Journal of Enterprise Transformation

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Business transformation frameworks: Comparison

and industrial adaptation

Sedki Allaoui, Mario Bourgault & Robert Pellerin

To cite this article: Sedki Allaoui, Mario Bourgault & Robert Pellerin (2019): Business
transformation frameworks: Comparison and industrial adaptation, Journal of Enterprise
Transformation, DOI: 10.1080/19488289.2019.1571538

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Published online: 24 Apr 2019.

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JOURNAL OF ENTERPRISE TRANSFORMATION
https://doi.org/10.1080/19488289.2019.1571538

Business transformation frameworks: Comparison

and industrial adaptation
Sedki Allaoui, Mario Bourgault, and Robert Pellerin
Department of Mathematics and Industrial Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal,
Quebec, Canada

ABSTRACT KEYWORDS
As a radical and risky change approach, business transformation business transformation;
enables organizations to add substantial value and help frameworks; indus-
overcome major environmental pressures. The academic and trial adaptation
practice literature suggests business transformation frameworks
to guide organizations through such a journey. This article
presents a comparative analysis of three business transform-
ation frameworks from the literature. It concludes that business
transformation frameworks are complementary and their use
depends on the organizational context. This analysis is then
leveraged to develop an adapted framework to a specific indus-
trial situation. The article outlines the characteristics of this
specific industrial context and how it influences the adaptation
of a business transformation framework. An overview of the
adapted framework is presented.

1. Introduction
The dynamics of the organizational context, whether internal or external,
are invariably shifting. This makes change a constant reality for organiza-
tions. Technological advancements and economic constant evolution are
considered as the main factors accelerating the pace of changes (Faeste,
Hemerling, Keenan, & Reeves, 2014; Rouse, 2005a). Change also varies
in scope and radicalness, and remains heavily dependent on organizations’
contexts (Armenakis & Bedeian, 1999). To help structure, conduct and
maximize the benefits of change initiatives, both researchers and practi-
tioners have suggested various principles and guidelines (Todnem, 2005).
This article focuses on business transformation as a radical and risky
change approach. Part of a university industry collaboration, this article’s
objective is to compare some business transformation frameworks, and par-
ticularly to build an adapted framework to the industrial partner’s context.
As such, the adapted framework needs to be specific and tailored to the
industrial partner’s needs and organizational characteristics.

CONTACT Sedki Allaoui [email protected] Department of Mathematics and Industrial Engineering,

Polytechnique Montreal 2900 Edouard Montpetit Blvd, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4 Canada
Color versions of one or more of the figures in the article can be found online at www.tandfonline.com/ujet.
ß 2019 IISE, INCOSE
2 S. ALLAOUI ET AL.

Business transformation is a change approach where both the level of

radicalness of changes and the expected value of results are high. It may
then impact various dimensions of the organization: strategy, people, proc-
esses, information, and technology. It aims to bring substantial added value
translated into fundamental remodeling to how work is done and how
value is delivered. Its scope involves the complex and interrelated aspects
of organizations, such as multiple internal and external stakeholders. It is
also seen as a holistic and integrative approach that addresses the complex-
ities and risks of such a radical change (Purchase, Parry, Valerdi,
Nightingale, & Mills, 2011).
Business transformations occur for a variety of reasons. Organizations
may decide to transform in response to a radical and immediate change to
survive. For example, the rise of electronic and mobile devices threatened
the profitability and even the existence of the printing and book industry
(Economist, 2011). Companies in this industry faced challenging economic
and financial situations in which urgent and radical change was required.
By contrast, some organizations launch business transformations to enable
future growth and surpass competition. This was the situation for
Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company, which initiated in 2000 significant
changes to its structure and management disciplines to overcome financial
inefficiencies, strategic misalignment and react to customers’ feedback
(Kessler, 2002).
One of the challenges organizations face is making the choice of a busi-
ness transformation framework and deciding how to adapt it to their con-
text. Facing the lack of evidence about change approaches in general
(Appelbaum, Habashy, Malo, & Shafiq, 2012), organizations would gener-
ally rely on experts and consultants to define how business transformations
should be conducted. Thus, organizations are confronted with different
approaches that may seem similar and which results cannot be measured.
With some exceptions, most frameworks are publicized as a winning for-
mula to successfully transform an organization. This is at odds with the
few quantitative studies on change initiatives indicating an important fail-
ure rate ranging between 44% and 70% (McKinsey, 2008b; Nohria, &
Beer, 2000).
This article will start with presenting the research methodology. Then, a
literature review of business transformation study field is performed, and
provides an overview of business transformation frameworks. A further ana-
lysis and comparison of three selected frameworks follows. Finally, the indus-
trial partner’s context will be presented, followed by an outline of the
adapted framework. The article will conclude with a discussion about the
challenges faced in this research, especially in the effort to combine and
adapt existing frameworks to a specific context.
 JOURNAL OF ENTERPRISE TRANSFORMATION 3

Figure 1. Research methodology – participative action research.

2. Research methodology
As with many large corporations, the industrial partner of this research is
facing emerging technologies, important market changes, and major new
regulatory requirements in one of the countries where it operates. Its lead-
ership team has opened discussions on the need for business transform-
ation and how it should be conducted for the best chances of success. This
research was then initiated to develop a business transformation framework
that is adapted to the industrial partner’s context, and integrates its organ-
izational characteristics.
Based on Susman and Evered (1978) definition, the industrial partner’s
need for problem solving and development, combined with the research
interest to investigate business transformation context and how it influen-
ces its frameworks, fits well with the definition of action research.
Specifically, a participative action research as defined by Chein, Cook, and
Harding (1948) allows a collaboration between the industrial partner as the
client system and the researchers in diagnosing and planning of actions.
Figure 1 outlines the research methodology anchored in action
research process.
As the research objective is to leverage existing theory toward a practical
application to a specific situation, the research approach required a ground-
ing in existing literature, backed by an action research approach (Aubry,
Richer, & Lavoie-Tremblay, 2014). As an initiation of the research project,
members of the organization were identified as key contacts and support to
4 S. ALLAOUI ET AL.

the researchers. These members and the researchers constitute the research
steering group (Coughlan & Coghlan, 2002).
The research team started by clarifying the theoretical and empirical
requirements to support such a request. The following ques-
tions emerged:

 What is the difference or relation between business transformation and

other change approaches (mainly business process reengineering (BPR)
and continuous improvement)?
 How is business transformation delivered in organizations?
 What are the success factors of business transformation?

