UNIT-VI : PLANTS,MICROBES AND HUMAN WELFARE

CHAPTER-13: STRATEGIES FOR ENHANCEMENT IN FOOD PRODUCTION Sr.BOTANY EAMCET VOL- I

Chapter STRATEGIES FOR ENHANCEMENT

13 IN FOOD PRODUCTION

Hybridization Earlier fruit- Sweeter

braring
Multation

Clonal
Parent variety ‘a’ Parent variety ‘b’ Parent propagation
variety ‘c’

New variety ‘ab-1' New variety ‘ab-2'

New variety ‘c-1' New variety ‘c-2'

Parent Parent New New Parent New New

variety variety variety variety variety variety variety
a b ab-1 ab-2 c c-1 c-2

Introduction....
 Monkambu Sambasivan Swaminathan did his graduation and post-graduation in Botany from
Madras University
 The School of Cytogenetics and Radiation Research established at the Indian Agricultural Research
Institute (IARI) enabled Swaminathan and his team to develop short-duration high yielding varieties of
rice including scented Basmati
 Swaminathan is also known for the development of the concept of crop cafeteria, crop scheduling and
genetic improvement of the yield and quality of crops.
 Swaminathan’s collaboration with Norman Borlaug culminated in the ‘Green Revolution’ through
introduction of Mexican varieties of wheat in India. This was highly recognised and appreciated. He
is also the initiator of ‘Lab -to-Land’, food security and several other environmental programmes.He
has been honoured with the Padma Bhushan and several other prestigious awards, medals and fellow-
ships by institutions of excellence

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 UNIT-VI : PLANTS,MICROBES AND HUMAN WELFARE
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JEE MAINS - VOL - VI

CHAPTER AT A GLANCE
 13.1 PLANT BREEDING
 13.1.1 WHAT IS PLANT BREEDING
 THE MAIN STEPS IN BREEDING A NEW GENETIC VARIETY OF
A CROP
 GREEN REVOLUTION
 PRACTICE TEST - 1
 13.1.2 PLANT BREEDING FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE
 METHODS OF BREEDING FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE
 CONVENTIONAL BREEDING
 MUTATION BREEDING
 13.1.3 PLANT BREEDING FOR DEVELOPING RESISTANCE
TO INSECT PESTS
 13.1.4 PLANT BREEDING FOR IMPROVED FOOD QUALITY
 PRACTICE TEST - 2
 13.2 SINGLE CELL PROTEIN
 PRACTICE TEST - 3
 13.3 TISSUE CULTURE
 APPLICATIONS
 SOMATIC HYBRIDISATION
 PRACTICE TEST - 4
QUESTION BANK
 EXERCISE - I (CHECK YOUR MEMORY)
 EXERCISE - II(SHARPEN YOUR REFLEXES)
 EXERCISE -III THINK TWICE BEFORE YOU CHOOSE
(‘ASSERTION’ AND ‘REASON’ TYPE QUESTIONS)
 EXERCISE - IV (SIMPLE MATCHING QUESTIONS)
 EXERCISE - V (MULTIPLE MATCHING QUESTIONS )
 EXERCISE - VI (TRUE OR FALSE QUESTIONS)
 EXERCISE - VII (QUESTIONS FROM OTHER MEDICAL
ENTRANCE EXAMINATIONS)

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programme.
SYNOPSIS  It is the root for breeding programme
 Pre existing genetic variability is available in the form
13.1 Plant Breeding of wild relatives of crop plants
 With ever increasing population of the world II. Evaluation and selection of parents:
enhancement of food production is a major  The germplasm is evaluated to identify plants with
necessity desirable combination of characters.
 Biological principles as applied to animal  The selected plants are multiplied and used in the
husbandry and plant breeding have a major role in process of hybridisation.
increasing food production.  Pure lines are created wherever desirable and
 New techniques like mutation breeding, tissue possible.
culture and r-DNA technology are playing a III. Cross hybridisation among the selected
pivotal role in enhancing food production parents :
 Plant breeding as a technology has helped in  Selected parent plants are crossed to produce
increasing the yield to very large extent when hybrid progeny with desired characters
compared to traditional farming and better  Only one in few hundred to thousand crosses shows
management practices the desirable characters
 The Green revolution made it possible for our  This is very time consuming and tedious process
country not only to meet the national requirements IV. Selection and testing of superior
in food production but also helped us even to recombinants :
export it.  This step comprises selecting among the progeny
 Green revolution was dependent to large extent of the hybrids, .ie., those plants that have the desired
on plant breeding techniques for development of character combinations.
high yielding and disease resistant varieties in wheat,  The selection process yields plants that are superior
rice, maize etc. to both of the parents.
 These plants are self-pollinated for several
13.1.1 What Is Plant Breeding
generations till they achieve homozygosity, so that
 Plant breeding is the genetic improvement of the the characters will not separate in the progeny.
crop in order to create desired varieties of plant  This selcection process is crucial for success
types that are better suited for cultivation, give of breeding programme
better yields and are disease resistant. V. Testing, release and commercialisation of
 Conventional plant breeding is in practice from new cultivars :
the 9,000-11,000 years ago. But now due to  The newly selected lines are evaluated for their yield
advancements in genetics, molecular biology and other agronomic traits like quality, disease
and tissue culture, plant breeding is being carried resistance, etc.
out by using molecular genetic tools.  This evaluation is done by growing these in the
 Classical plant breeding includes hybridization research field and recording their performance under
(crossing) of pure lines, and selection of progeny ideal fertiliser application, irrigation, etc.
plants to get plants with desirable characters of  After the evaluation in the research fields, the testing
higher yield, nutrition and resistance to of the materials is done in the farmer’s fields, for at
diseases, increased tolerance t o least three growing seasons at different locations in
environmental stresses etc. the country, representing all the agroclimatic zones.
 Plant breeding programmes are carried out world  The material is evaluated in comparison to the best
wide in systematic way in government institutions available local crop cultivar or reference cultivar
and commercial companies. (crop variety)
The main steps in breeding a new Green Revolution
genetic variety of a crop  India is mainly an agricultural country. Agriculture
I. Collection of variability : The entire collection accounts for approximately 33% of India’s GDP
(of plants/seeds) having all the diverse alleles for and employs nearly 62% of the population.
all genes in a given crop varieties is called  The development of several high yielding varieties
germplasm collection. A good germplasm of wheat and rice in the mid-1960s, as a result of
collection is essential for a successful breeding various plant breeding techniques led to dramatic

