Problems of chapter Five Dr.Abdulkareem A.

Wahab

Problem 5.1 /

The water is flowing through a pipe having diameter 20 cm and 10 cm at

section 1 and 2 respectively . The rate of flow through pipe is 35 L / s . The
section 1 is 6 m above datum line and section 2 is 4 m above datum line. If the
pressure at section 1 is 39.24 × 104 N / m2. Find the pressure at section 2 ? If the
flow is ideal .

Solution :

Q = A1V1

Q 35 ×10−3
V1 = A = π ↑ ×0.22 = 1.114 m/s
1
4

Q = A2 V2

35× 10−3
Q
V2 = A = π ×0.12 = 4.456 m/s
2
4

Applying Bernoulli's equation between section 1 & section 2 :

P1 V 21 P2 V 22
+ + Z1 = + + Z2
ρg 2g ρg 2g

39.24 ×10 4 (1.114 )2 P2 (4.456)2

+ +6 = + +4
1000× 9.81 2 × 9.81 1000× 9.81 2× 9.81

P2 = 41.051 × 9810 N/m2

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Problem 5.2 /

Water is flowing through a pipe having diameter 300 mm and 200 mm at

the bottom and upper end respectively. The pressure at the bottom end is
24.525× 104 N/m2 and the pressure at the upper end is 9.81× 104 N/m2. Determine
the difference in datum head ( Z2 - Z1 ) , if the rate of volume flow through pipe
is 40 L / s . ( the flow is ideal )

Solution :

Q = A1 V1
0.04
V1 = π ×0.32 = 0.565 m/s
4

0.04
V2 = π ×0.22 = 1.274 m /s
4

Applying Bernoulli equation between section 1 & section 2 , we get :

P1 V 21 P V 22
+ + Z1 = 2 + + Z2
ρg 2g ρg 2g

24.525× 104 (0.566)2 9.81 ×104 (1.274)2

+ + Z1 = + + Z2
1000 × 9.81 2× 9.81 1000× 9.81 2× 9.81

Z2 - Z1 = 13.7 m
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Problem 5.3 /

A pipe of diameter 400 mm carries water at a velocity of 25 m/s. The pressure

at the points A and B are given as 29.43 × 104 N/m2 & 22.563 × 104 respectively
while the datum head at A & B are 28 m and 30 m respectively . Find the loss of
head between A & B ( HL) .

Solution :
 Applying Bernoulli equation between section A & section B , we get :

PA V 2A PB V 2B
+ + ZA = + + ZB + HL
ρg 2g ρg 2g

29.43 ×104 22.563× 104 (25)2

+ ¿ ¿ + 28 = + + 30 + HL
1000× 9.81 1000 × 9.81 2× 9.81

HL = 5 m
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Problem 5.4 /

A pipeline carrying oil of specific gravity ( S = 0.87 ) , changes in diameter

from 200 mm diameter at a position A to 500 mm diameter at a position B which
is 4 meter at a higher level . If the pressure at A and B are 9.81× 104 N/ m2 and
5.886 × 104 N/ m2 respectively and the discharge is 200 L /s , determine the loss
of head ( HL ) and direction of flow ? the flow is real ( actual ).

Solution :

200× 10−3
Q
VA = A = π ×0.22 = 6.369 m/s
A
4

200× 10−3
Q
VB = A = π ×0.5 2 = 1.018 m/s
B
4
 Applying Bernoulli's equation between section A & section B , we get :

PA V 2A P V 2B
+ + ZA = B + + ZB + H L
ρg 2g ρg 2g

9.81 ×10 4 6.3692 5.886× 104 1.0182

+ + 0 = + + 4 + HL
870 ×9.81 2× 9.81 870 × 9.81 2× 9.81

HL = 2.609 m

Problem 5.5 /

A horizontal venturimeter with inlet and throat diameter 30 cm and 15 cm

respectively is used to measure the flow of water. The reading of differential
manometer connected to the inlet and the throat is 20 cm of mercury. Determine
the rate of flow. Take Cd = 0.98 .

Solution :

x = 20 cm
Sh 13.6
h = x [ S - 1 ] = 20 [ 1
- 1 ] = 252 cm of water .
o

π π
A1 = 4 d 21 = 4 ( 0.3 )2 = 0.0706 m2

π π
A2 = 4 d 22 = 4 ( 0.15 )2 = 0.0176 m2

A 1 A2
Q = Cd 2 2 √ 2 gh
√A −A
1 2

0.0706 × 0.0176
Q = 0.98 × × 2× 9.81 ×0.252
√(0.0706)2−( 0.0176)2 √
Q = 0.125756 m3 /s
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Problem 5. 6 /