Then started a data gathering step to collect information about the

organizational context and characteristics. The research team worked with
the industrial partner to study its characteristics, context and any factors
that can affect the adaptation and adoption of a business transformation
framework. Workshops and meetings were conducted. Through iterations,
data about the organization’s particular culture, history, and current struc-
ture were collected. In addition, discussions about the characteristics of
previous business transformation initiatives at the organization were held,
in parallel with reviewing existing literature on the subject. Business trans-
formation is an area that combines different practices. As an example, Uhl
and Gollenia (2013) define business transformation as the integration of
management disciplines, such as strategy management, IT management,
and change management. Consequently, the literature review started with
“transformation” as the central search keyword. As different authors
referred to business transformation with other terminologies such as:
“change”, “organizational change”, “radical transition”, or “reengineering”,
these terms were included in the search keywords. A summary of this
literature review is presented in Section 3.
Next came an analysis and planning step. It aimed at understanding the
nature and characteristics of business transformation initiatives and to
identify frameworks and methodologies guiding them. In addition, it
allowed the identification of guidelines on how to adapt these frameworks
to the specific situation and context of the industrial partner.
The literature review revealed a multitude of approaches presented as
business transformation frameworks. Comparing all of the frameworks was
found to be unrealistic, as they present different structures and theoretical
backgrounds. In addition, the research industrial partner was looking for a
detailed “how-to” guide to conduct a business transformation. After discus-
sions on what these expectations entail, it was concluded that a fair level of
details about the frameworks to be studied is required. Three elements
 JOURNAL OF ENTERPRISE TRANSFORMATION 5

were identified as defining and selection criteria of the frameworks to be

kept for further analysis. Consequently, and for the purpose of this
research, a framework is considered as any approach or structure that has
three elements:

1. Principles: a set of theoretical and guiding ideas that the framework

will concretize;
2. Methodology: a set of phases and steps that describe the execution of
the framework; and
3. Enablers: techniques, tools, or guidelines that help execute a specific
step or a phase of the framework.

The selection process started with these criteria. In addition, the variety
of academic fields and expertise were taken into account. The objective
was to select frameworks that were “representative” of the field of study
in the literature, and where the three elements were covered with
enough details.
Three business transformation frameworks were selected that combine
academic and professional backgrounds. The first is the BPR method-
ology (Kettinger, Teng, & Guha, 1997) which focuses on BPR
approaches, but has a broader spectrum and could be analyzed in the
context of business transformation. The second is the Lean transform-
ation roadmap (Nightingale & Srinivasan, 2011). Lastly is the Business
Transformation Management Methodology (BTM2) (Uhl & Gollenia,
2013). The last two frameworks were specifically designed for enterprise
transformation. Section 4.1 describes each selected framework and their
key characteristics.
The selected frameworks were then used to perform a comparative ana-
lysis. This resulted in a review of their similarities, differences and how
they can complement each other. The comparison took first into account
the requirements of the industrial partner’s team to evaluate the meth-
odological structure of the frameworks (e.g. decomposition into phases
and steps, the definition of success factors, the specification of key deliv-
erables), and to summarize their differences into strengths versus weak-
nesses. Then, the comparative analysis included emergent dimensions
from the literature review that will influence the adaptation of the frame-
work to an organizational context (e.g. the scope and type of change that
a framework supports, the authors’ research background). Business trans-
formation is at the intersection of various disciplines (Rouse, 2005a).
Similarly, business transformation frameworks are found to be greatly
influenced by the authors’ research background. Plus, frameworks are
mostly based on case studies where business transformation can occur at
6 S. ALLAOUI ET AL.

various organizational levels. Therefore, the comparison of the selected

frameworks was based on:

 Theoretical and practical background: elements from the authors theor-

etical positioning of the framework, or from the evidence provided
(case studies, surveys, etc.).
 Business transformation scope: defined by frontier and extent of the
change within the organization.
 Methodological structure: considers how the frameworks’ authors struc-
tured the various phases, stages, steps, or focus areas.
 Strengths: specific elements in each framework that emerged as being
distinctive and added to what the other frameworks cover.
 Weaknesses: specific elements in each framework that were lacking and
considered important by other frameworks.

From a practical perspective, comparing these frameworks helps under-

line the importance of understanding the organizational context before
choosing or adapting a business transformation framework. Leveraging the
strengths of each framework and minimizing exposure to their weaknesses
can help managers and decision-makers make a guided choice to the right
formula for their organization’s reality. The results of the comparative ana-
lysis are presented in Section 4.2.
After the two previous analyses of the selected frameworks, and of the
industrial partner’s organization, an adapted business transformation
framework was built. It merged the selected frameworks by leveraging their
strengths and best practices. Then, it took into consideration three main
aspects of the industrial partner’s context: culture and organizational struc-
ture; vocabulary and terminology; and organizational maturity in the differ-
ent disciplines required to manage a business transformation. The design
of the adapted framework was done in collaboration with members of
the industrial partner’s team. This allowed for active participation in
the design, and facilitated a progressive validation of the frame-
work components.
Afterwards, the adapted framework was presented to, and discussed with,
directors and executives, within the industrial partner organization, with
experience in change and business transformation initiatives. All feedback
was collected and compiled to identify additional requirements to restart
the research process again, and that will allow refinements and improve-
ments to the adapted framework, in its structure and level of precision
and detail.
In Section 5, the framework adaptation is detailed. For a complete valid-
ation of the framework, a follow-up study of business transformations that
 JOURNAL OF ENTERPRISE TRANSFORMATION 7

used it in the organization would be required. However, the industrial part-

ner’s plans for such initiatives will stretch for few years, making such a val-
idation unrealistic for this research collaboration timeline.
As mentioned in the introduction, the objective of this article is to build
an adapted business transformation framework to the industry partner’s
context. With the review and comparison of frameworks in the literature,
the research team chose to leverage existing frameworks rather than to
design a new framework. The three selected frameworks were combined
then adapted to the industrial partner’s organizational reality. This article
will present the key factors of the company’s context that influenced the
design for an adapted business transformation framework. It will discuss
the key steps and results. The details of the designed framework will not be
disclosed, as they reflect confidential information about the industrial part-
ner. Nevertheless, the outputs provide insights for the research community
on the challenges of adapting conceptual frameworks to an indus-
trial reality.