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increase in food production in our country. This 3. Plant breeding is now increasingly being
phase is of t en r ef err ed t o as t he Green carried out by using
Revolution. 1) Cytology 2) Taxonomy
 Some Indian hybrid crops are wheat, rice, 3)Plant physiology 4) Molecular Genetics Tools
sugarcane and millets etc. 4. Green revolution was achieved by producing
 Wheat and Rice: From 1960 to 2000, wheat hight yielding and disease resistance plants in
production increased from 11 million tonnes to 75 the following crops
million tonnes while rice production increased from 1)Wheat and rice only 2)Maize and rice only
35 million tonnes to 889.5 million tonnes. 3)Maize, rice and Wheat
 It was due to the development of semi- dwarf 4)Maize and wheat and only
varieties of wheat and rice. 5. Modification and adjustment of an organism
 Nobel prize winner Norman E.Borlaug at to any change in local environment is called
International Centre for Wheat and Maize 1) introduction 2) selection
improvement in Mexico, developed semi-dwarf 3) acclimatization 4) quarantine
wheat varieties. 6. Which one of the following is root for plant
 Wheat : In 1963, many varieties like Sonalika breeding
and Kalyan Sona which were high yielding and 1)Selection of parents 2)Cross pollination
disease resistant introduced all over the wheat 3)Selection of hybrids 4)Collection of variability
growing area of India by M.S Swaminathan who 7. Bagging is done to
is regarded as father of green revolution in 1) Achieve desired pollination
India. 2) Avoid cross pollination 3) Avoid self pollination
 Rice : Semi-dwarf rice varieties were derived from 4) Prevent contamination from unwanted pollen
IR-8 developed by IRRI, Philippines and 8. During hybridization bagging is done
Taichung Native - I from Taiwan 1)Before emasculation and after cmasculation
 Later better yielding semi dwarf rice varieties 2) Before emasculation and after artificial cross
Jaya and Ratna were developed in India. pollination
 Sugarcane: Saccharum barberi was originally 3) After emasculation and before artifical cross
grown in north India, but had poor sugar content pollination
and yield. 4) After emasculation, until and after artificial cross
 Tropical cane Saccharum officinarum had pollination
higher sugar content and thicker stems but 9. Classical plant breeding includes
did not grow well in north India. 1)Hybridisation and natural selection
 These two species were crossed to get sugarcane 2)Hybridisation and mutation
varieties combining the desirable qualities of high 3)Hybridisation only
4)Hybridisation and artificial selection
sugar, high yield, thick stems and ability to grow
10. Undesirable self pollination can be prevented
in the sugar cane belt of north India. during hybridization by
 Millets : Hybrid maize, jowar, bajra, have been 1) Bagging 2) Emasculation
developed in India. 3) Using male sterile varieties as female parents
 From hybrid varieties, the developement of several 4) Anther culture & Colchicine treatment
high yielding varieties resistant to water stress were 11. The rice variety introduced to India from
taken over. Philippines is
1) IR8 2) Sonara
PRACTICE TEST-I 3) TMV - 3 4) Sweedish
12. Normal Borlaug is associated with
1. First & foremost aim of plant breeding is 1) White revolution 2) Green revolution
1) Transfer of disease resistance 3) Blue revolution 4) Yellow revolution
2) Production of early maturing varieties 13. Branch of biology dealing with improvement
3) Breeding high yielding and high quality varieties of plant variety is
4) Improvement of the quality 1) Eugenics 2) Plant breeding
2. Lab to land technique was iniated by 3) Agrology 4) Microbiology
1)Borlaug 2)William goud
3)Swminathan 4)Maheswari

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14. The desirable characters of wheat varieties Crop Variety Resistance to diseases
like Sonalika and Kalyan sona are Wheat Himgiri Leaf and stripe rust,
hill bunt
I. high yielding II. early maturing Pusa swarnim
Brassica White rust
III. drought resistant IV. disease resistant (Karan rai)
1. II and IV 2. I and III Pusa shubhra Black rot and Curl blight
Cauliflower
Pusa Snowball K-1 black rot
3. I and II 4. I and IV Cowpea Pusa komal Bacterial blight
13.1.2 Plant Breeding For Disease Resistance Chilli Pusa sadabahar
Chilly mosaic virus,
Tobacco mosaic virus and
 Fungal, bacterial, viral and nematode pathogens Leaf curl
attack the cultivating crops.  Conventional breeding is often constrained by the
 Crop losses are upto 20-30 percent or sometimes availability of a limited number of disease resitant
even total. genes
 In such situation if the crops are made disease Mutation Breeding
resistant, food production is increased and use of  Mutation is the process by which genetic variations
fungicides and bacterioides would be reduced. are created through changes in the base sequence
 Some host genotypes possess the ability to prevent within genes resulting in the creation of a new
a pathogen strain from producing disease. character or trait not found in the parental type.
 Such host lines are called resistant, and this ability  It is possible to induce mutations artificially through
is called disease resistance. It is determined use of chemicals or radiations (like gamma
by genotype of the host radiations), and selecting and using the plants that
 Before breeding is undertaken, it is important to have the desirable character as a source in breeding
know about the causative organism and the - this process is called mutation breeding
mode of transmission.
Bacterial diseases :  In mung bean, resistance to yellow mosaic virus
1. Black rot of cruicifers and powdery mildew were induced by mutations
2.Curl blight black rot 3.Bacterial blight  Several wild relatives of different cultivated species
Viral diseases : of plants have been shown to have certain resistant
1.Tobacco mosaic disease characters but have very low yield.
2.Turnip mosaic disease 3.Chilli mosaic disease  Hence, there is a need to introduce the resistant
4.Yellow mosaic disease 5.Leaf curl disease genes into the high-yielding cultivated varieties.
Fungal diseases :  Resistance to yellow mosaic virus in bhindi
1.Brown rust of wheat, (Abelmoschus esculentus) was transferred from
2.Red rot of sugarcane and a wild species and resulted in a new variety of
3.Late blight of Potato 4.White rust of mustard
A. esculentus called Parbhani kranti.
Methods Of Breeding For Disease Resistanc
 Breeding is carried out by conventional breeding 13.1.3. Plant Breeding For Developing
techniques, mutation breeding, selection among Resistance To Insect Pests:
somaclonal variants and genetic engineering  Another major cause for large scale destruction
Conventional Breeding pest infestation.
 The conventional method of breeding for disease  Insect resistance in host crop plants may be due
resistance is that of hybridization and selection. to morphological, biochemical or physiological
 The various sequential steps are : characteristics.
a) Screening germplasm for resistance  resistance to insect pests, e.g, resistance to
sources jassids in cotton and cereal leaf beetle in
b) Hybridisation of selected parents,
c) Selection and evaluation of hybrids wheat.
d) Testing and release of new varieties.  In wheat, solid stems lead to non-preference by
Some crop varieties developed by the stem sawfly
conventional method of breeding for disease  smooth leaved and nectar-less cotton
resistance : varieties do not attract bollworms.
 High aspartic acid, low nitrogen and sugar
content in maize leads to resistance to maize
stem borers.

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 Breeding methods for insect pest r e s i s t a n c e  The Indian Agricultural Research Institute
involve the same steps as those for any other (IARI), New Delhi has also released several
agronomic trait such as yield or quality. vegetable crops that are rich in - vitamins and
 Sources of resistance genes may be cultivated minerals, e.g.,
varieties, germplasm collections of the crop or wild 1. Vitamin- A enriched carrots,spinach, pumpkin;
relatives. 2. Vitamin - C enriched bitter gourd, bathua,
mustard, tomato;
 Some released crop varieties bred by hybridisation 3. Iron and Calcium enriched spinach and
and selection, for insect pest resistance are given bathua;
below: 4. Protein enriched beans – broad bean, french
bean, lablab and garden peas.

