Lecture 6: Networking and

the Internet
IT064IU - INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING
SUMMER 2021
Instructor: Le Duy Tan, PhD
Email: [email protected]
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Networking and the Internet
1. Network Fundamentals
2. The Internet
3. The World Wide Web
4. Internet protocols
5. Security

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1. Network Fundamentals

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 Networking
• Computer network : A collection of computing devices connected so
that they can communicate and share resources
• Wireless: A network connection made without physical wires
• Node (host): Any addressable device attached to a network
• Data transfer rate (bandwidth): The speed with which data is moved
from one place to another on a network
• Protocol: A set of rules that defines how data is formatted and
processed on a network
Network Client/server model: A distributed approach in which a
Model client makes requests of a server and the server responds
P2P model: A decentralized approach that shares resources
and responsibilities among many “peer” computers

File server
Web server
Peer to Peer model Client/server model 4
Types of Networks
• Local-area network (LAN): A network connecting a small number of
nodes in a close geographic area: Wired/Wireless
• Wide-area network (WAN): A network connecting two or more local-
area networks
Gateway: A node that handles communication between its LAN
and other networks
• Metropolitan-area network (MAN): A network infrastructure
developed for a large city
• Internet: A wide-area network that spans the planet

Local-area networks connected across a distance to create a wide-area network

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Network topologies
• Ring topology: A LAN configuration in which all nodes are connected
in a closed loop
• Star topology: A LAN configuration in which a central node controls
all message traffic
• Bus topology: A LAN configuration in which all nodes share a
common line

Network topologies 6
Connecting Networks
• Repeater: A network device that strengthens and propagates a signal
along a long communication line. Extends a network
• Bridge: Connects two compatible networks
• Switch: Connects several compatible networks
• Router: A network device that directs a packet between networks
toward its final destination. Connects two incompatible networks
resulting in a network of networks called an internet

Router
Bridge

Switch
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Building a large bus network from smaller
ones

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Routers connecting two WiFi networks and an
Ethernet network to form an internet

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Internet Connections
Who owns the Internet? - No one.
Internet service provider (ISP): An organization providing access to the
Internet. For example, VNPT, Viettel, FPT, etc.
Packet switching The approach to network communication in which
packets are individually routed to their destination, then reassembled

Messages sent by packet switching

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Package-shipping example

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Open Systems
Open system A system that is based on a common model of network
architecture and an accompanying suite of protocols
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model: A seven-layer
logical breakdown of network interaction to facilitate communication
standards

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Network Protocols
Ethernet: A network communication protocol that is integrated into
most personal computers
Protocol stack: Layers of protocols that build and rely on each other
Ping: A program used to test whether a particular network computer is
active and reachable

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2. The Internet

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 mobile network

global ISP

home
network
regional ISP

institutional
network

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The Internet
The Internet: An internet that spans the world
• Original goal was to develop a means of connecting networks
that would not be disrupted by local disasters
• Today a commercial undertaking that links a worldwide
combination of PANs, LANs, MANs, and WANs involving
millions of computers
• Test with tracert (Windows) or traceroute (MacOs), ping
commands

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Internet Architecture
Internet Service Provider (ISP)
o Tier-1
o Tier-2

Access or tier-3 ISP: Provides connectivity to the Internet

o Hot spot (wireless)
o Telephone lines
o Cable/Satellite systems DSL
o Fiber optics

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Internet Addressing
A hostname is a unique identification that specifies a particular
computer on the Internet. Hostnames are generally readable
words separated by dots.
Eg: tuoitre.vn
hcmiu.edu.vn
hcmvnu.edu.vn
IP address: pattern of 32 or 128 bits often represented in dotted
decimal notation
• Example: 148.78.250.12

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Domain Name System
Domain name: The part of a hostname that specifies a specific
organization or group
Top-level domain (TLD): The last section of a domain name,
specifying the type of organization or its country of origin
ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers)
is the international authority that manages TLD names.
it.hcmiu.edu.vn
it hcmiu edu vn
subdomain organization top-level domain (.vn Country Code TLD)