An oil of sp.gr. 0.8 is flowing through a venturimeter having inlet diameter

20 cm and throat diameter 10 cm. The oil – mercury differential manometer
shows a reading of 25 cm. Calculate the discharge of oil through the horizontal
venture meter . Take Cd = 0.98 .
 Solution :

x = 0.25 m
Sh 13.6
h = x [ S - 1 ] = 0.25 [ 0.8 - 1 ] = 4 m of oil
o

π π
A1 = 4 d 21 = 4 × ( 0.2 )2 = 0.0314 m2

π π
A2 = 4 d 22 = 4 × ( 0.1 )2 = 0.00785 m2

A 1 A2
Q = Cd 2 2 × √ 2 gh
√A −A 1 2

0.0314 × 0.00785
Q = 0.98 × × 2× 9.81 ×4
√(0.0314)2−(0.00785)2 √
Q = 0.0704 m3 /s

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Problem 5.7 :
A horizontal venturimeter with inlet diameter 20 cm and throat diameter 10
cm is used to measure the flow of oil of sp.gr.0.8. The discharge of oil through
ventuimeter is 60 L/s. Find the reading of the oil – mercury differential
manometer ? Take Cd = 0.98 .

Solution :

π π
A1 = 4 d 21 = 4 × ( 0.2 )2 = 0.0314 m2

π π
A2 = 4 d 22 = 4 × ( 0.1 )2 = 0.00785 m2

A 1 A2
Q = Cd 2 2 × √2 g h
√A −A 1 2

0.0314 ×0.00785
60 × 1000 = × 2× 9.81 ×h
√(0.0314)2−¿ ¿ ¿ √
h = 2.89 m of oil .
Sh
h=x[ S - 1]
o
 13.6
2.89 = x [ 0.8 – 1 ]

x = 0.181 m = 18.1 cm
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Problem 5.8 /

A horizontal venturimeter with inlet diameter 20 cm and throat diameter

10 cm is used to measure the flow of water . The pressure at inlet is 17.658 × 104
N/ m2 and the vacuum pressure at the throat is 30 cm of mercury. Find the
discharge of water through venturemeter ? Take Cd = 0.98.

Solution :

π π
A1 = 4 d 21 = 4 × ( 0.2 )2 = 0.0314 m2

π π
A2 = 4 d 22 = 4 × ( 0.1)2 = 0.0078 m2

P1 P 17.658× 104
h = - 2 = - ( hHg × SHg )
ρg ρg 1000 × 9.81

h = 18 - ( - 0.3 × 13.6 ) = 18 + 4.08 = 22.08 m of water

A 1 A2
Q = Cd 2 2 × √ 2 gh
√A −A
1 2

0.0314 ×0.0078
Q = 0.98 × × 2× 9.81 ×22.08
√(0.0314 2−0.00782) √
Q = 165555 m3/s .
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Problem 5.9 :

In a vertical pipe conveying oil of sp. gr. 0.8 , two pressure gages have been
installed at A & B where the diameter are 16 cm and 8 cm respectively. A is 2 m
above B . The pressure gauge readings have shown that the pressure at B is
greater than at A by 9810 N/ m2. Neglecting all losses, calculate the flow rate (Q)
(discharge) , if the gauges at A & B are replaced by tubes filled with the same
liquid and connected to a U – tube containing mercury , calculate the difference
of level of mercury in the two legs of the U – tube ( x ) .

Solution : ( Case 1 ) :
 ( case 2 ) ( case 1 )

π π
A1 = 4 d 21 = 4 ( 0.16 )2 = 0.0201 m2

π π
A2 = 4 d 22 = 4 ( 0.08)2 = 0.00502 m2

Applying Bernoulli ‫ ׳‬s equation between A & B , and taking the reference line
passing through section B, ( ZB = 0 ) , we get :

PA V 2A PB V 2B
+ + ZA = + + ZB
ρg 2g ρg 2g

PA P V 2B V 2A
- B + ZA = - +0
ρg ρg 2g 2g

P A−P B V 2B V 2A
+ ZA = -
ρg 2g 2g

Now applying Continuity equation at A & B , we get :

V A A1 0.0201V A
VA A1 = VB A2 , VB = A2
= = 4 VA
0.00502

9810 16 V 2A V 2A
0.8 ×1000 ×9.81
+ 2 = -
2g 2g

15V 2A
0.75 =
2g

0.75× 2× 9.81
VA =
√ 15
= 0.99 m /s

Q = VA A1 = 0.99 × 0.0201 = 0.01989 m3 /s

( Case 2 ) :
 Let , h – difference of mercury level .

P A−P B
h= + ZA - ZB
ρg

9810
h = 0.8 ×1000 ×9.81 + 2 - 0 = 0.75

Sg
h=X[ S -1 ]
o

13.6
0.75 = X [ 0.8 - 1 ]

X = 0.0468 m = 4.68 cm

Problem 5.10 /

A 30 cm × 15 cm venturimeter is provided in a vertical pipe line carrying oil

of sp.gr. 0.9 , the flow being upwards. The difference in elevation of the throat
section and entrance section of the venturimeter is 30 cm.The differential U –
tube mercury manometer shows a gauge deflection of 25 cm. Calculate : ( 1 ) the
discharge of oil , ( 2 ) the pressure difference between the entrance section and
the throat section . Take Cd = 0.98 .