3. Literature review
3.1. Business transformation as a research discipline
Business transformation is a research subject situated at the intersection of
various other disciplines (Rouse, 2005a; Uhl & Gollenia, 2013), principally
organizational change, systems engineering, and project management.
Organizational change literature views business transformation as a type
of change characterized by a discontinuous rate of occurrence, a planned
approach, and extended scale of change to cover several or all parts of an
organization (Todnem, 2005). Some authors argue that change is an emer-
gent phenomenon, and as such it should be considered a capability within
any organization where the responsibility of transforming the organization
is delegated to all levels of management (Burnes, 1996; Kotnour, Al-
Haddad, & Camci, 2015). Change can also be considered a planned pro-
cess, where management with a conscious decision will initiate and bring
change to the organization (Bamford & Forrester, 2003). The literature
presents a variety of organizational change approaches that have very little
empirical evidence to their effectiveness to deliver the benefits targeted.
Todnem (2005) states that there are contradictions and confusions between
the academic- and practice-based approaches, and argues that most of these
approaches are based on unchallenged assumptions about the nature of
change in organizations. The variety of approaches and practices is also
confusing organizations on which are effective and to what extent (Nohria
& Beer, 2000). Still, the theory on the nature of change is evolving
(Bartunek & Woodman, 2015). New approaches are surfacing and arguing
8 S. ALLAOUI ET AL.

Table 1. Comparison between continuous improvement, business process reengineering, and

enterprise transformation.
Business process
Criteria Continuous improvement reengineering Enterprise transformation
Type of change Incremental change: One Radical but not disruptive Radical and disruptive
step at a time
Risk Low risk initiatives Medium risk initiatives Very risky initiatives
Scope of work Small initiatives focusing Medium size initiatives Large initiatives impacting
generally on one dimension mainly centered on (but all dimensions of the organ-
of the organization not limited to) process ization (people, processes,
changes and often information
includes technology and technology)
implementation
Complexity Low complexity: mainly Medium complexity: a Very high complexity as
focused at the task level process (supported by substantial changes touch
technology or not) will be all dimensions of the organ-
the key conveyor ization and may reach its
of change relationships (internal
& external)
Impact on organization Very limited: mostly delivers Limited to the process Substantial added value
value in a small group and the technology translated into fundamental
involved in scope of the changes in how work is
reengineering initiative done and how value
is delivered.
Example of references Ishikawa (1988), Deming Hammer and Champy Rouse (2005a), Kotnour
(2000), Womack and Jones (1994), Davenport (1992), (2011), Nightingale and
(2003), and Pyzdek (2014) Grover and Malhotra Srinivasan (2011), and Uhl
(1997), and and Gollenia (2013)
Harmon (2007)

for inquiry-based and social methods of organizational change ( Bushe &

Marshak, 2009, Bushe & Marshak, 2014 ).
Researchers in systems engineering extended the holistic and integrative
philosophy of this engineering field to tackle organizational issues (Rouse,
2006). Presenting the organization as a system of systems, referred to as
enterprise (Rouse, 2005b), the application of system engineering approaches
and tools introduced enterprise transformation research area. Within this
body of literature, enterprise transformation is presented as a one-time
endeavor, an initiative, a program or a project. As such, it is compared to
other project managed changes, mainly Continuous Improvement (CI)
and BPR. Each approach will have its own specific scope, level of risk and
complexity, and different impacts on the organization (see comparison
summary in Table 1).
Both in organizational change and systems engineering literature, project
management is considered as an important discipline for the delivery of
transformation. In project management literature, projects are perceived as
the conveyor of change supporting organizations in delivering the change
successfully (Gareis, 2010; McElroy, 1996; Yeo, 1996). As the scope of
change and business transformation become larger, different projects will
interact and require a level of cohesion in decision-making ensuring deliv-
ery of the targeted benefits attained through programs structure and
 JOURNAL OF ENTERPRISE TRANSFORMATION 9

Table 2. Levels of business transformation.

Level Description Example
Level 1 The enterprise is limited to one or Changing the new product development
Business unit interrelated business units in one com- process is a transformational initiative
pany. Business units are functional that touches different business units
groups or departments.
Level 2 The enterprise is defined as one por- The acquisition of a company as a new
Business Area tion of the company’s revenue stream division is a transformation. The newly
(one division, group of products, etc.) acquired company may have to comply
with the acquirer’s culture, processes, etc.
Level 3 The enterprise comprises the whole Implementing an Enterprise Resources
Company company with all its business units Planning system is an initiative that will
and business areas transform the entire company
Level 4 The boundaries are in their most inclu- Adopting a new industry standard is a
Supply chain sive form, including various companies transformation of major components of
tied by supply chain interrelations the company. It goes beyond to influence
its customers and suppliers

governance (Levene & Braganza, 1996). Program management emerges as a

discipline helping the structuring and delivery of business transformations
(Pellegrinelli & Murray-Webster, 2011; Subramanian, 2015)
Across the various disciplines in the literature, defining the scope of the
business transformation is a common challenge. Depending on the nature
of the change and the organization’s boundaries, business transformation
can occur at different levels. Purchase et al. (2011) indicate that the defin-
ition of the boundaries will define the level and reach of the required
changes. Rouse (2005b) introduces a tool to assess the magnitude of the
business transformation and helps understand its components. The levels
of business transformation are expressed differently in enterprise trans-
formation references. They are summarized in four levels, explained in
Table 2.
Another common perspective on business transformation in the litera-
ture is the identification of success factors. As an example, having the high-
est level of sponsorship, and a top-down leadership involvement, are
presented as key factors for any successful change (Kotter, 1995). These fac-
tors are now considered guidelines that organizations should know and
enact for any type and level of change. However, lessons learned from busi-
ness transformation initiatives reveal that it is not necessarily trivial for
organizations, and that highlighting it is still very relevant (McKinsey,
2008b). The study of business transformation success factors has revealed
specific factors to this type of change approach (Govindarajan & &
Trimble, 2011; Kotnour, 2011; Rouse, 2005b, 2011; Uhl & & Gollenia, 2013;
Valerdi, Nightingale, & Blackburn, 2008). They are summarized into three
groups (see Table 3):

 The team: people are the leaders and the subject of change. Building the
appropriate team to lead and execute the business transformation is of
10 S. ALLAOUI ET AL.

the highest importance. A strong, committed and structured team will

facilitate the next groups of success factors.
 The approach (or methodology): describes how the business transform-
ation will be conducted from the idea to the implementation of required
changes.
 Enablers: they are analytical (techniques and tools) and organizational
(culture, maturity, etc.). They support both the team and the approach
to delivering a successful business transformation.