Crop Variety Insect pests

PRACTICE TEST-II
Brassica Pusa Gaurav Aphids
(rape seed)
Pusa Sem 2, Jassids, aphids, 15. Choose the incorrect combination from the
Flat bean
Pusa Sem 3, Fruit borer following
Okra (Bhindi) Pusa Sawani Shoot and I. Chilli - Pusa sadabahar-leaf curl
(Lady’s Finger) Pusa A-4 fruit borer II. mustard - Pusa swarnim - white rust
13.1.4. Plant Breeding for Improved Food III. wheat- Himgiri- Hillbunt
quality IV. cauliflower- Pus komal-black rot
 More than 840 million people in the world do not 1. I and III 2. IV alone 3. II and IV 4. II alone
have adequate food to meet their daily food and 16. King of green vegetables is enriched with
nutritional requirements. 1.vit C 2.vit A 3.vit B 4.vit E
 A far greater number-three billion people suffer 17. Crop losses due to disease can be significant
from micronutrient, protein and vitamin deficiencies up to
or ‘hidden hunger’ because they cannot afford to 1.5-10 % 2.10-15% 3. 15-18% 4. 20-30%
buy enough fruits, vegetables,legumes, fish and 18. Breeding and development of cultivars
meat.
 Diets lacking essential micronutrients – particularly resistant to diseases caused by biotic agents
iron, vitamin A, iodine and zinc – increase the help to reduce the
risk for disease, reduce lifespan and effect I. use of insecticides II. use of fungicides
mental abilities. III. use of herbicides IV. use of bacteriocides
 Biofortification – breeding crops with 1.I,II,III,IV 2. II,IV 3.I,III 4. III,IV
higher levels of vitamins and minerals,(or) 19. Red rot of sugar cane is caused by
higher protein and healthier fats – is the most 1.Fungus 2. Bacterium 3. virus 4. Protist
practical means to improve public health. 20. Choose the correct sequence of events
 Breeding for improved nutritional quality is involved in breeding resistance strains
undertaken with the objectives of improving – I. hybridisation of selected parents
(i) Protein content and quality;
(ii) Oil content and quality; II. Collection of germplasm for resistance
(iii) Vitamin content; III. testing and release of new varieties
(iv) Micronutrient and mineral content. IV. screening of germplasm for high yield
 In 2000, maize hybrids that had twice the amount V. selection and evaluation of the hybrids
of the amino acids, lysine and tryptophan, 1.II,I,IV,V 2.II,I,V,III 3.II,V,I,III 4.III,I,II.IV
compared to existing maize hybrids were 21. Conventional breeding for disease resistance
developed. can often constrained by
 Wheat variety-Atlas 66, having a high protein 1. the non availability of germ plasm
content, has been used as a donor for improving 2. presence of resistance genes in wild plants only
cultivated wheat. 3. availability of limited number of disease causing
 It has been possible to develop an iron-fortified
rice variety containing over five times as much iron genes
4. availability of disease resistance genes in limited
as in commonly consumed varieties and β -
number
carotene containing rice variety named golden
rice.

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22. Assertion:Disease resistance varieties developed meet the demand of food at the rate at which human
through induced mutations need not be and animal population is increasing.
evaluated and screened for resistance Reason:  One of the alternate sources of proteins for animal
Mutations are induced in plants through diverse and human nutrition is Single Cell Protein (SCP).
means  It is dried biomass of microorganisms or microbes
23. Choose the correct answer with reference to (al gae,bacteria and fungi) used as protein source
breeding for resistance  Microbes like Spirulina can be grown on waste
A. Hybridisation- resistance genes are present in water from potato processing plants (containing
parents starch), straw, molasses, animal manure and even
B. Mutation breeding- resistant trait is not found sewage, to produce food rich in proteins, minerals,
in parent fat, carbohydrates and vitamins.
1. A is false, B is true 2. A is true, B is false  SCP is rich in high quality protein and is poor
3. A, B are false 4. A, B are true in fats. It has been estimated that a 250kg cow
24. Flat bean variety resistance to jassids is produces 200g of protein per day. In the same
1. Pusa sem 2 2. Pusa snow ball K I 3 . period 250g of a microorganism like
Pusa shubra 4. Pusa A-4 Methylophilus methylotrophus because of its
25. Maize hybrids developed in the year 2000 high content of biomass production and growth,
are rich in amino acids whose codons are can produce about 25 tonnes of protein.
1. AAG,UGG 2. AAA, GGU  The fact that mushrooms are eaten by many people
3. GAA, GUG 4. AGA,UGG and large scale mushroom culture is a growing
26. Transfer of resistance genes from one plant industry makes it believable that microbes too
to another is achieved by would become acceptable as food .
A. Sexual hybridisation and selection Advantages of SCP :
B. Induced mutations C. Genetic engineering  It provides food rich in protein minerals fats
1. A,B,C 2.B only 3.A,B 4. A,C carbohydrates and vitamins
27. Study the following and choose the correct  It reduces the pressure on agricultural production
combinations systems for the supply of the required proteins.
LIST I LIST II LIST III  SCP production is based on industrial effluents,
A. Fungi E. Turnip I. late blight
so it helps to minimise environmental pollution.
B. BacteriaF. Wheat II. mosaic
C. Fungi G. Crucifers III. brown rust SCP Producing Organisms
D. Virus H. Potato IV. black rot I: ALGAL SCP:
1. AFIII,BGIV,CHI,DEII a) Spirulina maxima b)Chlorella pyrenoidosa
2. AFII,BGIII,CHIV,DEI c) Scenedesmus acutus
3. AGIII, BHIV,CFI,DEII II: FUNGAL SCP:
4. AEI, BFII, CGIII,DHIV i) Chaetomium cellulolyticum
28. Pick up the correct combination ii)Candida utilis ( Torula yeast)
I. Pusa shubhadra - blight resistant cauliflower
II. Pusa komal -blight resistant- cow pea iii) Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Bakers yeast)
III. Pusa sadabahar-leaf rot resistant-chilli III:BACTERIAL SCP:
IV. Karan rai-white rust resistant-mustard a)Brevibacterium ketoglutamicum
1. I,II 2. II,IV 3.III,IV 4. II,III,IV b)Methylophilus methylotrophus
29. Disease resistant genes are usually identified
in
I. cultivated crop varieties
II. wild varieties of pathogens
III. mutant plant varieties IV. somaclonal varients
1. I,III,IV 2. I,II,III 3. III,IV 4. I,III 30. Which of the following has high rate of bio
13.2 Single Cell Protein (SCP) mass production and growth
 Conventional agricultural production of cereals, 1) Clostridium 2) Methylophilus
pulses, vegetables, fruits, etc., may not be able to 3) Penicillium 4) Puccinia