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Basic Internet Applications
• Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP)
• File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
• Telnet and SSH
• Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
• Electronic Mail (email)
o Domain mail server collects incoming mail and transmits
outing mail
o Mail server delivers collected incoming mail to clients via
POP3 or IMAP
POP Workflow IMAP Workflow
• Connect to server. • Connect to server.
• Retrieve all mail. • Fetch user requested content and cache it locally, e.g. list of
• Store locally as new new mail, message summaries, or content of explicitly
mail. selected emails.
• Delete mail from • Process user edits, e.g. marking email as read, deleting email,
server*. etc.
• Disconnect. • Disconnect. 20
HTTP overview
HTTP: hypertext transfer protocol
• Web s application layer protocol
• client/server model
◦ client: browser that requests, HT
TP
receives, (using HTTP req
protocol) and displays Web PC running HTT uest
objects Firefox browser Pr
esp
ons
◦ server: Web server sends e
(using HTTP protocol) objects t
in response to requests u es
r eq e server
P
Any information transmitted over HT
T
s po
ns
running
this network via HTTP is not T P r e Apache Web
private, so any credit card data HT server
and sensitive information should
not be submitted if you are on an iphone running
HTTP page. Safari browser
HTTPS: hypertext transfer
protocol secure and is the
encrypted version of HTTP 2-21
3 The World Wide Web

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World Wide Web
World Wide Web (Web): An infrastructure of information and the
network software used to access it
Hypertext combines internet technology with concept of linked-
documents
o Embeds hyperlinks to other documents

Browsers: a software tool that retrieves and displays web pages

Webservers a computer set up to respond to requests for web
pages
Documents are identified by URLs and transferred using HTTP

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A typical URL
Uniform Resource Locator (URL): A standard way of specifying the
location of a web page

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Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) The language used to create or
build a web page
Encoded as text file
HTML5 is the newest HTML standard, with a streamlined tag system
and support for dynamic content
Contains tags to communicate with browser
◦ Appearance
• <h1> to start a level one heading
• <p> to start a new paragraph
◦ Links to other documents and content
• <a href = . . . >
◦ Insert images
• <img src = . . . >

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A simple webpage (1/2)

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A simple webpage (2/2)

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An enhanced simple webpage (1/2)

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An enhanced simple Web page (2/2)

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HTML and CSS
HTML tags indicate what the
HTML
information is (such as a
paragraph, an image, or a list)
The style information defined by
CSS (Cascading Style Sheets)
indicates how you want that
information to be displayed (such CSS
as centered text, a border around
an image, or a background color)
Link:
https://www.w3schools.com/css/tr
yit.asp?filename=trycss_default

HTML

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HTTP request message HTTP request

Two types of HTTP messages:

request, response PC running
HTTP response

Firefox browser
HTTP request message: server
running
◦ ASCII (human-readable format) Apache Web
server
carriage return character
line-feed character
request line
(GET, POST, GET /index.html HTTP/1.1\r\n
HEAD commands) Host: www-net.cs.umass.edu\r\n
User-Agent: Firefox/3.6.10\r\n
Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml\r\n
header Accept-Language: en-us,en;q=0.5\r\n
lines Accept-Encoding: gzip,deflate\r\n
Accept-Charset: ISO-8859-1,utf-8;q=0.7\r\n
carriage return, Keep-Alive: 115\r\n
line feed at start Connection: keep-alive\r\n
\r\n
of line indicates
end of header lines
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HTTP response message HTTP request

HTTP response
PC running
status line Firefox browser server
(protocol running
status code HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n Apache Web
status phrase) Date: Sun, 26 Sep 2010 20:09:20 GMT\r\n server
Server: Apache/2.0.52 (CentOS)\r\n
Last-Modified: Tue, 30 Oct 2007 17:00:02
GMT\r\n
header ETag: "17dc6-a5c-bf716880"\r\n
Accept-Ranges: bytes\r\n
lines Content-Length: 2652\r\n
Keep-Alive: timeout=10, max=100\r\n
Connection: Keep-Alive\r\n
Content-Type: text/html; charset=ISO-8859-
1\r\n
\r\n
data, e.g., data data data data data ...
requested
HTML file

