Jute/Coir/Banana Fiber Reinforced Bio-Composites: Critical Review of Design,

Fabrication, Properties and Applications

Sweety Shahinur, Bangladesh Jute Research Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Mahbub Hasan, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
r 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Introduction

Recent research on the interesting environment friendly issue has motivated the researchers to investigate biodegradable as well as
economically viable bio-based composite. In bio-composite either reinforcing material or matrix material is bio-degradable (Nam et al.,
2011) or both are bio-degradable. These bio-degradable materials mainly grow naturally and they are directly or indirectly collected
from nature. Bio-based material, in this particular case natural fiber, is mainly collected from plant’s stem, leaf, seed, stalk, bast and fruit.
Jute, coir, bamboo, banana, cotton, hemp, kenaf, pineapple leaf, okra, mesta, sisal and dhaincha fiber are in this categories. As they are
natural, heterogeneity exists in the fiber characteristics. This heterogeneity of the fibers is controlled in the characteristics of end product,
particularly mechanical and thermal properties. Many studies found that in bio-composites, fiber property is reinforced and the
composite showed different mechanical and thermal criteria compared to the fiber and matrix. Therefore, each type of composite has
the specific application due to their specific criteria. Moreover, bio-material has low density, high strain, high modulus of elasticity, and
above all they contain OH group. Due to this OH group, they can easily absorb water and are attracted by bacteria and subsequently
they become bio-degradable (Haque et al., 2009; Haque et al., 2010). Furthermore, bio-material gives a lot of oxygen in the air during
their production and emits a negligible amount of CO2 as compared to synthetic fiber production. Therefore, bio-composite has a great
impact on the life cycle, which is fully decomposed in nature or environment at a certain condition. Moreover, the use of bio-based
composites is also economical as they grow naturally. Therefore, the bio-based composite can be used for several applications in small
as well as large industries including household, building, vehicle, construction material, medical appliance, sports accessories and
aerospace industry (Mohammed et al., 2015). However, according to bio-based news jute fiber production (3300 MT) is in the 2nd
position after cotton, whereas coir 1022 MT which is 4th position after wool among the natural fiber production in 2016
(Dommermuth, 2016). These types of natural fiber’s properties are comparable with synthetic fiber except deviation of criteria, and less
thermal stability. Thus, value added production from this natural fiber is important.
In composite, there are two parts, reinforcing material and matrix material, whereas filler is sometimes added for improved
performance. Reinforcing material particularly fiber is discussed in the previous paragraph, which can be natural and manmade
(not biodegradable). On the other hand, matrix material can be metallic, ceramics and polymer. In addition, there are two types of
polymer matrices namely, thermoplastic (polypropylene, polyethylene, and polyvinyl chloride) and thermoset (such as polyester,
acetal, phenolic, polystyrene, polycaprolactone, polylactic acid, polyhydroxybutyrat, vinyl ester and epoxy). Biodegradable matrix
is also available. Based on the reinforced fiber present in the material, the composite materials can be categorized in two classes.
When there is no reinforcement, it is termed as monolithic. On the other, hand when there is a reinforcement material or fiber
present in a matrix material it is termed as composites such as jute-PP (polypropylene), jute-polyester and jute-epoxy. However,
with more than one reinforcing material or fiber involvement is termed as hybrid composite. For example, jute-coir-PP, coir-
bamboo-polyester and banana-jute-starch. The amount of fiber incorporation in the matrix depends on the fabrication method.
Enormous research activities involve regarding bio-composite fabrication, characterization, comparison. There is heterogeneity in
the research, the fiber has diversity in their criteria and there are different characteristics of matrices. Based on this contemplation, it
is not possible to get clear idea about the design, fabrication and the final use of bio-composite. In the present article, a critical
review has been made on design, fabrication, properties and application of three bio-based composites.