3.2. Business transformation frameworks

In academic and professional literature, various structures are publicized as
business transformation frameworks. However, not all of these structures
can be used to initiate, plan, and execute business transformations. Most
structures are more assessment tools than frameworks. For example, the
McKinsey 7S model was initially built to help organizations assess their
effectiveness and provides directions to where changes are required
(McKinsey, 2008a). A balanced scorecard is a strategic planning tool that
focuses on the use and structure of metrics to drive results in the organiza-
tion (Kaplan & Norton, 1992). Enterprise Architecture frameworks (EA),
like TOGAF or Zachman, were developed to align IT architecture and
capabilities to the organization’s strategy and objectives (Donaldson,
Blackburn, Blessner, & Olson, 2015). These models and structures provide
insightful perspectives and tools to analyze the organization. Nevertheless,
they lack the full view of the organization’s dimensions: strategy, people,
processes, information and technology. They also lack the enactment of key
success factors, specifically program and project management. Created for
specific aspects of the organization’s ecosystem, they are limited and do not
provide guidance on how to deliver business transformations (Uhl &
Gollenia, 2013).
Business transformation frameworks are found in two types of literature:
practice-based and academic research. The practice-based literature is
mainly from consulting industry which distill their expertise into guidelines
to perform business transformations ( Bucy, Finlayson, Kelly, & Moye, 2016;

Table 3. Key success factors of business transformation.

Team Approach Enablers
 Sponsor at the highest level  A holistic and integra-  Assessment of an organization’s
of the organization tive approach maturity and readiness
 Top-down and  Program and/or pro-  Balance between soft and ana-
involved Leadership ject managed lytical aspects
 A well-defined and struc-  A focus on effectiveness  Leveraging and integrating
tured governance before efficiency existing expertise and
 A culture and practice of disciplines
collaboration
 JOURNAL OF ENTERPRISE TRANSFORMATION 11

Lars Faeste & Hemerling, 2016; Maceda, Garstka, & Ormiston, 2014 ).
These frameworks are descriptive. They emphasize why business transform-
ation is a “necessity” for organizations. They outline key success factors or
conceptualize an approach with minimal detail on how to conduct specific
activities. The academic research literature has a wider perspective on busi-
ness transformation frameworks. Depending on the field of study, research-
ers analyzed and structured business transformation with different lenses.
In organizational change and change management literature, frameworks
are mainly descriptive and focus on specific organizational issues such as
leadership styles, culture change, and roles of change agents (Appelbaum
et al., 2012; Chapman, 2002; Kotnour et al., 2015; Kotter, 1995). In the
management and strategy literature, the discussion evolves around phases
of business transformation, transition states, and tools to choose the appro-
priate type of business transformation approaches (Bjelland & Wood,
2008). The BPR literature is rich with methodologies to perform business
reengineering changes (Brian Harrison & Pratt, 1993; Furey, 1993;
Kettinger et al., 1997; Muthu, Whitman, & Cheraghi, 1999). Here the meth-
odologies are prescriptive and some authors provide detailed steps and
tools to perform such changes. In the enterprise transformation literature,
frameworks refer to categorization tools that support the positioning of
business transformation approaches and levels (Rouse, 2005a). Others are
industry based. By examining specific contexts they define business trans-
formation stages to support decision-making (Basole, Braunstein, & Rouse,
2012), or detail how a specific business transformation was conducted
(Espinal, Clempner, & Escobar, 2012).
In the various streams of business transformation literature, all related-
topics have been covered and discussed. However, none of the references
covers all topics (Slavin & Woodard, 2006). The myriad of methodologies,
approaches and frameworks have various levels of details and contexts.

4. Frameworks selection and comparison

4.1. Selected frameworks
The first selected framework is the BPR methodology presented by
Kettinger et al. (1997). This work reviewed the literature about BPR and
surveyed various consulting firms about their methodologies. The authors
consider BPR as a form of organizational change that transforms interre-
lated systems to produce strategically valuable impacts. BPR uses business
processes as the main analytical dimension to perform business transform-
ation. The authors’ work resulted in a consolidated BPR methodology
structured into 6 stages (S) and within each a sequence of activities (A) are
defined. In their survey, the authors collected tools and techniques, and
12 S. ALLAOUI ET AL.

mapped them to the activities within each stage. The main strength of this
work is the richness of its research input data that combines both academia
and practice. Its main flaw is the sequential presentation of its stages and
activities, which makes it a good fit to specific and limited business trans-
formation initiatives (level 1 business unit), and less adapted to a larger
scale business transformation.
The second framework in the selection is the Enterprise Transformation
Roadmap. This framework was developed through 12 years of research
within the Lean Advanced Initiative at MIT. In their work, Nightingale
and Srinivasan (2011) adopt the lean thinking and value-driven philoso-
phy and the systems engineering view on organization as enterprise (sys-
tem of systems). Their methodology has three cycles within which steps
and goals are defined. For each cycle, the authors display and explain key
tools and techniques to execute the activities. The planning cycle of this
framework was the most developed and detailed compared to the strategic
cycle and execution cycle. Leveraging the strong analytical and integrative
practice of systems engineering, the authors presented a multi-lense ana-
lytical approach to planning for a business transformation. This multi-
lense analysis is the spearhead of the framework. At the same time, the
focus of this analytical view created an imbalance with organizational
and more people-oriented aspects, such as change management and
communication.
The third framework is the Business Transformation Management
Methodology (BTM2). Developed in collaboration with an information sys-
tem company, this framework is structured with a descriptive format. The
corner stone of the framework is the concept of meta-management, as
defined by Uhl and Gollenia (2013, p. 13) “Meta-management is business-
driven, value-oriented, and integrates three pillars: management disciplines;
transformation lifecycle; and leadership”. The authors argue that organiza-
tions have existing management disciplines. Each discipline has its own
assumptions and approaches. Meta-management allows the integration of
these disciplines to align them toward a common vision, thus providing
clarity and cohesion. The methodology is built into four phases where
management disciplines will intervene in various intensities. The manage-
ment disciplines are in three categories: meta-management, direction, and
enablement. Similar to a capability model, the authors have presented the
key activities that each discipline will perform during a business transform-
ation journey. BTM2 is presented as a holistic and integrative approach to
business transformation that balances analytical and organizational manage-
ment disciplines. Yet, the framework lacked specifics at some levels. Some
areas were discussed on a conceptual level, which makes it less evident to
apply by business transformation practitioners.
 JOURNAL OF ENTERPRISE TRANSFORMATION 13

Table 4. Comparative summary of business transformation frameworks.

