Teacher name: Salhi.D.

Level : L 3
Field of study: Exploitation of mine

Technical English For Mining

What is technical English ? And what is for ?

Technical English based mainly on vocabulary and grammar. It helps you to increase your
knowledge of technical English and develop your vocabulary and grammar in your field of
study. By working through the material you will become more accurate and more appropriate
in a range of key technical context . However, this disease ‘s condition obliged us to use e-
learning aspect . You can use your technology factors , dictionary English Arabic from play
store , on your own in order to comprehend the following vocabulary.

1.Passive and Active Voice

Let’s make a quick revision about tenses before we move into the passive and
active voice sentences because in this lesson you need to be familiar with
English tenses.

1.1.Present tenses are used to express a range of meaning.

Present simple : form [ we use the base verb as it is but with the third
singular pronouns we add the consonant letter “s" ]

For example: To explore { I/ we/ they / you explore }

{ she /he / it explores}

The present simple describes a regular or characteristic happening .

For example:

A. Affirmative sentence:
_ We receive raw materials from our suppliers.
B. Negative form: we use the auxiliary “to do" to make negation form with
the word “ not".
I/ they/ you / we ~ do. // He/ it / she ~~ does.

E.g.: _ The supervisor doesn’t prepare the papers.

C. Question: we use the auxiliary “to do “ to make questions.

E.g.:_ Do you store the finished goods?

D. Common time expression includes  : usually , always, everyday, once a

day , on Saturday, at weekends, rarely , twice a day … etc.

Present Continuous describes

1. An activity at or around the time of speaking , for example : at

present we are extracting minerals from underground mine.
2. A fixed future plan, for example : Next year we are building a new
underground mine.
3. Formation : subject + to be ( present simple ) + v ( ing)
A. Affirmative : I + am+ verb + ing ~ I am extracting .
is+ verb+ ing ~ she / he / it is extracting .
Are + verb + ing ~ They / we/ you are extracting .
E.g. : The supervisor is checking the delivery .
 B. Negative : Am/ is / are + not + verb + ing ~ They are not working / She
is not working .

E.g. : I am not sending out a bill of leading with this shipment.

C .Interrogative : Is / Are/ + subject + verb + ing + ? .

E.g. : Are they working ?

E.g. : Are we moving to the new mine ?

N.B. The continuous tenses are chiefly used for deliberate actions. Some
verbs are, therefore , not normally used in the continuous. They are used
only in the simple present like verbs expressing feelings and emotions, verbs
of mental activity , verbs of possession). Here are the list of those verbs : feel,
hear, smell, admire, adore, detest, value, want, perceive, recall, recognize,
think, belong , owe , own.

Present Perfect  describes :

1. An activity at a non-specific time in the past .

For example : Our contractor has built a new supporting wall.
2. An activity which started in the past and continues to the present.
For example : We have worked on this project since last year.

Form :

1. Affirmative : subject + have / has + past participle . For example, I

have finished .

E.g. : Our contractor has built a new supporting wall.

2. Negative  : subject + have / has not + verb( finished.)

 E.g. : They have not drained the water yet.
3. Interrogative : have / has + subject + past participle . For example,
Have I finished ?
Eg : How many tunnels have they dug ?

Past Tenses
All the past tenses are used to express activities at a definite time in the past

The past simple describes an activity at a definite time in the past.

For example : The study of the area started last year.

Form : [ regular verbs : work + ed] // [ irregular verbs : make ~ made].

1.Affirmative :

E.g. : Last year we began a new study.

Negative form ( regular and irregular verbs)

Did+ not + infinitive / E.g. : I didn't extract minerals yesterday.

Interrogative form : ( regular and irregular verbs )

Did + subject + infinitive + ?~ did you explore the ores yesterday  ?

Past Continuous describes an activity which is a time frame for another

activity.

For example 1 : While we were studying the area, we made a significant
discovery of valuable minerals.

For example 2 : While our team was studying performance , another team was
looking at the characteristics.

Form
 1. Affirmative : subject + was/ were+ verb ( +ing), for example, I was
working/ we were working.
E.g. : While the analyst was carrying out the test ………
2. Negative : subject + was/ were + not + verb (+ ing), for example, I
wasn’t working/ we weren’t working .
E.g. : The other technicians were not recording the results.
3. Interrogative : was/ were+ subject + verb +( ing) ?. For example, Were
the miners working hardly ?.
E.g. : What were the findings being written down ?

Past perfect describes an activity that happened earlier than another activity in
the past

For example : Our studies showed how well the equipment had performed .

Form : subject + had+ past participle of the verb.