Design
Monolithic, composite and hybrid composite designs are used to tailor the criteria of composites. The design of the fabrication of
composite depends on the criteria of fiber and matrix, fabrication method, the desire of criteria, as well as required final products
characteristics. Mostly used fabrication designs based on the fiber loading are listed in Table 1. Different percentages of fiber are
used for composite fabrication because criteria of the composite are dependent on the percentage of the fiber loading in the
composite. In case of injection molding, fiber incorporation can be increased as compared to hand lay-up technique. In composite,
reinforcement can be in the form of a particle short fiber as well as long fiber. Based on the form of fiber in the composite, the
required criteria of the end product of composite are changed. Similarly, the concept of the hybrid composite is developed and
showed better performance.

Fabrication
This section describes common fabrication techniques of the bio-based composite. Different methods have been used by
researchers and industries for composite fabrication. Such as hand-lay-up, wet-lay-up, vacuum bag, mandrel wrapping, filament

Encyclopedia of Renewable and Sustainable Materials doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-803581-8.10987-7 1

2 Jute/Coir/Banana Fiber Reinforced Bio-Composites: Critical Review of Design, Fabrication, Properties and Applications

Table 1 Design of composite based on fiber loading

Types Design Fiber Matrix References

Monolithic PP 100% Shahinur et al. (2017)

Polyester 100%
Composite Jute matrix Treated jute 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, Rahman et al. (2008), Rahman et al. (2009), Shahinur et al. (2017)
matrix 40%, 50%
Coir matrix Treated coir 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35% Haque et al. (2010), Haque et al. (2009)
matrix
Banana matrix Treated 2%–10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, Ramesh et al. (2014), Amir et al. (2017), Ogunsile and Oladeji (2016),
banana matrix 50% Nagendra et al. (2017)

Fig. 1 Flowchart of thermoplastic composite fabrication by injection molding.

winding, pultrusion, injection molding, hot press, compressing molding, extrusion and bladder molding. In the present article
injection molding and hot press methods are discussed in detail. These two are the most commonly used methods so far
throughout the industry and research sectors.

Injection Molding
In case of injection molding method first reinforcing material or bio-based fiber was first cleaned and chopped into an approx-
imate length of 3 mm. Thereafter, dried fiber was randomly mixed with thermoplastic granules in order to prepare the composites
as shown in Fig. 1. Both raw and treated fibers were mixed with desire matrix at different weight percentage separately. Composites
were prepared by passing the mixtures through a single screw extruder machine at a constant temperature of 1351C751C. The
extruded composites were cut into 15–20 cm long small pieces. All the pieces were then crushed into smaller granules using a
grinding machine. The granules were dried in a vacuum oven at 651C for 1 h and fed into an injection molding for making
specimens. The dried granulates were molded according to ASTM standard for characterization (Nahar et al., 2013; Shahinur
et al., 2017).

Hot Press
Another important composite fabrication technique is hot press method. During hot pressing, according to the design, the fiber
was cleaned and chopped into certain specified length (o5 mm or greater) or in the form of a particle. After that dried fibers were
randomly mixed with thermoplastic granules (Fig. 2(a)) or sheet (fibers are evenly distributed in the layers of sheet) (Sayeed et al.,
2014) at different wt% as shown in Fig. 2(b). Thereafter, the mixture was heated and pressed at melting temperature of matrix to
fabricate the desired composite.
According to published literature, thermoplastic material such as acrylics, polyethylene (Sultana et al., 2013), polyvinyl chloride
(Saheb and Jog, 1999), polypropylene (Sayeed et al., 2014; Haque et al., 2009; Haque et al., 2010) and polystyrene (Plackett et al.,
2005) matrix are used in different areas according to their individual characteristics (Nirmal et al., 2015). The properties of jute,
coir and banana fibers are listed in Table 2.
From Table 2 it is clear that jute fiber has higher percentage of cellulose, whereas coir has higher percentage of lignin content.
These raw fibers are incorporated in the composite to reinforce the specific criteria. However, for better result, sometimes natural
fibers are chemically treated and physically modified. Important used chemicals are benzene diazonium salt, Cu salt, ammonium
salt (Shahinur et al., 2017), uric acid, potassium di chromate, sodium hydro-oxide (Sayeed et al., 2014), sodium peroxide and
permanganate (Jordan and Chester, 2017). Bio-fibers are also radiated or grafted for better performance of the bio-composite.
Furthermore, the hydroxyl group in the bio-based fiber is responsible for high water absorption and the weak interfacial bond
between the fiber and matrix. There are actually three hydroxyl groups present in a cellulose anhydrous-glucose unit of fiber as
shown in Fig. 3.
One is a primary hydroxyl group at C6 and the other two are secondary hydroxyl groups at C2 and C3. Although the primary
hydroxyl group is more reactive than the secondary groups, the salt breaks the OH group of C6 and C2 during the reaction. This
 Jute/Coir/Banana Fiber Reinforced Bio-Composites: Critical Review of Design, Fabrication, Properties and Applications 3