Business transformation
Business process Enterprise management
Criteria reengineering methodology transformation roadmap methodology
Theoretical and prac- Review of consultants’ Based on research with Developed in collabor-
tical background methods with influence of manufacturing industries ation with a major infor-
information systems and and the influence of a mation systems and
technology field systems engineer- technology company
ing field
Transformation scope Focus on specific and Designed for enterprise Designed for enterprise
scoped projects (lower lev- transformations (higher transformations (higher
els of transformation) levels of transformation) levels of transformation)
Methodological structure Built into stages Composed of cycles, Built around phases of
and activities steps and goals transformation with
guidelines for
work streams
Strengths  Strong methodology  Adapted to higher  Adapted to higher
for the lower levels of levels of levels of
transformation transformation transformation
 Extensive list of sup-  Holistic and struc-  Holistic and
porting techniques tured cycle and Integrative
and tools steps approach approach (manage-
 Contingency approach  Detailed Planning ment disciplines)
for context adaptation Cycle (steps, tech-  Balance between
niques and new analytical and
tools like ESAT organizational
and LSAT) aspects
 Focus on govern-
ance and cul-
tural aspects
Weaknesses  Limited to a process  Little focus on soft  Very little guide-
scope (not adapted to organizational char- lines about tools
high level enterprise acteristics (culture, and techniques
of transformation) human behav- to use
 Influence of ior, etc.)  Lacks specifics on
IT practices  Too much focus of how to adapt to an
 No specific guidelines the analytical organizational con-
on selection of tools approach text
and techniques or and tools. (vague guidelines)
best fit for situations  Applications mostly  Provides case stud-
in complex manu- ies in different
facturing industries but still
organizations lacks empir-
ical evidence.

4.2. Comparative analysis

Comparing the three selected frameworks (see Table 4) suggests that scien-
tific and practical backgrounds influence the framework design. Both BPR
methodology and Business Transformation Management Methodology
(BTM2) share the information system background. And both frameworks
leveraged collaborations with information systems companies and consul-
tants. There is a close link between business transformations and the
impacts of information technology (IT). Business transformations can
include changes to IT systems. However, not all business transformations
are about IT changes. Also, IT projects can lead to some level of business
transformation (e.g. process reengineering at a department level), but not
all of them do so and are limited in their scope of change (e.g. information
14 S. ALLAOUI ET AL.

system version upgrade). A large number of information technology (IT)

companies provide consulting services for their customers to support such
changes, and most of them have their own methodologies for different lev-
els of business transformation. Management consulting firms also offer spe-
cialized services to support business transformations. This indicates that the
development of business transformation knowledge and practice is more
dynamic in practice than it is in academia. Business transformation frame-
works have been developed on a post factum base, and are publicized as
being tested with practitioners or on real cases. No empirical evidence was
found in the literature confirming the effectiveness of any of the frame-
works selected. This is aligned with the (Todnem, 2005) argument about
change approaches in general.
Beyond the specificities of the selected frameworks, they are also comple-
mentary in three regards. First, in terms of scope, the BPR methodology
has the required detail to deliver very specific and targeted project-level
business transformations, which neither one of the other frameworks covers
in the same level of detail. Instead, they provide a better structure to a
higher level business transformation, program and roadmap levels. Second,
in terms of adaptability, the BPR methodology and Enterprise
Transformation Roadmap are very structured, with sequential or cyclical
methodologies. This style is less adaptable than the capability model-like of
the Business Transformation Management Methodology (BTM2). What is
important across three is the possibility to adapt the framework to the
organizational context. Finally, all three frameworks provide tools and tech-
niques to achieve a certain goal in the business transformation journey.
The choice of which tool and techniques to use is entirely dependent on
the business transformation team’s expertise. Comparing the efficiency of
tools and techniques is difficult in the absence of evidence in the literature.
Here, an Enterprise Transformation Roadmap is the only framework that
has proposed new tools that were specifically designed to support its
methodology.
In all frameworks, there are frequent references to project or program
management. The enterprise level transformation frameworks indicate close
links to be established between the projects and an umbrella that guides
and links them, called programs or a roadmap. This supports the import-
ance of project and program management as a key success factor for busi-
ness transformations.

5. Framework adaptation
The industrial partner is a public, North American company. It has a mar-
ket capitalization of more than 30 billion U.S. dollars, and employs more
 JOURNAL OF ENTERPRISE TRANSFORMATION 15

than 20 thousand people. This company is one of the leaders in its indus-
try. The research team worked closely with various levels of the organiza-
tion ranging from project managers to senior directors and vice presidents.
The main contact was an internal consulting team that focuses on reengin-
eering and transformational projects and works with all departments in the
company. A member of the research team worked closely with the internal
consulting team to understand the company’s history, context, strategy and
values. The research team also met for formal and informal interviews with
different employees, especially experienced staff that lived through business
transformations within the company or in other work experiences. The role
of researchers was not to help the company deliver a business transform-
ation. Rather, their key contribution to the organization was to deliver a
framework for business transformation that will satisfy the following
requirements:

 Sponsorship and leadership: understand the roles and positions of

required sponsors and leaders for a business transformation;
 Governance: define a governance model to manage business transforma-
tions where roles and responsibilities are clearly defined;
 Methodology: outline a clear and structured methodology to start and
deliver business transformations. A good level of detail is required for
the methodology that provides concrete steps, goals, techniques,
and tools;
 Actionable: the framework should be actionable, in the sense that busi-
ness transformation leaders within the organization should be able to
use it right away; and
 Adapted: the framework should consider the company’s particularities
surrounding context and culture.

For better design and adaptation of the business transformation frame-

work, an understanding of factors that will influence the adoption of any
framework within the company is required. The research partnering com-
pany is an operations-centric organization where efficiency is extremely val-
ued. It has a command and control culture, especially in operation groups.
The most effective way to influence the decision-making within it would be
with a top-down approach, where top executives and leaders will represent
the first focus point. Previous project experiences reveal that the company
decision-makers value more formal and sequential planning, especially for
large and risky projects with cross-functional teams. The research team’s
interpretation of the business context is that the company is under no
imminent danger or challenge requiring immediate change. The leadership
team considers business transformation as an approach to enact a strategic
16 S. ALLAOUI ET AL.

Figure 2. Structure of adapted business transformation framework.

agenda to sustain growth and consolidate an industry-leading position.