1. Affirmative :
E.g. : After we had extracted ores , we separated the minerals from the
soil .
2. Negative :
E.g. : because they had not recorded the data, we faced many
obstacles .
3. Question :
E.g. : Had they carried out all the testes ?

Note : we use the past tenses with theses expressions :

Yesterday morning/ afternoon/ evening.

Last night/ week/ month/ year.

Ago one hour / two weeks / three months / four years ago.
In 2005 / the 2000's / the 21st century

Future Tense
Form 1 :

1. Affirmative : subject +will / shall+ Infinitive. For example, I will/ shall

visit the Mine.
2. Negative : subject + will / shall + not + verb. I will/ shall not visit you .
3. Interrogative : Will /shall + I + infinitive+ ? . Will / shall I visit you.

Form 2 : subject + to be ( present simple ) + go – ing

1. Affirmative :
E.g. : We are going to treat the first mined minerals. Tomorrow.

2. Negative :

E.g. : We aren’t going to treat the first mined minerals tomorrow.

3.Question :

E.g. : when we are going to treat the first mined minerals ?

Typical expression of future time are :

Tomorrow morning/ afternoon / evening

Next week / month/ year.

In two weeks/ months/ years.

In the shorts / medium / long term

_ The negative of will is won’t , for example : The result won’t be ready this
week.
The active and the passive forms ( or voices) are two different ways of
organising the content of a sentence . We use the active verb form in speech
and writing to describe actions and events.

E.g. : On October 16, 1990 the mining company extracted a valuable ore.
( active).

E.g. : On October 16, 1990 a valuable ore was extracted by the mining
company. ( passive)

_In the active form , the active form, the focus is on the subject or the
«  doer » of the action ( the mining company) . The active form is the typical ,
usual from or structure of an English sentence : «  subject + verb+ direct object.
« 

_In the passive form , the focus is on the person or the thing that the action
was done to ( the building ) . The passive form or structure of an English
sentence : « subject (= direct object of the active sentence )+ ( be+ past
participle of verb ) + by + agent ( = subject of the active sentence) .

When or Why do I use the passive form ?

_ I use the passive when I want to change the focus of the sentence from the
doer ( subject) to the person or thing that the action was done to ( direct
object).

Eg1 : The miners extract the minerals

E.g. : The minerals is extracted by the miners.

_ I use the passive when I don’t know the doer of the action ( subject of the
verb) , or when I don’t want to say who this «  doer" is or when the doer is not
important to mention or when it is known to everybody.
E.g. : The technician broke the machine. The machine was broken.

Can I change any sentence from active to passive form ?

I can form passive structure only with verbs that are followed by a direct object
( transitive verbs = verbs that need the object to complete the meaning of the
sentence, for example : to build something, to explore something )

I can’t form the passive structure with verbs that describe states or situations
( state verbs : to be , to seem…..etch)

I can’t form passive structure with verbs that have no direct object ( intransitive
verbs : to arrive , to go, to travel, to die…etc.

 Present simple :is / are

The miner extracts the coal.~ The coal is extracted by the miner
The miners extract valuable pockets of gold.~ Valuable pockets of gold
are extracted by the miners.
 Present Continuous : Is being/ are being.
I am exploring new areas. New areas is being explored .

They are exploring new areas. New areas are being explored.

 Present Perfect : has been / have been

Someone has made a hole inside the Mine. A hole has been made inside
the Mine.
They have explored new areas. New area have been explored.
 Past simple : was/ were
Someone broke the crusher machine yesterday . The crusher machine
was broken yesterday.
Someone fixed the machines . The machines was fixed .
 Past perfect : Had been explored
 After we had extracted the minerals , they moved into separation stage.
After the minerals had been extracted , they moved into separation
stage
 Past Continuous : was being/ were being
They were extracting mineral. Mineral was being extracted.
They were extracting minerals. Minerals were being extracted .
 Future Simple : will be. /
They will laugh at me again . I will be laughed at again.
They will humiliate You again. You will be humiliated again.
We are going to digitize the pictures so that we can upload them to our
website
The digital pictures will be uploaded to our website on 1st June.
The Conditionals 
Conditional sentences are made of two clauses namely « if -clause «  and
« main clause" . They are used to indicate the cause and effect or the temporal
sequence of two events. The main structure of the conditional sentences
contains an if clause ( past of sentence containing if which express condition)
and a main clause .

When we imagine in the present or the future , we use type 2. For example,

1. I don’t speak English, so I don’t understand them.~ if I spoke English, I

should understand them.

We use type 3 to imagine a different past .

