kettle
D Hair dryer

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2 Three identical cells are connected together. Which of the following combinations of cells
has the highest voltage?
A B

C D

3 Which of the following correctly describes the direction of the current flowing in the circuit
below?

A Positive terminal of battery → light bulb → switch →negative terminal of battery

B Negative terminal of battery → switch →light bulb →positive terminal of battery
C Positive terminal of battery→ switch → light bulb→negative terminal of battery
D The current sometimes flows clockwise and sometimes anticlockwise.

4 The following diagram shows the symbol for a circuit component.

Which of the following statements about the circuit component is correct?

A It allows current to pass through.
B It should be connected across a cell.
C It is used to control the size of current.
D It protects an electrical appliance from overheating.

5 Which of the following objects is an electrical conductor?

A A cotton thread
B A copper wire
C A rubber band
D A wooden toothpick

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 6 Which of the following is a parallel circuit?
A + – B + –

C + – D + –

7 Which of the following is a safety precaution of using electrical appliances?

A Touch an electric socket with dry hands.
B Use a universal adaptor to connect several appliances to a mains socket.
C Keep an appliance running when cleaning it.
D Replace a blown fuse with a new one of a smaller fuse rating.

8 Which of the following statements about the fuse are correct?

(1) It consists of a metal wire with a low melting point.
(2) If the current passing through the fuse is larger than the fuse rating, the fuse blows and
cuts off the electricity supply.
(3) All kinds of fuse have the same fuse rating.
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3)

E 9 Consider the diameters and lengths of copper wires A to D below. Which copper wire has
thelowest resistance?
Diameter Length
A 0.05 cm 10 cm
B 0.08 cm 10 cm
C 0.05 cm 20 cm
D 0.08 cm 20 cm

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 C Fill in the blanks(10 marks, 1 mark each)
Complete the following sentences.
1 We use a / an a to measure current and a / an b to measure voltage.
2 Thec of a cell indicates how much electrical energy is supplied by the cell to thed in a
circuit.
E 3 Suppose a variable resistor is connected to a cell. The current passing through the resistor
increases when the voltage of the cell e or the resistance of the resistorf .
4 If a connecting wire connects the positive and the negative terminals of a cell together, the
g flowing through the wire will be very large. Such a circuit is called a h .
5 In a I circuit, sockets are connected injto the mains supply so that they can work
independently.

D Questions(25 marks)

1 Consider the circuit diagrams below.

X
P
Y

QZ

State whether each of the bulbs will glow if

a both P and Q are closed. (1 mark)
b P is closed and Q is open. (1 mark)
c Q is closed and P is open. (1 mark)
d both P and Q are open. (1 mark)

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E 2 In the diagram below, two cells, a bulb, an ammeter and a rheostat are connected together.

B
A

a On the Answer Sheet, draw a circuit diagram for the set-up. (5 marks)
b What happens to the brightness of the light bulb if the sliding contact of the rheostat
moves from A to B? (1 mark)
c State what will happen to the ammeter reading if
i one of the cells is removed from the circuit while the circuit remainsclosed. (1
mark)
ii the light bulb blows out. (1 mark)
d What happens to the ammeter if its terminals are connected in reverse as shown below?
(1 mark)

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3 The diagram below shows an electric iron.

a The diagram below shows the connection of an electric iron to the mains.
X Y

mains

electric iron

metal case

i Name the component X. What is its function? (2 marks)

ii State the energy change when a current passes through Y inside the electric iron.
(2 marks)
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Unit 8Making use of electricity
Unit test
Answers

A True or false questions (5 marks, 1 mark each)

1 T 2 T 3 F 4 T 5 F

B Multiple-choice questions (10 marks, 1 mark each)

1 B 2 A 3 C 4 A 5 B
6 D 7 A 8 A 9 B

C Fill in the blanks (10 marks, 1 mark each)

a ammeter b voltmeter
c voltage d electric charges
e increases f decreases
g current h short circuit
i domestic j parallel

D Questions (25 marks)

1 a X, Y and Z will glow. 1m
b X and Y will glow but Z will not. 1m
c X, Y and Z will not glow. 1m
d X, Y and Z will not glow. 1m

2 a

Correct connection of circuit 1m

Correct circuit symbols (battery, ammeter, bulb and rheostat) 1 m× 4
b The brightness of the bulb increases. 1m
c i The ammeter reading decreases. 1m
ii The ammeter reading becomes zero. 1m
d Any ONE from: 1m
The ammeter will show a zero reading. / The ammeter will be
damaged.

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4 a i X is a fuse. 1m
It prevents the circuit from overheating. 1m
ii From electrical energy 1m
to thermal energy. 1m

- End -

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