Fig. 2 Flowchart of thermoplastic composite fabrication using (a) granule and (b) using sheet through hot press process.

Table 2 Chemical constituent and mechanical properties of three bio-based materials/fibers

Chemical constituent Jute Coir Banana

Cellulose (%) 59–61 43.44 53.45

Hemi cellulose (%) 22.1 0.25 28.56
Lignin (%) 15.9 45.84 15.42
Ash (%) 1 2.22 1
Density (gm/cc) 1.3–1.5 1.2–1.3 1.3–1.5
Fiber length mm 1.2–1.5 20–150 –
Fiber tensile strength (MPa) 400–800 220 355
Fiber modulus of elasticity 70 6 33.8
(GPa)
References Mohammed et al. Haque et al. (2009), Haque et al. (2010) Jordan and Chester (2017), Saheb and Jog (1999)
(2015)

Fig. 3 Reaction group of bio-based fiber.

converts the two hydroxyl groups into related compound. The FT-IR spectroscopic analysis of the raw fiber, namely, jute (Shahinur
et al., 2015), coir (Haque et al., 2010), and banana (Merlini et al., 2011) confirms this phenomenon.

Properties
A good number of researches have been carried out on the characterization of bio-based polymer composite. In this study,
mechanical, physical and thermal properties of bio-based composites are highlighted in the following sections.

Mechanical Properties
Under the mechanical properties there are tensile, flexural, toughness, hardness, ductility, fatigue strength and elasticity. In this
particular study tensile, impact and hardness of the three bio-based composite are described as follows.

Tensile properties
The tensile strength of raw and treated fiber reinforced bio-composites for three different fibers is shown in Table 3. Tensile fracture
behavior of composites is ductile. For the raw fiber reinforced composites, the tensile strength decreased with fiber loading, which
is supported with the findings of Haque et al. (2010) and vice versa (Nam et al., 2011). When fiber load is increased, the weak
interfacial area between the fiber and matrix increased, as a result, tensile strength decreased. After chemical treatment, the reaction
took place deep down in the specimen, which improved the mechanical properties of the related composites. From Table 3 it is
4 Jute/Coir/Banana Fiber Reinforced Bio-Composites: Critical Review of Design, Fabrication, Properties and Applications

Table 3 Mechanical properties of bio-based polymer composite

Bio-composite Tensile strength (MPa) Young’s Modulus (GPa) Flexural strength (MPa) Flexural modulus (GPa) References

Coir-PP 22–27 1.25–3.5 46–50 1.5–3.5 Haque et al. (2010)