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31. The approximate weight of grain to produce  Inoculation should be carried out in aseptic
1kg of meat by animal farming is environment
1) 3 - 10kg 2) 30 - 100 kg  The cultures are incubated for three to four weeks
3) 0.3 - 1.0 kg 4) 27 - 97 kg during which the cells of explant absorb nutrients
32. Alga used as SCP among the following and undergo repeated divisions to produce
proliferated undifferentiated mass of tissue called
1) Brevibacterium 2) Methylophillus Callus
3) Spirulina 4) Yeast  Explant or callus cultured on different combination
33. Yeast used for the production of single cell of auxins and cytokinins produce roots and shoots
protein is and this process is called organogenesis
1) Chaetomium cellulolyticum  Alternatly embryo like structures called embryoids
2) Candida utilis develop from the callus or explant. This
3) Saccharomyces cerevisiae 4) 2 & 3 phenomenon is known as somatic embryogenesis.
34. One of the following is not a fungal SCP  As these embryoids are developed from somatic
1) Chaetomium 2) Candida tissue these are also called as somatic embryos.
3) Spirulina 4) Saccharomyces Applications:
 Producing large number of plants through tissue
35. The dry or wet mass of living organism is culture process in very short period of time and in
1) Biomass 2) Biovolume limited space is called micro-propagation.
3) Standard mass 4) Bioforticated mass  Each of these plants will be genetically identical to
36. Chlorella and Spirulina which are grown to the original plant from which they were grown,
harvest SCP are hence they are somaclones.
1) Algal members 2) Algae and Fungi  Many economically important food plants like
3) Fungi and Bacteria 4) Bacteria and Fungi tomato, banana, apple, teak, eucalyptus, bamboo
13.3 Tissue Culture etc., have been produced on commercial scale
 As traditional breeding techniques failed to keep using this method.
pace with demand and to provide sufficiently fast  Through apical and axillary meristem culture virus
and efficient systems for crop improvement, another free plants can be produced from virus infected
technology called tissue culture was developed. plants.Meristem is free of virus
 Plant tissue culture is the technique of in-vitro  Scientists have succeded in culturing meristems of
maintaining and growing plant cells, tissues or organs banana, sugarcane, potato etc.
aseptically on artificial medium in suitable containers Somatic Hybridisation
under controlled environmental conditions.  When a hybrid is produced by fusion of somatic
 Tissue culture technique is based on totipotent cells of two varieties or species, it is known as
nature of plant cell or phenomenon of totipotency somatic hybrid.
i.e., each and every nucleated living plant cell  The process of producing somatic hybrids is called
has inherent capacity to develop into complete somatic hybridization.
plant .  First, the cell wall of the plant cells are digested by
 In tissue culture technique, a single cell or a group treating the cells with emzymes like cellulase and
of cells is taken for culture, which is known as pectinase.
explant.  After the cell wall digestion two protoplast are
 The explants are treated with specific anti-microbial brought in contact and made to fuse.
chemicals to make free from microbes.  The fused protoplasts soon develop their own walls
 Culture medium containing inorganic salts, vitamins, and then they are called somatic hybrid cells.
sucrose (a source of carbon and energy) and plant  Pomato is somatic hybrid between potato and
growth regulators like auxins and cytokinins are tomato that belong to two different genera .
provided for growth and development of the  Unfortunately this plant did not have all the desired
explants . combination of characteristics for its commercial
 Culture medium should be made free from utilisation.
pathogens by sterilization  Protoplast technology has opened up avenues
 Sterilization process is done in autoclave for 15min for development of hybrids of even asexually
reproducing plants.
at 1210 C and 15 pounds of pressure.  Genetic manipulations can be carried out more
 Now the explant which is free from pathogens is rapidly when plant cells are in protoplast state
introduced into the sterilized nutrient medium this
process is called inoculation

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46. In many crops pre existing genetic variability
PRACTICE TEST-IV is available from
1) hybrid variety of crop 2) wild varieties of crop
37. Embryoid is 3) Cultivated variety of crop
1) Zygotic embryo 2) Nonfunctional embryo 4) pureline variety of crop
47. Sonalika and Kalyan Sona are the varieties of
3) Parthenogenetic embryo
1) Jowar 2) Maize 3) Wheat 4) Rice
4) An early state in callus differentiation 48. Dwarf variety of rice developed from
38. Somatic hybridisation is achieved through ? 1) Sonalika 2) Kalyan sona
1) Grafting 2) Protoplast fusion 3) FA-17 4) IR-8
49. Semi-dwarf rice varieties of India are
3) Conjugation 1) Padma and Jayanthi 2) Jaya and Ratna
4) Recombinant DNA technology 3) Ratna and IR-8 4) Padma and Latha
39. Totipotent cells are basically 50. Saccharum barberi was orginally grown in
1) South India 2) Western India
1) Meristematic cells 2) Cork cells 3) North India 4) Eastern India
3) Xylem vessels 4) Fibres 51. Black rot and Curl blight black rot resistant
40. Any part of the plant which is introduced to varieties are
1) Pusa swarnim 2) Himgiri
culture medium to grow into full fledged plant 3) Pusa Sadabahar 4) Pusa Shubhra
or organs in vitro is called 52. Pusa Sadabahar is a variety of
1) Cowpea 2) Chilli
1) Propagule 2) Clone 3) Plantlet 4) Explant
3) Cauliflower 4) Brassica
41. In a virus infected Banana crop, the healthy 53. In which process genetic variations are
progeny can be obtained through created through changes in the base
1) suckers 2) Rhizomes sequence within genes
3)Embryo culture 4) shoot -tip culture 1) Hybridization 2) Pureline
3) Mutation 4) Polyploidy
42. Tissue culture is
54. Parbhani kranti is a variety of
1) Growth of specific plant structures on artificial
1) Chilli 2) Bhindi 3) Cotton 4) Wheat
medium
55. Aphid resistant variety of rapeseed mustard is
2) Growth and multiplication of cells on artificial
1) Pusa Sem-2 2) Pusa Sem-3
medium
3) Pusa Sawani 4) Pusa Gaurav
3) Cryogenic maintenance of tissues
56. The Indian Agricultural Research Institute is
4) Maintenance, growth and differentiation of cells,
located at
tissues and organs on aritificial medium
1) Hyderabad 2) New Delhi
43. The tecnique of obtaining large number of
3) Mumbai 4) Chennai
plants through tissue culture is
57. ‘Jaya’ and ‘Ratna’ are the varieties of
1) Micropropagation 2) Hybridoma technology
1) Rice 2) Wheat 3) Bajra 4) Maize
3) Cryopreservation 4) Totipotency
58. Breeding of crops with high levels of minerals,
44. Assertion: Pomato did not have all the desired
vitamins and proteins is called
combination of characters of its parents
1) Somatic hybridization 2) Biofortification
Reason: It is a haploid somatic hybrid plant
3) Biomagnification 4) Micropropagation
59. Which of the following methods are to develop
new and better varieties of crops
EXERCISE - I 1) Selection 2) Grafting
3) Hybridisation
4) Hybridisation followed by Selection
(CHECK YOUR MEMORY) 60. The branch of biology which deals with
45. The root of any breeding programme is improvement of plant variety
1) genetic similarity 2) genetic-non-variability 1) Plant breeding 2) Eugenics
3) genetic-variability 4) vegetative reproduction 3) Agrology 4) Plant physiology