For example : I studied English at university and I became a teacher.

If I hadn’t studied English at university , I shouldn’t have become a teacher .

A).Type zero (0) / if + present simple, / present simple. Or past tense

This type of conditional talks about general truth , scientific facts or something
that is constantly true in specific condition

For example 1 : if water reaches 0° C , it changes to ice.

For example 2 : If a rock is permeable , it allows water or other fluids , such as
oil, to pass through it

In the above example ( zero conditional sentence ) means : if the first thing
happens at any time ( past , present or future ) them the second thing always
happens too.

b) Type one ( 1)/ if + present simple,/will / shall + infinitive ( without to )

The first conditional is used to express possibilities , either in the present or in
the future. In this conditional , there is very likely and real possibility that the
condition or the specific situation will happen in the future. The models « can" ,
«  may «  , and «  should" can be used in this type

For example : if we extract valuable ore , we ‘ll gain a lot of profit .

For example : If the oil field is productive , we will recover our exploration
costs in short time.

In the above example ( a type of one conditional sentence ) means :

If the first thing happens in the future , another thing will also happen . It
express a probable situation.

Type two (2)/if + past simple , / would / should + infinitive ( without to )

The second conditional called non past or present . It talks about unreal event
in the present or in the future. The simple past tense is used in this case to
express the present or future situation . The auxiliary verb «  were" is always
used in this condition with all persons in the «  if clause" and it is a form of wish
or desire .

For example : if there were no advertising , the world would be different place .

For example 2 : If there was a blowout , we would evaluate the rig
immediately.

In the above example ( a type two conditional sentence ) it express an

improbable situation : we imagine a situation in the present.

The verb in the if clause is in the past simple , but it has no past meaning .
Type three( 3) if + past perfect , would + have + past participle of verb.

This conditional talks about unreal events in the past . This means that to talk
about events that did not occur in the past .

For example 1 : If you had checked the engine before starting, the machine
wouldn’t ( would not ) have broken

For example 2 : If we hadn't made this find , we would have leased out our
tankers.

In the above example ( type three conditional sentence ) it express an

impossible situation as it refers to the past
Direct and Indirect Speech :
We may report the words of a speaker in 2 ways :

1. We may quote his actual words . It is the direct speech

2. We may report what he said without quoting his exact words . It is the
indirect speech .
For example : direct speech / The mine manager said ,«  I am very busy.
now"
Indirect speech / the mine manager said that he was busy
then.
Notice that in indirect speech, we use inverted commas( ,) to mark off
the exact words of the speaker . In indirect speech we don’t use
comma(,).
Notice also that in changing the above Direct Speech into indirect
speech changes have been made :
1. we have used the connection « that » before the indirect
statement
2. The pronoun I is changed to he or she
3. The auxiliary verb to be changed to was ( present tense to past
tense)
4. The adverb now is changed To them

Rules for Changing Direct Speech :

1. When the reporting or principle verb is in the present tense , the tenses
of the direct speech do not change

2. The pronouns of the direct speech do not changed .

For example : direct~ They said , « He does not have the necessary
qualifications «  / Indirect ~ They said that he didn’t have the necessary
qualifications.
Notes : while changing the pronouns in the manner stated above, it
should be noted that the new changed pronoun will have the same case
and number as the original one.
 I will change into he/she, you, it . Eg :

D.S { He said , «  I am busy. }/ I.S{ He said that he was busy . }

 We《 you /they》. E.g.

D.S { They said , «  we will not permit this. }/ I.S { They said that they
would not permit that.}

 Singular you 《 I, she, he , it 》

D.S { He said to me , «  you have to come with me « / I.S { He told

me that I had to go with him

 Plural you change to 《 we , they 》

 He, she, and it change to 《 I》.
 They change to 《 you, we》
 Me change to《 him , her, you, it 》
 Us change to 《 you , them 》
 Singular you used as object will change into me, him, her, or it .

 Plural you used as object will change into us , or them

 Him , her, it will change into me , or you

 Them will change into us , or you

 My will change into your , his, her, or it

  Our will change into your, their

 His, her, and it’s will change into my , your

 Their will change into our , your.

3. Words like the following change in

Now ~ then. /  to day~ that day.
For example, »
Here~ there. / tomorrow ~ the next day
For example : He said, «  I will see you tomorrow here .«  / He said that
he would see me the next day there.

Ago ~ before. / yesterday ~ the day before

For example : He said, «  I saw her a week ago «  / He said he had seen her a
week before .