Treated coir-PP 27–30 1.5–4.5 53–60 1.5–4.2 Siddika et al. (2014),
Nam et al. (2011)
Jute-PP 17–34 2–4.5 20–32 1–1.6 Rahman et al. (2008),
Nahar et al. (2012)
Treated jute-PP 15–51 1.0–3.5 15–58 0.7–5.0 Shahinur et al. (2017)
Banana-PP 11.45–24.16 0.44–0.87 38–42 1–5 Mishra et al. (2000),
Chattopadhyay et al. (2011)
Treated banana-PP 23–24 0.5–0.8 36–39 1.5–2.3 Mishra et al. (2000)
Jute- polyester 50–95 6–7 80–135 4–6 Sever et al. (2012)
Coir- polyester 18–47 2.24 5–69.27 2.14 Rout et al. (2001)
Banana-polyester 12–23.04 76–124.92 Dhakal and Keerthi Gowda
(2017)

Table 4 Impact, hardness, and water absorbance of jute, coir, and banana bio based polymer bio-composites

Impact Kg/m2 Hardness Rockwell L Water absorbance % References

Polypropylene 19/22.34 66.4 0.09

Jute 25–85 (Ranganathan et al., 2015) 78–97 (Sultana et al., 2013) 0.7–1.26 Khan et al. (2010), Rahman et al. (2008)
Treated jute 18–24 77–87 0.73–1.22
Coir 35–60 80–90 0.3–1.7 Haque et al. (2010), Haque et al. (2009)
Treated coir 40–60 90–105 0.3–0.7
Banana 1.2–1.8 60–66 15–30 Mishra et al. (2000)
Treated banana 0.9–1.5 66–72 10–25
Polyester
Treated jute 40–160 6.13 Deb et al. (2017)
Treated coir 40–55 85–95 Haque et al. (2010)
Treated banana 32–147 1.5–4.74 Muktha and Keerthi Gowda (2017)

cleared that, due to chemical treatment the related composites improve the tensile strength as well as Young’s modulus. The
stronger fiber shows more fiber pull out compared to the weaker fiber composites.

Flexural properties
Flexural strength and flexural modulus of raw and treated bio-based fiber composites for different fiber are listed in Table 4. The
data are collected from different research articles and that data are represented as range based on obtained flexural properties. As
the flexural fracture behavior of the composites is also ductile, the flexural strength increased with fiber loading for some fiber
composite (Haque et al., 2009). However, there was a decrement for certain fiber loaded composites (Shahinur et al., 2017; Nahar
et al., 2013). Furthermore, from Table 3 it can be concluded that after chemical treatment the flexural properties of the related
composites are improved compared to untreated fiber composite for PP as well as polyester matrix composites. In case of high
flexural strength there is high fiber pull out and vice versa.

Impact properties
Variation of the Chirpy impact strength for both raw and chemically treated three different bio-based fiber composites are listed in
Table 4. Impact strength increased with fiber loading (Haque et al., 2010; Rahman et al., 2008). However, there was a decrement in
the impact property for some specific fiber loaded (Chattopadhyay et al., 2011).

Hardness and water absorption characteristics

Table 4 shows the hardness of various manufactured composites for three different bio-based fiber, namely jute, coir and banana.
Average hardness increased with chemical treatment of fiber (Table 4) and fiber loading (Haque et al., 2010). This is due to the
increase of stiffness of the respective composites. The hardness of jute-PP composite is about 66.4, which is increased in chemically
treated fiber composite. Similar trend is found for coir as well as banana polymer composite as shown in Table 4.
Water absorption characteristics of manufactured composites are shown in Table 4. Water absorption (%) generally increases
with an increase in fiber loading (Haque et al., 2010). As mentioned earlier, the hydroxyl groups in bio-fiber, namely, jute, coir and
banana, are responsible for high water absorption. With the increase in fiber loading, the number of hydroxyl groups in the
composites increased, which in turn increased the water absorption. Chemically treated bio-fiber reinforced composites had lower
 Jute/Coir/Banana Fiber Reinforced Bio-Composites: Critical Review of Design, Fabrication, Properties and Applications 5