There is also a recognition that with the changing economic and techno-
logical environment, important changes will soon come and that the com-
pany should be prepared to lead through them. On the other hand, the
company’s management has diversified backgrounds. Most of the top
leaders come from the company’s ranks and with a lot of experience in
the industry. Others come from other industries, and with different man-
agement styles. This creates some differences in the approach to trans-
forming the company. An indicator to those differences lies in the
vocabulary and terms used. Some terms had specific connotations within
the organization. For example, the use of the term “phase” had a bad con-
notation, as previous project experiences with phases were not very suc-
cessful. Another would be the term roadmap, which refers to a more
technical information architecture concept within the company. Thus, the
choice of the vocabulary is a determinant factor to the framework accept-
ance in the organization. In addition, the company developed key trans-
formational management competencies in a decentralized and reactive
mode. For example, several Project Management Offices exist within the
company, scattered throughout different business units. Also, change
management expertise has long been focused on information technology
projects and changes.
The general structure of the adapted framework is composed of princi-
ples, methodology, organizational enablers, and analytical enablers (see
Figure 2).
First, the research team started with identifying which success factors
would be relevant and important for the company to internalize for suc-
cessful business transformations (see Table 5). Aligned with the adopted
definition of a framework, success factors were expressed as principles.
 JOURNAL OF ENTERPRISE TRANSFORMATION 17

Table 5. Principles of adapted business transformation framework.

Transformation principles
 Has a sponsorship that is at the appropriate level of the organization (the highest and right level).
 Ensures a committed and involved leadership (top-down, at all levels)
 Leverages a strong governance that provides discipline and integration between phases, practices, func-
tions, and people
 Uses a holistic approach that comprehends all the elements of the organization’s value chain. It also
focuses on internal and external interdependencies
 Aligns with the organization’s strategy and stakeholders (customers, regulators, external partners, or other
business areas, business units, or groups within the organization)
 Puts effectiveness (getting the right objectives) before efficiency (executing with least cost): aims to deliver
the value proposition before executing at a lower cost. Profitability will be incremental. Execution may not
be optimal at the start. Changes must be sustained and nourished through organizational learning
 Balances analytical (rational) and soft (culture, skills, values, etc.) aspects
 Assesses initial organization’s capacity, ability and risks to deliver transformation. Timing is studied and
mitigation plans are laid out to ensure the organization’s readiness for the changes

The main influencing factor was the company’s culture. One of the com-
pany’s core values is people as its main asset. This value was leveraged to
express principles about sponsorship, leadership, and governance. They
were first presented as components of “the transformation team”. Then
came principles around the transformational approach; holistic and integra-
tive. Because of the current decentralized reality of the business transform-
ation management competencies, the approach characteristics were second
in priority to present and emphasize. The third group of principles
described key practices and ideas supporting the approach. The most
important for the industrial partner was the focus on effectiveness before
efficiency: when transforming, the priority should be on delivering the right
objectives, then focusing on efficient ways to do it. With the current effi-
ciency culture in the company, this principle was the most important to
communicate and clarify.
Afterward, a methodology for business transformation was drafted. It is
structured in 4 cycles and 16 steps (see Figure 3). The methodology picks
the strengths of the three frameworks reviewed. From the BPR method-
ology, it takes the highly structured presentation in stages and activities.
This was aligned with the industrial partner’s need for a structured meth-
odology and not only guidelines. From Enterprise Transformation
Roadmap, it exploited the idea of cycles that underlines a grouping of
activities and the feedback loops required. Even though, the framework is
presented in a linear format, the use of cycles emphasizes the iterative
nature of going through the activities within each. From Business
Transformation Management Methodology, it leveraged the meta-manage-
ment approach to integrate required disciplines. The drafted methodology
takes a transformation idea from its inception, through engaging the right
stakeholders and leaders, and thorough planning and design, to have a con-
trolled and measured execution. Previous projects’ structures in the organ-
ization helped shape the methodology. As the most successful projects had
18 S. ALLAOUI ET AL.

Figure 3. Outline of adapted business transformation framework methodology.

very directive and prescriptive methodologies, detailing steps was required

above identifying key deliverables for each cycle.
From all three frameworks, tools, and techniques were linked to the
adapted methodology steps. The resulting mapping of tools and techniques
to activities is similar to what Kettinger et al. (1997) presented. This was
required to complement the details of the methodology steps. Table 6
provides some examples of steps in the methodology with detailed
objectives and mapped tools, techniques, and skills required.
The company’s Information and Technology (IT) department is using
and promoting PRINCE2 methodology to manage projects within the
organization. The frameworks governance model was built on the govern-
ance model already adopted by the IT department from PRINCE2. Plus, a
three-level governance was included: transformation, programs, and proj-
ects, which is closer to the model of Business Transformation Management
Methodology. The governance model reflects the company’s decision-mak-
ing mechanisms. It also uses vocabulary adapted to the organization, espe-
cially when it comes to expressing roles and responsibilities (see Figure 4).
Discussions and interviews with the industrial partner’s team revealed
that the company already has, and applies, various practices relevant to
managing a business transformation. For example, a dedicated team of
change management specialists exists and supports mainly information
technology projects. As such, the required management disciplines to man-
age a business transformation initiative are mostly existent in the company.
However, it is recognized that the challenge is in the ability to integrate
 JOURNAL OF ENTERPRISE TRANSFORMATION 19