186
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JEE MAINS - VOL - VI

Flow chart of plant tissue culture

Flow chart showing plant Tissue Culture Technique

Preparation
of medium Plant

Medium taken in
test tubes Explant

Sterilization in External
autoclave sterilization

Inoculation
(under sterilized conditions)

Explant - incubation

Callus
formation

transferred to medium
containing growth regulators

Organogenesis Somatic embryoids

(somatic embryogenesis)

Root-shoot Artificial seed Transferred to medium

formation preparation
Germination
Plantlets Plantlets Plantlets Plantlets

Transferred to glasshouse

Transferred to field

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61. The product of hybridisation is known as 1) Increased tolearance to environmental stresses
1) Clone 2) Mutant 2) Resistance to pathogens
3) Hybrid 4) Homozygous 3) To increase crop yield and improved quality
62. The process of removing stamens from the 4) Increased tolerance to insect pests
flower buds during hybridisation is called 73. Smooth leaved and nectar-less cotton
1) Crossing 2) Selfing varieties do not attract
3) Emasculation 4) Bagging 1) Bollworms 2) Stem borers
63. Which one of the following is not a fungal 3) Aphids 4) Leaf beetle
disease 74. Atlass 66 variety of wheat was developed for
1) Rust of wheat 2) Late blight of potato 1) High protein content 2) Scented grains
3) Black rot of crucifers 4) Red rot of sugarcane 3) Checking grassy stunt virus 4) Vitamin C
64. Which one of the following combination would 75. Germplasm can be collected from many
a sugarcane farmer look for in the sugarcane sources, where the preferred source of
crop? developing disease resistance is
1) Thick stem, long internodes, high sugar content 1) Improved variety 2) Wild relative
and disease resistant 3) Hybrid variety
2) Thick stem, high sugar content and profuse 4) Plantlet from culture experiment
flowering 76. Which one of the following is not a improved
3) Thick stem, short internodes, high sugar content, variety of flat bean
disease resistant 1) Pusa Sem-2 2) Pusa Sem-3
4) Thick stem, low sugar content, disease resistant 3) Pusa Sawani 4) Both 1 and 2
65. A collection of all the alleles of all the genes 77. Tropical canes of South India belonged to
of a crop plant is called Saccharum officinarum had
1) Germplasm collection 2) Protoplasm collection 1) Poor sugar content 2) Thick stem
3) Herbarium 4) Somaclonal collection 3) Thin stem 4) Poor yield
66. 33 percent of Indias GDP 78. The plant variety which is resistant to shoot
(Gross Domestic Product) comes from and fruit borer
1) Large scale Industry 1) Pusa Sawani 2) Pusa Gaurav
2) Agriculture 3) Export 3) Pusa Komal 4) Pusa Swarnim
4) Small scale industry 79. Resistance to yellow mosaic virus and powdery
67. Agriculture sector of India employs mildew in mung bean were induced by
1) 60 percent of the population 1) Selection 2) Hybridisation
2) 70 percent of the population 3) Mutation breeding 4)Polyploidy breeding
3) 30 percent of the population 80. New variety of Abelmoschus esculentus called
4) 62 percent of the population parbhani kranti shows resistance to
68. Emasculation of flower buds is achieved by 1) Powdery mildew 2) Yellow mosaic virus
the removal of 3) Blue tongue virus 4) White rust
1) Sepals 2) Stigma 3) Corolla 4) Anthers 81. Maize hybrids compared to existing hybrids
69. Emasculation is concerned with were developed with twice the amount of
1) Mass selection 2) Hybridisation which of the following aminoacids :
3) Pure line selection 4) Clonal selection 1) tryptophan and methionine
70. International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) 2) lysine and tryptophan
is located in 3) serine and lysine 4) glycine and serine
1) Japan 2) Philippines SCP
3) Mexico 4) India 82. Single cell protein refers to
71. Sudden and heritable change in a character 1) a specific protein extracted from pure culture
of an organism is called of single species of microbe
1) Mutation 2) Heterosis 2) Sources of mixed proteins extracted from mixed
3) Inbreeding 4) Selection culture of organisms
72. In the plant breeding the first trait (or) 3) Proteins extracted from a single cell
4) A specific protein extracted from a single cell
character that the breeders would list to
incorporate into crop plants is

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83. Which of the following bacteria is exploited 95. Virus free plants can be obtained by
for high production of biomass 1) Antibiotic treatment 2) Anther culture
1) Clostridium 2) Methylophilus 3) Root culture 4) Shoot tip culture
3) Spirulina 4) Chlorella 96. Temperature required during autoclaving is
84. Piece of sterile plant tissue to be used for 1) 800C 2) 1000C 3) 1400C 4) 1210C
tissue culture under aseptic condition is
1) Inoculant 2) Explant 3) Clone 4) Somaclone 97. The technique of obtaining large number of
85. Which of the following is non conventional plants through tissue culture is
agricultural product 1) Micropropagation 2) Hybridoma technology
1) Pulse 2) Cereals 3) SCP 4) Fruits 3) Cryopreservation 4) Totipotency
86 Percentage of human population suffering 98. Somaclonal variations are the ones
from hunger and malnutrition is 1) Caused by mutagens
1) >10% 2) > 15% 3) > 25% 4) > 75% 2) Produced during tissue culture
87. Large scale production of the following is the 3) Induced during sexual embryogeny
source of good protein 4) Caused by gamma rays.
1) Earthworms 2) Potato 99. Nutrient medium is sterilised at
3) Starfish 4) Microbes
88 Algal SCP among the following 1) 25 pounds of pressure
1) Candida 2) Anabaena 2) 20 pounds of pressure
3) Spirulina 4) Acetabularia 3) 15 pounds of pressure
89. Fungi used in the production of single cell 4) 10 pounds of pressure
protein is 100. Inoculation of explant is carried out in
1) Candida utilis 2) Chaetomium cellulolyticum 1) Autoclave 2) Aseptic environment
3) Saccharomyces cerevisiae 4) All the above 3) Incubation chamber 4) Septic condition
90. One of the following fungi is used to produce 101. In tissue/bacterial culture glassware and
SCP nutrients are sterilised through
1) Chlorella 2) Spirulina 1) Water bath at 2000C 2) Dry air oven at 2000C
3) Candida 4) Scenedesmus 3) Dehumidifier 4) Autoclave at 1210C
91. Which of the following is used to produce SCP 102. Callus is
on commercial scale 1) Undifferentiated mass of tissue
1) Saccharomyces 2) Spirulina 2) Root formation in culture media
3) Methylophilus methylotrophus 3) Plant hormones 4) Plant byproduct
4) All the above 103. To isolate protoplast from a plant cell one
Tissue Culture needs
92. Which one is required for somatic 1) Pectinase 2) Cellulase
hybridisation 3) Both pectinase and cellulase 4) Chitinase
1) Treatment with cellulase and pectinase 104. Protoplast is
2) Fusion of protoplast 3) Both 1 and 2 1) Another name for protoplasm 2) A fungal cell
4) Recombinant DNA technology 3) A plant cell without a cell wall 4) A plant cell
93. On culturing the young anther of a plant a 105. Somatic hybridisation is achieved through
botanist got a few diploid plants along with 1) Grafting 2) Protoplast fusion
haploid plants. Which of the following might 3) Conjugation 4) Recombinant DNA technology
have given the diploid plants 106. Which one is required for obtaining virus free
1) Exine of pollen grain 2) Vegetative cell of pollen plants from virus infected plants
3) Cells of anther wall 4) Generative cell of pollen 1) Treatment with cellulase and pectinase
94. A totipotent cell means 2) Electrofusion or PEG treatment
1) An undifferentiated cell capable of developing 3) Meristem culture
into a system or entire plant 4) Recombinant DNA technology
2) An undifferentiated cell capable of developing 107. Somaclonal variation appears in plants
into an organ 1) Growing in polluted soil or water
3) An undifferentiated cell capable of developing 2) Exposed to gamma rays
into complete embryo 3) Raised in tissue culture
4) Cell which lacks the capability to differentiate 4) Transformed by recombinant DNA technology
into an organ or system.