Table 5 Thermal properties of jute, coir and banana bio-based polymer composites

Item Thermal stability References

Jute matrix 250–3651C Kabir et al. (2012), Kabir et al. (2013), Rahman et al. (2008)
Treated jute matrix 250–4001C Singh and Palsule (2014)
Coir matrix 25–2501C Haque et al. (2009)
Treated coir matrix 250–4001C Haque et al. (2010)
Banana matrix 25–2501C Indira et al. (2012)
Treated banana matrix 250–3001C

Table 6 Application of jute, coir and banana fiber reinforced composites

Jute based composite Coir based composite Banana based composite

Building panels, roofing sheets, door frames, door shutters, Building panels, flush door shutters, roofing sheets, storage Biodegradable sanitary
transport, packaging, geotextiles, and chipboards, tank, packing material, helmets and postboxes, mirror napkin and diaper
absorbent cotton, storage device, furniture, casing, paperweights, projector cover, voltage stabilizer (Barman et al., 2017).
transportation, house hold accessories, Bio-degradable cover, a filling material for the seat upholstery, brushes and
shopping bag. brooms, ropes and yarns for nets, bags, and mats, as well
as padding for mattresses, seat cushions

water content compared to the raw ones, as the treatment decreased the number of hydroxyl groups in the resultant composites.
Water absorption (%) decreased over the raw fiber polymer composites.

Thermal Properties
Thermal stability of the composite depends on the matrix as well as fibers (jute, coir and banana) that we use as reinforcing material. For
example, HDPE, MAgPP, epoxy, polyester, and starch matrix sustain at 5251C, 4501C, 4001C (Bansal and Agarwal, 1984), 245–2891C
(Bora et al., 2013) and 2501C respectively. Whereas jute, coir and banana fiber are thermally stable at 25–2501C. The related thermal
stability of the selected bio-based composites is listed in Table 5. Thermal stability of jute composite is 25–2651C whereas it is increased
after chemically treated jute composite. The similar phenomenon is observed in the case of raw and treated coir as well as banana fiber
as shown in Table 5. It is clear that the range of thermal stability for treated composite, is increased due to specific chemical modification
of natural fiber. The upper range of thermal stability depends on the matrix material as well as chemical concentration.

Applications
According to Mohammed et al. (2015) bio-fiber is used in the house hold industry and car interior. Due to the advantages of bio-
composites such as biodegradability, high stiffness, cheap and lightweight give them appropriateness in the various application in
engineering application such as building industries, structural concrete elements as reinforcement, while coir fiber composites have
been used in roofing components in order to replace asbestos. In addition, bio-fiber composite products in building applications
like bar, sheets (plain, corrugated) and boards are light in weight and are appropriate for use in roofing, ceiling, and walling for the
construction of low-cost houses. Due to good sound absorption properties, bio-fiber composites are used in theater and con-
ference hall. Due to good thermal property the bio-based composites are used in agriculture sector in cold region. Table 6 shows
the various applications of cellulose fiber in industry, construction, and other industries.

Conclusion

Natural fiber-based composites are eco-friendly compared to fully synthetic composite. However, design, fabrication,
properties and applications of different categories of bio-based composites are explained in this article, sustainability of these
types of bio-based composite is also an important issue for the next generation regarding green globalization. Sustainable
properties such as CO2 emission, recycle fraction, safety and water usage of these bio-based composites are needed to analyze
regarding the sustainability of bio-based composite. Nevertheless, these sustainable properties particularly CO2 emission is
related to the electricity consumption for final product development. Natural materials absorb CO2 and emit O2 during the
primary material, namely, fiber production, which has a positive impact on the total CO2 emission of the bio-based com-
posite production. If the composite becomes sustainable the bio-based product will be sustainable indeed. Based on the
above contemplation sustainable properties are the important issues for the green revolution. Thus, this is an open research
topic for future research.
6 Jute/Coir/Banana Fiber Reinforced Bio-Composites: Critical Review of Design, Fabrication, Properties and Applications

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