Sun Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto Comets Asteroids

Our solar system consists of an average star we call the
Sun, the
planets Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto. It
includes: the satellites of the planets; numerous comets, asteroids, and meteoroids;
and the interplanetary medium. The Sun is the richest source of electromagnetic
energy (mostly in the form of heat and light) in the solar system. The Sun's nearest
known stellar neighbor is a red dwarf star called Proxima Centauri, at a distance of
4.3 light years away. The whole solar system, together with the local stars visible on
a clear night, orbits the center of our home galaxy, a spiral disk of 200 billion stars we
call the Milky Way. The Milky Way has two small galaxies orbiting it nearby, which
are visible from the southern hemisphere. They are called the Large Magellanic
Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud. The nearest large galaxy is the Andromeda
Galaxy. It is a spiral galaxy like the Milky Way but is 4 times as massive and is 2
million light years away. Our galaxy, one of billions of galaxies known, is traveling
through intergalactic space.
The planets, most of the satellites of the planets and the asteroids revolve around the
Sun in the same direction, in nearly circular orbits. When looking down from above
the Sun's north pole, the planets orbit in a counter-clockwise direction. The planets
orbit the Sun in or near the same plane, called the ecliptic. Pluto is a special case in
that its orbit is the most highly inclined (18 degrees) and the most highly elliptical of
all the planets. Because of this, for part of its orbit, Pluto is closer to the Sun than
is Neptune. The axis of rotation for most of the planets is nearly perpendicular to the
ecliptic. The exceptions are Uranus and Pluto, which are tipped on their sides.
Composition Of The Solar System

The Sun contains 99.85% of all the matter in the Solar System. The planets, which
condensed out of the same disk of material that formed the Sun, contain only
0.135% of the mass of the solar system. Jupiter contains more than twice the matter
of all the other planets combined. Satellites of the planets, comets, asteroids,
meteoroids, and the interplanetary medium constitute the remaining 0.015%. The
following table is a list of the mass distribution within our Solar System.
 Sun: 99.85%
 Planets: 0.135%
 Comets: 0.01% ?
 Satellites: 0.00005%
 Minor Planets: 0.0000002% ?
 Meteoroids: 0.0000001% ?
 Interplanetary Medium: 0.0000001% ?
Interplanetary Space
Nearly all the solar system by volume appears to be an empty void. Far from being
nothingness, this vacuum of "space" comprises the interplanetary medium. It
includes various forms of energy and at least two material components:
interplanetary dust and interplanetary gas. Interplanetary dust consists of
microscopic solid particles. Interplanetary gas is a tenuous flow of gas and charged
particles, mostly protons and electrons -- plasma -- which stream from the Sun,
called the solar wind.
The solar wind can be measured by spacecraft, and it has a large effect on comet tails.
It also has a measurable effect on the motion of spacecraft. The speed of the solar
wind is about 400 kilometers (250 miles) per second in the vicinity of Earth's orbit.
The point at which the solar wind meets the interstellar medium, which is the "solar"
wind from other stars, is called the heliopause. It is a boundary theorized to be
roughly circular or teardrop-shaped, marking the edge of the Sun's influence perhaps
100 AU from the Sun. The space within the boundary of the heliopause, containing
the Sun and solar system, is referred to as the heliosphere.
The solar magnetic field extends outward into interplanetary space; it can be measured
on Earth and by spacecraft. The solar magnetic field is the dominating magnetic field
throughout the interplanetary regions of the solar system, except in the immediate
environment of planets which have their own magnetic fields.
The Terrestrial Planets

The terrestrial planets are the four innermost planets in the solar
system, Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. They are called terrestrial because they
have a compact, rocky surface like the Earth's. The planets, Venus, Earth, and Mars
have significant atmospheres while Mercury has almost none. The following diagram
shows the approximate distance of the terrestrial planets to the Sun.

Sun Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto Comets Asteroids

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Sun Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto Comets Asteroids

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Our solar system consists of an average star we call the

Composition Of The Solar System

The Terrestrial Planets

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