Table 6. Examples of objectives, tools and techniques mapped to the adapted frame-
work steps.
Step Objectives Toolkit (skills, techniques & tools)
1.2. Gather facts & build  Gather data and facts relevant to the  Strategic analysis (Porter Five
the case for transformation need (sales, claims, Forces, SWOT, McKinsey
transformation operational measures, financials, etc.) 7S Model)
 Analyze and aggregate data and facts  Interviews; Delphi technique;
to support transformation arguments Brainstorming
(presentable)  Data analysis
 Understand the transformation busi-  Stakeholder value analysis
ness case audience (Who?  Audience analysis
Expectations? Questions?)  Business case building; cost
 Build the transformation business case benefits analysis;
(the transformation need, data and  Presentation skills
facts, argument, urgency)  Persuasion skills
1.4. Assess risks and the  Assess the risks of business transform-  Risk analysis and assessment
organization’s readiness ation on the company (current busi-  Organizational assessment
(leadership, skill sets, ness model, customers, operations,  Risk mitigation planning
and culture) finances, people, etc.)  Change management
 Assess the company’s readiness to  Interviews; focus group; surveys
transform (leadership style, manage-  Maturity assessment mod-
ment style, people’s skills, culture) els (CMMI)
 Build a mitigation plan to risks and
organizational readiness to support
the transformation approach
2.3. Establish the trans-  Define and assign steering committee  RACI Chart
formation governance roles and responsibilities (see govern-  Presentation Skills
& team ance details)  Persuasion
 Identify the skills and expertise  Interviews
required for the transformation team  Negotiation skills
 Define and assign the transformation  Political Acumen
team roles and responsibilities
 Organize transformation team kickoff
meeting (communicate, clar-
ify, engage)
 Organize steering committee kickoff
meeting (communicate, clarify, valid-
ate and engage)
3.1. Analyze the current  Define current state analysis scope  Strategic Analysis (Porter Five
state (thorough under- and objectives Forces, SWOT, McKinsey 7S
standing and  Identify and engage required SMEs to Model; force field analysis)
level setting) support the analysis  Interviews
 Perform stakeholders analysis  Data analysis
 Perform value analysis (business  Stakeholder analysis
model review)  Benchmarking
 Analyze processes architecture (focus  Business model generation; lean
on interactions) startup approach; MARS busi-
 Evaluate the resources allocation ness model for startups
(human, financial, and material)  LESAT (Lean Enterprise Self-
 Review and complete the organiza- Assessment Tool); any specific
tional assessment by a maturity evalu- self-assessment of maturity tool
ation (for change readiness, skills, for the area of analysis
leadership styles, management mind-  APQC Process Framework;
set, training, application of practi- Architecture capability model;
ces, etc.) SCOR model;
 Measure current state dimensions and  Business process reengineering;
define baseline performance Business process maturity
 Identify pain points, challenges and model; business process library
opportunities  Balanced scorecard
 Validate current state diagnosis  Brainstorming; focus groups;
understanding, by the transformation Delphi method; facilitation
team, by SMEs, and by the steer-
ing committee
20 S. ALLAOUI ET AL.

Figure 4. Governance structure of adapted business transformation framework.

Figure 5. Analytical enablers outline of adapted business transformation framework.

their efforts and expertise toward a unified vision and within a business
transformation initiative. In the literature, there is the concept of leveraging
internal expertise to maximize engagement and focus on the business trans-
formation objectives. The adapted framework relies on 12 management dis-
ciplines relevant to the organization (see Figure 5):

 Transformation Execution Plan and Program and Project Management

are disciplines aiming to ensure the integration of the disciplines and
aligning their efforts and plans toward the common objective of the
business transformation.
 Strategy Management is concerned with defining the business drivers,
business model and business competitive advantages. It looks at aligning
the business transformation with the organization’s vision and strategy.
 JOURNAL OF ENTERPRISE TRANSFORMATION 21

 Value and Stakeholders Management extends the concept of value from

the customer to all relevant stakeholders of the organization.
Consequently, it assesses the stakeholders’ expectations and how the
organization should create and deliver value to satisfy its stakeholders.
 Process Architecture aims at understanding the organization processes
at the appropriate level for the business transformation context. The
focus is on processes interactions and value creation.
 Resources Management analyzes the resources (human, financial, and
material) allocations in the organization and aims to optimize their use
to enable the organization’s vision and objectives.
 Change Management stands out from other practices by its particular
consideration to the interrelation between culture, governance, human
behavior, and the benefits of the business transformation. It assess the
readiness of the employees to take in a change and defines the appro-
priate approach to make the change happen and sustained.
 Risk and Maturity Management defines how the various types of risks
(reputation, financial, etc.) will be identified and managed throughout
the business transformation journey. A maturity assessment helps define
focus areas to prioritize and supports the tracking of the changes’
effectiveness.

Through a series of presentations, the framework was validated with

senior managers and directors. As the different components of the frame-
work were developed in tandem with the internal consultant team, and
other participants from the company, the validation sessions derived feed-
back. The adapted framework was consequently adjusted. Adjustments
were both on the content and the format of the framework. Some directors
have led business transformations within the organization in the past. They
remarked that because the company is execution-centric, the execution
phases in projects and programs tend to be the least documented. And a
walk through the framework allowed to capture additional details in the
execution cycle of the methodology. In addition, all participants provided
insights on how the framework should be presented in its format. Options
of presenting the methodology in a cyclical format were excluded. Most
participants thought it more important to outline the steps clearly, which
the retained format of the methodology provided.
The adapted framework was the result of the combination of the three
analytical components performed: (1) review business transformation suc-
cess factors; (2) comparison of business transformation frameworks; and
(3) analysis of the industrial partner’s context. When designing the frame-
work, the choices were driven by the results of the analysis, and by the
degree of fitness with the company’s context. Discussions with the
22 S. ALLAOUI ET AL.

industrial partner’s representatives revealed counter-intuitive choices in the

development of the framework. Most of these were related to the decision-
making model within the organization. The level of empowerment of mid-
level management is relatively low. And the optimal direction would have
been to develop the maturity of the organization on this element. However,
the industrial partner’s representatives argued that such a change would be
too long to instore. This is an example of the challenges the research team
faced understanding the industrial context and relating it appropriately to
the knowledge documented in academia and practice. One of the most
challenging aspects was the discussions about the terminologies and
vocabulary. It proved that the gap between practice and theory is not only
in the application of ideas and approaches, but also in the termin-
ology used.
Even though the adapted framework will benefit the industrial partner,
the addition to the research literature would be limited. The details of the
adapted framework will be only relevant for the industrial partner, as they
were tailored to its context and organizational characteristics. The adapta-
tion efforts that were undertaken served as a validation step in the explora-
tory and analytical research approach. It helped to refine the research
team’s questions about the existing frameworks.