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108. Totipotency means V. Selection and testing of superior recombinants
1) Flowering in a culture medium 1) III, I, II, V, IV 2) I, II, III, IV, IV
2) Development of fruit from a flower in a culture 3) IV, I, III, II, V 4) II, III, IV, V, I
3) Development of an organism from a cell in 118. Identify the correct statements :
culture medium I. Genetic variability is the root of any breeding
4) Develoment of anther programme
109. In plant tissue culture, which of the following II. Pre existing genetic variability is not available
shows totipotency from wild relatives of the crop
1) Mature sieve tube 2)Xylem vessel III. Pre-requisite for effective exploitation of natural
3) Sclerenchyma 4) Meristem genes is available by collection and preservation
110. Tissue culture is recommended for of different wild varieties, species
1) Production of virus free plants IV. The entire collection having all the diverse
2) Induction of polyploidy alleles for all genes in a given crop is called
3) Phytoremediation 4) Gene cloning germplasm collection
111. Pomato is a somatic hybrid of 1) I and IV only 2) I, III, IV only
1) Potato and Brinjal 2) Potato and Tomato 3). III and IV only 4) I, II, III, IV
3) Tomato and Brinjal 4)Potato and Tobacco 119. Identify the incorrect statement from the
112. Correct chronological order during callus following
formation is 1) Agriculture accounts for approximately 33
1) Explant Cell division Callus Plantlet percent of Indias GDP
2) Callus Explant Cell divisioin Plantlet 2) Agriculture employs nearly 62 percent of the
3) Callus Cell division Explant Plantlet population
4) Explant Plantlet Callus Cell division 3) In the mid-1960s, several high yielding varieties
113. Tissue culture medium is sterilised by of rice and maize were developed
1) Antifungal agents 4) Dramatic increase in food grain production is
2) Keeping at - 200C referred as green revolution
3) Autoclaving at 1210C for 15 minutes 1) 1 only 2) 4 only 3) 3 only 4) 2, 3 & 4
4) Filtering through fine sieve 120. Favourable conditions required for maize that
114. Pusa Swarnim a variety of Brassica resistant to leads to resistance to maize stem borers
1) Bacterial blight 2) White rust I. High aspartic acid II. Low nitrogen
3) Curl and black rot 4) Mosaic virus III. Low aspartic acid IV. High nitrogen
115. Who initiated collaboration with Norman 1) I and II 2) II and III 3) III and IV 4) I and IV
Borlaug which culminated in green revolution 121. Identify the correct statement/s where IARI,
in India New Delhi has released vegetable crops rich
1) Dr. W. Dudgeon 2)Dr. Panchanan Maheshwari in vitamins/proteins/minerals
3) M.S.Swaminathan 4) Ram Deo Misra I. Vitamin A enriched carrots, spinach, pumpkin
II. Iron and sulphur enriched spinach and bathua
III. Protein enriched beans in lab lab, garden peas
IV. Vitamin C enriched bitter gourd
116. Select the right features related to emasculation 1) I, III, IV 2) I and II only
I. It is done in male parent 3) II, III 4) I, II, III, IV
II. It is done in female parent 122. Read the following statements carefully and
III. It is done in both the parents find out the set of correct statements :
IV. It prevents cross pollination a) Desirable genes for resistance sometimes is
V. It prevents self pollination achieved through mutation breeding
1) I and IV 2) III and IV 3) II and IV 4) II and V b) Development of diseases in a plant depends on
117. Arrange the following steps in a correct the interactions between host genotype and
sequence in breeding a new genetic variety environment, but not on pathogen genotype
of a crop c) Black rot of crucifers and red rot of sugarcane
I. Evaluation and selection of parents are diseases caused by fungi
II. Cross hybridisation among the selected parents d) Transfer of resistance genes is achieved by
III. Collection of variability sexual hybridisation between the target and the
IV. Testing, release and commercialisation of new source plant followed by selection
cultivars 1) b, c 2) a, d 3) b, d 4) c, d

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JEE MAINS - VOL - VI
123. Identify the correct statement related to SCP:
1) Methylophilus methylotrophus is Algal SCP 128. Identify the correct statements related to
2)Methylophilus methylotrophus is a tissue culture :
conventional source of protein I. Producing several of plants through tissue culture
3) 250g of Methylophilus is expected to produce is called micro-propagation
25 tonnes of protein in a day II. Plants producing through tissue culture are
4) Methylophilus is an eukaryotic SCP genetically unidentical
124. Identify the correct statement/s related to III. Virus resistant plants are produced through
SCP : tissue culture
I) Conventional agricultural production is not able IV. Through somatic hybridisation rare hybrids can
to meet the demand of food at which human be produced
population is increasing 1) I and IV 2) II and III
II) More than 25 percent of human population is 3) III and IV 4) I and II
suffering from hunger and malnutrition
III) Microbes are being grown on industrial scale
as source of food protein EXERCISE - III
IV) SCP serve as alternate sources of proteins for
human and animal nutrition
1) I, II, III, IV 2) I and II only Think Twice Before you choose
3) III and IV only 4) I, III, IV only (‘Assertion’ and ‘Reason’ type Questions)
125. Given below are a few statements regarding
somatic hybridization. Choose the correct Options :
statements : 1) Both A and R are true and the R is correct
I) Protoplasts of different cells of the same plants explanation of the A
are fused 2) Both A and R are true, but R is not correct
II) Protoplasts from cells of different species can explanation of the A
be fused 3) A is true, but R is false 4) A is false & R is true
III) Treatment of plant cells with cellulase and 129. (A) : Genetic improvement of the crop is called
pectinase is mandatory plant breeding.
IV) The hybrid protoplast contains characters of (R) : It creates desired plant types that are better
only one parental protoplast suited for cultivation.
1) II and III 2) I and II 130. (A) : The phase between 1960-1970 is often
3) III only 4) I and IV called the Green Revolution
126. Select the wrong statement : (R) : The development of several high yielding
1) Pectinase and cellulase dissolve the cell wall varieties of wheat and rice in 1960s increased
2) Regeneration of the cell wall in somatic yields per unit area
hybridisation is induced by cellulase and pectinase 131. (A) : Emasculation is removal of male parts from
3) Shoot regeneration in callus is promoted by the bisexual flowers of female parent
cytokinin and auxin (R) : Bagging is not required for emasculated
4) Root regeneration in callus is promoted by using flowers
auxins only 132. (A) : Mutations occur due to meiotic crossing over.
1) 1 & 3 2) 2 only 3) 2 & 4 4) 4 only (R) : Mutation is the process by which genetic
127. Identify the correct statements related to variations are created through changes in the base
tissue culture : sequence within genes resulting in the creation of
I. It is an in-vitro technique a new character not found in the parental type.
II. It requires aseptic conditions 133. (A) : Plant breeding is the purposeful manipulation
III. Any living plant cell used as explant shows of plant species
totipotency (R) : Conventional plant breeding has been
IV. Many important food plants can be produced practiced for thousands of years
on commercial scale by this method 134. (A) : The entire collection of plants / seeds having
1) I, II, III, IV 2) I, III, IV all the diverse alleles for all genes in a given crop
3) I, II, IV 4) III and IV only is called germ plasm
(R) : Genetic variability is essential for breeding
programme