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HTTP response status codes
Status code appears in 1st line in server-to-client
response message.
Some sample codes:
200 OK
◦ request succeeded, requested object later in this msg
301 Moved Permanently
◦ requested object moved, new location specified later in this msg
(Location:)
400 Bad Request
◦ request msg not understood by server
404 Not Found
◦ requested document not found on this server
505 HTTP Version Not Supported
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4 Internet Protocols

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 mobile network

global ISP

home
network
regional ISP

institutional
network

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Internet Layers – TCP/IP Model
qApplication: Constructs message with address
qTransport: Chops message into packets
qNetwork: Handles routing through the
Internet
qLink: Handles actual transmission of packets

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Following a message through the Internet

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TCP/IP Protocol
Transport Layer
Suite
oTransmission Control Protocol (TCP)
oUser Datagram Protocol (UDP)

Network Layer
oInternet Protocol (IP)
• IPv4: 32 bits (4 bytes) IP Address, 192.168.1.10
• IPv6: 128 bits (16 bytes) IP Address,
2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334 38
Choosing between TCP and UDP

International University, VNU-HCM 39

Other topics
- Could computing
- Edge computing

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5. Security

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Security
Attacks
o Malware (viruses, worms, Trojan horses, spyware, phishing
software)
o Denial of service (DoS)
o Spam
Protection
o Firewalls
o Spam filters
o Proxy Servers
o Antivirus software

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Passwords
A password, of course, is a string of characters that supposedly only
you, as the user of a particular account, know.
Here is a list of guidelines regarding password management:
• Create a password that is easy for you to remember but difficult for other people to guess.
• Don’t use a simple password, especially one that relates to you personally, like your dog’s
name.
• Don’t write down a password anywhere that other people can access.
• Use a combination of characters in the password, including both upper- and lowercase
letters, digits, and special characters.
• Don’t stay logged into an account and then walk away from your computer.
• Don’t ever tell anyone your password. There should never be a valid reason for you to do
so.
• Don’t send your password in an email. Most email is sent “in the clear” with no encryption
and could be easily intercepted.
• Don’t use the same password for all of your online accounts. If one is compromised, then
they all could be.
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Password criteria
Password criteria: A set of rules that must be followed when creating
a password
A typical set of criteria for password creation might be
• The password must be six characters or longer.
• It must contain at least one uppercase and one lowercase letter.
• It must contain at least one digit.
• It must contain at least one special character, such as ! or %.

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Security
Attacks
o Malware (viruses, worms, Trojan horses, spyware, phishing
software)
o Denial of service (DoS)
o Spam
Protection
o Firewalls
o Spam filters
o Proxy Servers
o Antivirus software

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Cryptography
A technical approach to keeping information secure can be discussed
under the general umbrella of cryptography, which is the field of
study related to encoded information
Encryption is the process of converting ordinary text, referred to as
plaintext in cryptography terminology, into a form that is unreadable,
called ciphertext
Decryption reverses this process, translating ciphertext into plaintext
A cipher is an algorithm used to perform a particular type of
encryption and decryption
Eg: Ceaser Cipher - shifting the characters five positions to the right
would result in the following substitutions:

Using this approach, the message “MEET ME AT THE OLD BARN”

would be encrypted as
RJJY RJ FY YMJ TQI GFWS 46
Public-key encryption

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Public-key encryption
HTTPS uses protocol secure socket layer (SSL)
Public-key Encryption
oPublic key: Used to encrypt messages
oPrivate key: Used to decrypt messages
Trusted sites called Certificate authorities (CA) maintain
accurate lists of parties and their public keys

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Quiz
1. What is digital signatures? Which key (public or private) is used to
create a digital signature? Please explain?
2. What is phishing? How are computers secured against it?

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