Solution :

π 2 π
A1 = d1 = × ( 0.3 )2 = 0.07 m2
4 4

π π
A2 = 4 d 22 = 4 × ( 0.15 )2 = 0.0176 m2

Sg 13.6
h = x [ S - 1 ] = 0.25 [ 0.9 - 1 ] = 3.52 m of oil
o
 A 1 A2
Q = Cd 2 2 × √2 g h
√A −A 1 2

0.07 × 0.0176
Q = 0.98 2× 9.81 ×3.52
√ 0.072−√ 0.01762 √
( 1) Q = 0.148 m3 / s
P1 P
h =( + Z1 ) - ( 2 + Z2 )
ρg ρg

P 1−P2
3.52 = ( ) - ( Z2 - Z1 )
ρg

P 1−P2
= 3.52 + 0.3
ρg

P1 - P2 = 3.83 × 0.9 × 1000× 9.81 = 33815 N/m2

Problem 5.11 /

An orifice meter with orifice diameter 10 cm is inserted in a pipe of 20 cm

diameter. The pressure gauges fitted upstream and downstream of the orifice
meter gives reading of 19.62 × 104 N/ m2 and 9.81 × 104 N/m2 respectively.
Coefficient of discharge for the orifice meter is given as 0.6 . Find the discharge
of water through pipe ?

Solution :

π π
Ao = 4 d 2o = 4 × ( 0.1 )2 = 0.0078 m2

π π
A1 = 4 ( d 21 ) = 4 × ( 0.2 )2 = 0.0314 m2

P1 P2 19.62 ×104 9.81 ×104

h= - = - = 20 - 10 = 10 m water
ρg ρg 1000× 9.81 1000× 9.81

Ao A1
Q = Cd 2 2 × √2 g h
√A −A1 o

0.0078× 0.0314
Q = 0.6 × 2 2 × √ 2× 9.81 ×10 = 0.0682 m3/s
√(0.0314 −0.0078 )
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Problem 5 . 12 /
 An orifice meter with orifice diameter 15 cm is inserted in a pipe of 30 cm
diameter. The pressure difference measured by a mercury oil differential
manometer on the two sides of the orifice meter gives a reading of 50 cm of
mercury . Find the rate of flow of oil of sp.gr. 0.9 when the coefficient of
discharge of the orifice meter is 0.64 .

Solution :

π π
Ao = 4 d 2o = 4 ( 0.15 )2 = 0.0176 m2

π π
A1 = 4 d 21 = 4 ( 0.3 )2 = 0.0706 m2

Sg 13.6
h = x [ S - 1] = 50 [ 0.9 - 1 ] = 705.5 cm of oil .
o

A o A 1 √ 2 gh
Q = Cd 2 2 = 0.64 × 0.0176 ×0.0706 √ 2× 9.81× 7.05
√A −A
1 o
√¿ ¿ ¿

Q = 0.137 m3 / s
Problem 5 .13 /

Find the velocity of the flow of an oil through a pipe , when the difference of
mercury level in a differential U – tube manometer connected to the two
tappings of the pitot – tube is 100 mm . Take coefficient of pitot – tube 0.98 and
sp. gr. of oil is 0.8 .

Solution :

Sg 13.6
h = x [ S - 1 ] = 0.1 [ 0.8 - 1 ] = 1.6 m of oil
o

V = Cv √ 2 g h = 0.98 × √ 2× 9.81 ×1.6 = 5.49 m/s

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Problem 5. 14 :

A pitot – tube is inserted in a pipe of 300 mm diameter. The static

pressure in pipe is 100 mm of mercury ( vacuum ). The stagnation pressure at
the center of the pipe, recorded by the pitot – tube is 9810 N/ m2 . Calculate the
rate of flow of water through pipe , if the mean velocity of flow is 0.85 times the
central velocity. Take Cv is 0.98 .

Solution :
 π 2 π
A= d = ( 0.3 )2 = 0.0707 m2
4 4

hw = - Shg hhg = - 13.6 × 0.1 = - 1.36 m water .( static pressure head)

Pstagn. = ρ g hstagn.
P stagn . 9810
hstagn = = 1000× 9.81 = 1 m
ρg

h = hstagn. - hw = 1 – ( - 1.36 ) = 2.36 m of water

V = Cv √ 2 g h = 0.98 √ 2× 9.81 ×2.36 = 6.668 m /s

‫٭‬
V5.6678 = 6.668 × 0.85 = m/ s

Q = A V = 0.0707 × 5.6678 = 0.4006 m3 /s