Thus~ so. / last night ~ the night before

For example : He said , «  I met her the last night «  . / He said that he had met
her the night before « 

4.Question :

In reporting questions the indirect speech is introduced by verbs like

asked, inquired ……etc.
When the question is not introduced by an interrogative word , the
reporting verb is followed by if .
For example :
Direct speech : He said to me , «  what are doing ? »
Indirect speech : He asked me what I was doing.
 Direct and indirect speech : «  where do you work" asked the stranger/
The stranger asked where I live .
D.I" will you listen to such a man ? «  He said / I.D «  He asked me if I
would listen to such a man .

Commands and Requests :

In reporting commands and requests , the indirect speech is introduced by

verbs expressing commands or request , and the imperative mood is changed
to infinitive

For example : The manager said to the miner, » go away «  ~ The manager
ordered the miner to go away

Exclamation and wishes

In reporting exclamation and wishes the indirect speech is introduced by a verb

expressing exclamation or wish : D.S~ The miner said , » how clever I’m ! »~ I.S"
The miner exclaimed that he was clever.
Units of measurement and Colours
Acre : a measure of land .43,556 square feet, or 0,405 hectares.

Carat : a unit of weight for precious stones, equivalent to 200 mg.

Centimetre : a metric unit of length, equal to one hundredth of a metre.

Hectare : a metric unit of land measure, equal to 2.471 acres or 10.000 square
metres.

Kilogram : a measurement of weight equal to 2.2 pounds .

Kilometre : a metric unit of measuring distance equal to 1.000 metres ( approx.

0.62)

Metre : a unit of length equal to 39,4 inches , 100 centimetres.

Yard : a unit of length equal to 3 feet ( 0, 9144)

Anemometer : instrument for measuring air velocity.

Barometer : a measure of the atmosphere pressure. Trending barometric

change is important for gas management on areas underground , sealed or
active.

Npv( net present value) the value in today’s dollars of the net cash flow from a
project . Npv is used in mine studies to analyse the profitability of a project
investment or project.

TKPH/ TMPH : stands for ton kilometre per hour or ton mile per hour, a unit for
measuring the amount work a tyre is undertaking . All tyres are limited to a
maximum TKPH . The higher a TKPH , the shorter the tyre life.
Ton : a short or net ton is equal to 2,000 pounds , a long or British ton is 2,240
pounds , a metric ton is approximately 2,205 pounds.

Velocity : the speed of a body , for example , a conveyor belt or ventilation air
measured in metres / second

Colours :

Yellowish, reddish, dark, light green Waxy, pearly, earthy, vitreous, waxy,
Grey, swirly, fibrous, greasy, oily, rough , dull, transculant
Talking about your self and your future job

What is miming ?
Mining is the process of extracting useful minerals from the earth's crust- the
land and the sea. The process involves the physical removal of rock and earth.
Excavation take place in different types of mines . Underground mines are
constructed when any ore lies deep below the surface . There are several
types of surface mining , but the three most common are open pit mining .
Strip mining and quarrying . These differ from one another in :

. Their structure . The mining techniques . The minerals produced

There are typically 4 stages to mining :

 Prospecting : looking for minerals deposits

 Exploring : assessing the size , shape, shape , location , and economic
value of the deposit.
 Developing : preparing access to the deposit so that the minerals can be
mined
 Exploiting : extracting the minerals

Various professionals in mining are employed in mining to extract minerals .

The output from mines can be divided into metalliferous , nonmetalliferous
and building and ornamental stones.

Professionals in mining : ( the names of jobs)

Drill supervisor , environmental engineer, geochemist , geology, geophysicist,
hydro geologist, miner, mining engineer , prospector, safety engineer
Minerals metalliferous ores :
Copper, gold, iron, lead, manganese, tin, zinc

Building and ornamental stones :

Granite , limestone, marble, slate, , travertine.

What is in a mine ?
Cage , chute , conveyor, dragline, drift, drill, dump truck, explosive,
headframe, mechanical loader, mine car, pump, raise, shovel, skip, stop,
stripping machine, sump ventilation shaft.

What is the different grades of coal : reading for

getting information
Peak is the lowest grade of coal . It is composed of 90% water . 5 % carbon ,
and 5% volatile materials . Because of its high water content , it is not
commonly used for fuel . The second lowest grade of coal is lignite. It is formed
in swamps and then converted by large amounts of water, usually an ocean or
sea. The second highest grade of coal is called voluminous or soft coal . It is
formed when the weight of overlying sediment , the depth of burial, and the
length of time are slightly increased . The highest and most desirable grade of
coal , called anthracite , is formed when previously formed coal deposits are
subjected to substantially increased heat and pressure.