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135. (A) : Mutation is the process by which genetic IV) Late blight of potato d) Fungi
variations are created through changes e) Virus
(R) : All mutations are desirable The correct match is :
136. (A) : Spirulina is a prokaryote I II III IV
(R) : Spirulina is unicellular fungal SCP 1) e b d a
137. (A) : Alternate sources of proteins for animal and 2) c d a b
human nutrition is SCP 3) b a c d
(R) : Cultivation of SCP organisms reduce the 4) a b c d
environment pollution 146. Match the following :
138. (A) : One of the alternate sources of protein for List - I List - II
animal and human nutrition is Single cell protein
(Crop) (Variety)
(R) : Conventional agriculture production of
cereals, pulses, vegetables, fruits may not be able A. Wheat I. Pusa Shubhra
to meet the demand of food B. Brassica II. Pusa Sadabahar
139. (A) : Microbes grown for protein are SCP C. Cauliflower III. Pusa Komal
organisms. D. Chilli IV. Himgiri
(R) : Dried protein present in a single cell of V. Pusa swarnim
microorganisms is called SCP The correct match is :
140. (A) : The mass of living organisms is called biomass A B C D A B C D
(R) : The biomass of a species is expressed in 1) IV V I II 2) III I IV V
terms of fresh (or) dry weight 3) I II III IV 4) V III II I
141. (A) : Plant tissue culture is used for mass 147. Match the following :
propagation of plants List - I List - II
(R) : It can be done under septic conditions A. Spirulina I. Bacteria
142. (A) : Shoot tip culture is used to raise virus free B. Methylophilus II. Green algae
clones C. Mushrooms III. Fungi
(R) : Other explants can equally give rise to virus IV. Blue green
free clones algae
143. (A) : The capacity to generate a whole plant from The correct match is :
any living plant cell is called totipotency A B C A B C
Reason (R) : Traditional breeding techniques 1) IV II I 2) III I IV
are succeeded to keep pace with demand and to 3) I III II 4) IV I III
provide sufficient food 148. Match the following :
List - I List - II
A. Pomato I. Somaclones
EXERCISE - IV B. Virus free plants II. Meristem culture
C. Genetically III. Micropropagation
(Simple matching Questions) identical plants
D. Producing thousands IV. Embryo culture
144. Match the following : of plants V. Somatic hybridisation
List - I List - II The correct match is :
A) Rapeseed I) Pusa sawani A B C D A B C D
B) Flat bean II) Pusa sem-2 1) IV II III I 2) V II I III
C) Okra III) Pusa Gaurav 3) I II III V 4) V I II IV
The correct match is : 149. Match the following :
A B C A B C List - I List - II
1) I II III 2) III II I A. Himgiri I. White rust
3) III I II 4) II I III B. Pusa swarnim II. Curl blight
C. Pusa snowball K-1 III. TMV
145. Match the following : D. Pusa sadabahar IV. Stripe rust
List - I List - II The correct match is :
(Disease) (Causal organism) A B C D A B C D
I) Brown rust of wheat a) Bacteria 1) IV I II III 2) III II I IV
II) Black rot of crucifers b) Fungi 3) II I IV III 4) I IV III II
III) Turnip mosaic c) Virus

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150. Match the following : I) Spirulina Photo autotroph Filamentous

List - I List - II prokaryote
A. Saccharum barbari I. Thicker stems II) Saccharomyces Heterotroph Unicellular
B. Ratna Triticum II. High yielding eukaryote
C. Saccharum officinarum III. Poor sugar content III) Mythylophilus Heterotroph Unicellular
D. Sonalika IV. Dwarf variety prokaryote
Oryza IV) Candida Autotroph Unicellular
The correct match is : prokaryo te
A B C D A B C D The correct combination is
1) IV III II I 2) III IV I II 1) I only 2) I, II only
3) II I IV III 4) I II III IV 3) I, II, III only 4) all the above

EXERCISE - V EXERCISE - VI
(Multiple Matching Questions) (Questions from other Medical
151.Identify the correct match from the following Entrance Examinations)
Crop Variety Resistance to disease CBSE-PMT
1) Cow pea Pusa sadabhar Bacterial blight 156. In maize, hybrid vigour is exploited by( 2006, 07)
2) Cauliflower Pusa Snow Blight black rot 1) inducing mutations
ball K-I 2) bombarding the protoplast with DNA
3) Brassica Pusa swarnim Stripe rust 3) Crossing of two inbreed parental lines
4) Chilli Pusa Komal Tobacco mosaic virus 4)harvesting seeds from the most productive plants
152. Study the following table and identify the 157. Mutation leads to rapid formation of new
correct combinations : Species, because of AIIMS
Character Crop Resistance against 1) isolation behaviour 2) gentic recombination
3) development of multiple sets of choromosomes
I) Hairy leaf Cotton Jassids 4) Manipulation in genes
II) Solid stem Wheat Stem saw fly 158. A living plant cell has potential to develop
III) Smooth leaves Wheat Bollworm into full plant. This property of a plant cell is
IV) High aspartate Maize Cereal leaf beetle called (HP PMT 2005)
1)I & III 2)II & III 1) Tissue culture 2) Totipotency
3) III & IV 4) I & II 3) Pleuripotency 4) Gene cloning
153. Study the following table and identify the 159. Somaclones are obtained by (AIIMS 2003
correct combinations: CBSE PMT 2009)
Scientist Experimental Contribution 1) Tissue culture 2) Plant breeding
organism 3) Irradiation 4) Genetic engineering
I) N.Borlaug Maize Dwarf variety 160. In order to obtain virus free plants through
II) Swaminathan Rice Sented Basmati tissue culture the best method is ( CBSE PMT
III) HugodeVries Tobacco Polyploidy 2006 CBSE PMT (PRE) 2012) (OR)
IV) Morgan Drosophila Discovery of In Crop Improvement Programmer virus free
linkage clones can be obtained through
1) Anther culture 2) Meristem culture
1) I & II 2) II and III 3) III and IV 4) II & IV
3) Protoplast culture 4) Embryo rescue
154. Study the following table and identify the 161. Somatic hybrids are produced by(Manipal
correct combinations 2005)
Crop Variety Insect pest 1) Protoplast fusion 2) Tissue culture
I) MustardPusa Gaurav Jassids 3) Pollen culture 4) Hybridoma process
II) Flat bean Pusa sem Jassids 162. The process in which mature differentiated
III) Okra Pusa sawani Fruit borer cells reverse to meristematic activity to form
IV) Wheat Pusa komal Hill burnt callus is called (KCET 2007)
1) I & II 2) II & III 3) I & IV 4) III & IV 1) De-differentiation 2) Differentiation
155. Study the following 3) Cyto-differentiation 4) Redifferentiation
Organism Type of nutrition Character