6. Discussion
In this article, the analysis focused on the three frameworks selected. A vis-
ible trend is the influence of the authors’ research backgrounds on the level
of detail and focus they use in their frameworks. Similar trends were found
in the other approaches not selected for this analysis. For example,
Subramanian (2015) leverages program management as the key discipline
to perform business transformations. Business transformation frameworks
are designed on a post factum basis. The frameworks refer to preexisting
business transformation cases, from which practices and methodological
components were derived. The variety between the business transformation
frameworks may be explained by the uniqueness of each case or the cases
they rely on, and the angle of the analysis undertaken by the research
teams. It is aligned with change management frameworks in general and
their lack of quantitative supporting data (Todnem, 2005). The core charac-
teristics of business transformations are the radical and risky types of
change for the organization. The nature of change is still a subject of much
debate. The conduct of change in organization relies on past experiences
and success cases. In the three selected frameworks analyzed, different
aspects of complementarity were found; the level of detail, the structured-
ness of the methodology, and the balance between analytical and
 JOURNAL OF ENTERPRISE TRANSFORMATION 23

organizational aspects. This complementarity represents a source of rich-

ness that was leveraged in collaboration with an industrial partner to design
an adapted business transformation framework to its reality.
This article’s comparative analysis underlines the differences between
existing frameworks. It questioned the use and adaptability of such frame-
works to perform business transformations in specific contexts. The chal-
lenges faced in adapting a framework to the industrial partner’s context
reveal the lack of specificities in some of the frameworks. Thus, the main
contribution is of a methodological nature. The research approach of both
exploring existing literature and analyzing an industrial context provides
some guidelines on how to adapt a “generic” framework to a specific
organizational situation. Table 7 provides a summary of some guidelines
that were the most pertinent for this research.
One may argue that such efforts are limited and the results cannot be
extended. This represents one of the limitations of this research. The col-
laboration with an industrial partner provided the advantage of access to
an organizational context intimately. And it has the limitation of being sin-
gular. It is an opportunity for future research to extend this approach to
other organizational contexts, and improve it by integrating other research
methods such as the validation of observations through a structured survey.
That being said, it is important to point out that this access to an organiza-
tional context for such a sensitive and strategic subject is important for the
research community. It allows the grounding of some of the assumptions
about an organization and the nature of changes within it. The absence of
quantitative studies about the success of the proposed frameworks stresses
the necessity of more industry-academia collaborations to reveal any exist-
ing gaps. This is especially crucial when most of the published business
transformation frameworks claim to have an appropriate approach for suc-
cess. Which one is right? In this work, it is argued that contextual studies
with specific organizational situations are necessary to choose the best fit.
Hence, no framework is optimal on its own.
In this article, the framework adaptation relied on the study of organiza-
tional characteristics; the organizational structure (roles and responsibil-
ities), the culture, the leadership and management style, the core values of
the organization, the decision-making process, and the history of change
within. Other organizational characteristics, that may influence the adapta-
tion of a framework, were not considered, such as the internal power
dynamics, and the external influence of industry and competitors. Further
research on these characteristics will add to the validity and clarity of the
adaptation guidelines. To support organizations tailor business transform-
ation frameworks to their context, a more comprehensive investigation of
organizational characteristics and how they influence the adaptation of a
24 S. ALLAOUI ET AL.

Table 7. Summary of business transformation framework adaptation guidelines.

Step Description Impact on framework
Develop an intimate know- The focus is to collect information and This knowledge will help shape
ledge of the organiza- understand deeply the organizational the business transformation
tional context context by studying key elements like: framework by adjusting compo-
 The industry: the company’s pos- nents like:
ition and value offerings  Adopting a prescriptive or
 The company’s strategy: vision descriptive framework
and objectives that outline what  Structuring the governance
is important for the model to reflect efficient
leadership of the company decision-making
 The organizational culture: under-
stand how change is perceived,
and how employees are
best influenced
 The internal organizational rela-
tionships and dynamics: under-
stand how decisions are made
Evaluate the organizational The objective is to evaluate if the key This helps adapt:
readiness for business transformational skills and competen-  Success factors (principles):
transformation cies are present in the organization and put forward the most
what is their level or maturity, impactful success factors for
for example: the situation
 Leadership: who are the influ-  Identify critical competencies
encers in the organization? What and management disciplines
type of leadership is to make visible and empha-
predominant? size on
 Communication: what is the most
efficient channels to communicate
in the organization? What should
be avoided (vocabulary, etc.)?
 Program and project manage-
ment: What project delivery meth-
odology is adopted? Who are the
project managers?
Collect and define require- Gather the organization’s specific These requirements are useful to:
ments for business trans- requirements from a framework. It may  Success factors (principles):
formation framework include items like: put forward the most
 What do leaders need to influence impactful success factors for
the teams the situation
 What are the critical practices and  Develop the methodology
principles that will make a differ- within the framework
ence in this specific context? Not  Assess the level of details
all success factors will have the required to describe the
same level of impact in all con- framework elements: steps,
texts. Some will have a more pre- governance, etc.
dominant influence on the
organization especially if it is
less mature.
 What levels of details is required?
steps, procedures, techniques and
tools, etc.

framework is required. In addition, business transformation relies heavily

on the integration of management disciplines and practices (Uhl &
Gollenia, 2013). The level of integration of these practices within the exist-
ing frameworks requires further research. In the case of project and pro-
gram management practices; if business transformations should be
managed as projects or programs, how well is project or program manage-
ment integrated in existing frameworks?
 JOURNAL OF ENTERPRISE TRANSFORMATION 25

As organizational pressure rises to start execution sooner rather than

later, taking time and perspective to evaluate organizational characteristics
to shape an adequate approach, will be challenged. Practitioners will face
the dilemma of avoiding the action imperative, and taking the time to
evaluate as many relevant frameworks as possible when choosing or adapt-
ing to their specific contexts. It would translate into more effort in the con-
ceptualization and planning of business transformation approaches.

7. Conclusion
Business transformation can occur at various organizational levels, where
the scope of the change is defined by the organization’s boundaries.
Business transformation shares success factors with other change
approaches regarding sponsorship, leadership, communication, and govern-
ance. It also has additional success factors related to its approach and its
enablers, both analytical and organizational. The comparative analysis of
three selected frameworks of business transformation indicates that they
are influenced by the author’s background and assumptions about the
nature of business transformation and how it should be conducted in com-
plex and uncertain environments. It also reveals that frameworks complete
each other on the level of detail and guidelines they provide. From a prac-
tical perspective, these efforts to combine and adapt a business transform-
ation framework to an organizational case divulge the challenges of using
such frameworks. How business transformation should be structured and
planned will be influenced by the understanding of the specific organiza-
tional context. This study’s approach to developing and adapting a business
transformation framework to an industrial partner’s situation provides
some guidelines on how to perform such a work. It also indicates some of
the organizational characteristics that influence the choice and adaptation
of a framework within an organization. For future research, this article’s
conclusions should be tested against a wider review of business transform-
ation frameworks. A wider review of other organizational contexts will help
identify other relevant adaptation criteria. All of which should translate to
improved conceptualization and planning tools for business transformation
practitioners.

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