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163. Protoplasts of two different species are fused
in (MHCET 2004) EXERCISE - VII
1) Micropropagation 2) Somatic hybridization
3) Clonal propagation 4) Organography
164. The technique of obtaining large number of
plantlets by tissue culture method is called (True Or False Statement)
(CBSE PMT 2004) (OR) 169. Pomato is commercially useful
To meet the demands of the society, invitro 170. Lipases are used to separate protoplasts
production of a large number of plantlets in a short 171. Many present day plants are result of
duration is practised in vitro floriculture and
horticulture industry today. This is called(KCET domestication of ancient times
2010) 172. Collection and preservation of wild varieties is a
1) Micropropagation 2)Macropropagation prerequisite for effective exploitation in plant
3) Clonal propagation 4) Organography breeding.
165. In tissue culture roots can be induced by 173. Germplasm can not be collected as seeds
(KCET 2001) 174. All hybrids in all crosses contain desirable
1) Lower concentration of cytokinin and higher characters
concentration of auxins 175. Self pollination leads to homozygosity
2) Only cytokinin and no auxins 176. Reference cultivar is used for comparison
3) No cytokinin and only auxins 177. Jaya is a better yielding semi dwarf variety of wheat
4) Higher concentration of auxin and lower 178. Maize, Jowar and bajra are millets
concentration of cytokinins 179. Brown rust of wheat is a bacterial disease
166. Cellular totipotency is demonstrated by 180. Selection is a conventional breeding method
(CPMT 2009) 181. Himagiri is a product of hybridisation
1) Only gymnosperm cell 2) All living plant cells 182. Genetic engineering is not useful in production of
superior varieties
3) All eukaryotic cell 4) Only bacterial cells
183. New characters are formed by mutations
167. In plant breeding programmes, the entire
184. New characters are formed by hybridisation
collection (of plants / seeds) having all the
185. Hairy leaves help in insect resistance
diverse alleles for all genes in a given crop is
186. Pusa gaurav is a variety of flat bean
called
1) Germ plasm collection 187. Golden rice is rich in  -carotene
2) Selection of superior recombinants 188. IARI is located at New Delhi
3) Cross-hybridisation among the selected parents
4) Evalution and selection of parents KEY
168. Identify the correct pair of combination
PRACTICE TEST - I
(Eamcet-2014)
1) 3 2) 3 3) 4 4) 3 5) 3 6) 4
I) Parbhani kranti - Resistance to virus - Bhenndi
7) 4 8) 4 9) 4 10)2 11) 1 12) 2
II) Pusa Gaurav - Resistance to Aphids - Mustard
13) 2 14) 4
III) Pusa Sadabahar - Resistance to fruit borer -
Cow Pea PRACTICE TEST - II
IV) Pusa Shubhra - Resistance to white rust - Cauli 15) 2 16) 1 17) 4 18) 2 19) 1 20) 2
flower 21) 4 22) 3 23) 4 24) 1 25) 2 26) 4
27) 1 28) 2 29) 3
1. I and II 2. I and III 3. II and III 4. II and IV
PRACTICE TEST - III
30) 2 31) 1 32) 3 33) 4 34) 3 35) 1
36) 1

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JEE MAINS - VOL - VI
PRACTICE TEST - IV HINTS FOR -EXERCISE - III
37) 3 38) 2 39) 1 40) 4 41) 4 42) 4
43) 1 44)3 (‘Assertion’ and ‘Reason’ type Questions)
Exercise - I 131. Bagging is required for all flowers of female parent
Check Your Memory 132. Mutations along with crossing over during meiosis
45) 3 46) 2 47) 3 48) 4 49) 2 50) 3 help in creating recombinations
51) 4 52) 2 53) 3 54) 2 55) 4 56) 2 135. All mutations are not disirable.Mutations also
57) 1 58) 2 59) 4 60) 1 61) 3 62) 3 create undesirable characters
63) 3 64) 1 65) 1 66) 2 67) 4 68) 4
69) 2 70) 2 71) 1 72) 3 73) 1 74) 1 136. Spirulina is an algal SCP.
75) 2 76) 3 77) 2 78) 1 79) 3 80) 2 139. Dried protein obtained from single specis of
81) 2 82) 1 83) 2 84) 2 85) 3 86) 3 microbe is called SCP
87) 4 88) 3 89) 4 90) 3 91) 4 92) 3 141. Tissue culture expriments are conducted under
93) 3 94) 1 95) 4 96) 4 97) 1 98) 2
aseptic conditions
99) 3 100)2 101)4 102)1 103)3 104)3
105)2 106)3 107)3 108)3 109)4 110)1 142. Pathogen free (Viral free) plants are obtained
111) 2 112) 1 113)3 114) 2 115)3 through shoot tip culture (meristem culture) only
Exercise - II 143. Traditional breeding techniques failed to keep pace
Sharpen Your Reflexes with demand and to provide sufficiently fast and
116) 4 117) 1 118) 2 119) 3 120) 1 121) 1 efficient systems for crop improvement
122) 2 123) 3 124) 1 125) 1 126) 3 127) 1
128) 1 Hints-Exercise - VII
Exercise - III (True Or False Statement)
(‘Assertion’ and ‘Reason’ type Questions) 169. Pomato didnot have all the desired combination of
129) 2 130) 1 131) 3 132) 4 133) 2 134) 2 characters for its commerical utilisation
135) 3 136) 3 137) 2 138) 1 139) 3 140) 2
141) 3 142) 3 143) 3 170. Pectinases & cellulases are the enzymes used to
Exercise - IV separate protoplasts by digesting the cell wall
Simple matching Questions 173. Germplasm is collection of plants or seeds
144) 2 145) 3 146) 1 147) 4 148) 2 149) 1 177. Jaya is a rice varity
150) 2 179. Brown rust of wheat is a fungal disease caused by
Exercise - V Puccinia
Multiple Matching Questions 182. Genetic engineering is also useful for production of
151) 2 152) 4 153) 4 154) 2 155) 3
superior varieties
Exercise - VI
186. Pusa gaurav is a variety of mustard
Questions from other Medical
Entrance Examinations
156)3 157)4 158)2 159) 1 160)2 161) 1
162) 1 163)2 164) 1 165) 4 166 ) 2 167) 1
168) 1
Exercise - VII
169) F 170) F 171) T 172) T 173) F 174) F
175) T 176) T 177) F 178) T 179) F 180) T
181) T 182) F 183) T 184) T 185) T 186) F
187) T 188) T

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NARAYANAGROUP 195