Physics 1 Mechanics: Rahadian N, S.Si. M.Si
Physics 1 Mechanics: Rahadian N, S.Si. M.Si
Physics 1 Mechanics: Rahadian N, S.Si. M.Si
1
Mechanics
Lecture 1
Basic of Physics
• Measurements, Units, Dimension
– Measuring things
– Three basic units: Length, Mass, Time
– SI units
– Unit conversion
– Dimension
• Vectors and Scalars
– Vectors and scalars
– Describe vectors geometrically
– Components of vectors
– Unit vectors
– Vectors addition and subtraction
Measurements
• To be quantitative in Physics requires measurements
• How tall is Ming Yao? How about
his weight?
– Height: 2.29 m (7 ft 6 in)
– Weight: 141 kg (310 lb)
• Number + Unit
– “thickness is 10.” has no physical meaning
– Both numbers and units necessary for
any meaningful physical quantities
Type Quantities
• Many things can be measured: distance, speed,
energy, time, force ……
• These are related to one another: speed = distance /
time
• Choose three basic quantities (DIMENSIONS):
– LENGTH
– MASS
– TIME
• Define other units in terms of these.
SI Unit for 3 Basic Quantities
• Many possible choices for units of Length, Mass,
Time (e.g. Yao is 2.29 m or 7 ft 6 in)
• In 1960, standards bodies control and define
Système Internationale (SI) unit as,
– LENGTH: Meter
– MASS: Kilogram
– TIME: Second
Fundamental Quantities and SI Units
Length meter m
Mass kilogram kg
Time second s
Electric Current ampere A
Thermodynamic Temperature kelvin K
Luminous Intensity candela cd
Amount of Substance mole mol
SI Length Unit: Meter
• French Revolution Definition, 1792
• 1 Meter = XY/10,000,000
• 1 Meter = about 3.28 ft
• 1 km = 1000 m, 1 cm = 1/100 m, 1
mm = 1/1000 m
• Current Definition of 1 Meter: the
distance traveled by light in
vacuum during a time of
1/299,792,458 second.
SI Time Unit: Second
• 1 Second is defined in terms of an “atomic clock”– time taken
for 9,192,631,770 oscillations of the light emitted by a 133Cs
atom.
• Defining units precisely is a science (important, for example,
for GPS):
– This clock will neither gain nor lose a second in 20 million years.
SI Mass Unit: Kilogram
• 1 Kilogram – the mass of a
specific platinum‐iridium alloy kept at
International Bureau of Weights and
Measures near Paris.
• Copies are kept in many other countries.
• Yao Ming is 141 kg, equivalent to weight
of 141 pieces of the alloy cylinder.
Length, Mass, Time
• In 2008 Olympic Game, Usain Bolt sets world record at 9.69 s
in Men’s 100 m Final. What is his average speed ?
100 m 100 m
speed 10.32 m/s
9.69 s 9.69 s
Other Unit System
• U.S. customary system: foot, slug, second
• Cgs system: cm, gram, second
• We will use SI units in this course, but it is useful to know
conversions between systems.
– 1 mile = 1609 m = 1.609 km 1 ft = 0.3048 m = 30.48 cm
– 1 m = 39.37 in. = 3.281 ft 1 in. = 0.0254 m = 2.54 cm
– 1 lb = 0.465 kg 1 oz = 28.35 g 1 slug = 14.59 kg
– 1 day = 24 hours = 24 * 60 minutes = 24 * 60 * 60 seconds
– More can be found in Appendices A & D in your textbook.
Unit Conversion
Example: Is he speeding ?
– On the garden state parkway of New Jersey, a car is traveling at a speed of
38.0 m/s. Is the driver exceeding the speed limit?
– Since the speed limit is in miles/hour (mph), we need to convert the units of
m/s to mph. Take it in two steps.
– Step 1: Convert m to miles. Since 1 mile = 1609 m, we have two possible
conversion factors, 1 mile/1609 m = 6.215x104 mile/m, or 1609 m/1 mile =
1609 m/mile. What are the units of these conversion factors?
– Since we want to convert m to mile, we want the m units to cancel => multiply
by first factor:
– Step 2: Convert s to hours. Since 1 hr = 3600 s, again we could have 1 hr/3600
s = 2.778x104 hr/s, or 3600 s/hr.
– Since we want to convert s to hr, we want the s units to cancel =>
mile 3600 s
38.0 m/s 2.36 102 85.0 mile/hr = 85.0 mph
s hr
Dimensions, Units and Equations
• Quantities have dimensions:
– Length – L, Mass – M, and Time ‐ T
• Quantities have units: Length – m, Mass – kg, Time – s
• To refer to the dimension of a quantity, use square
brackets, e.g. [F] means dimensions of force.
until all are included
• The resultant is still A B C
drawn from the origin
of the first vector to the A B
end of the last vector
Adding Vectors Geometrically (Polygon
Method)
• Draw the first vector A with the A B
appropriate length and in the
direction specified, with respect
to a coordinate system
• Draw the next vector B with the
appropriate length and in the
B
direction specified, with respect
to the same coordinate system
• Draw a parallelogram
• The resultant is drawn as a A
diagonal from the origin
A B B A
Vector Subtraction
• Special case of vector addition
– Add the negative of the
subtracted vector B
A B A B
• Continue with standard vector
A
addition procedure B
A B
Describing Vectors Algebraically
Vectors: Described by the number, units and direction!
• Then,
A Ax Ay
A Ax Ay
Components of a Vector
• The previous equations are valid only if θ is measured
with respect to the x‐axis
• The components can be positive or negative and will
have the same units as the original vector
θ=0, Ax=A>0, Ay=0
Ax < 0 Ax > 0 θ=45°, Ax=A cos 45°>0, Ay=A sin 45°>0
Ay > 0 Ay > 0 θ=90°, Ax=0, Ay=A>0
θ
θ=135°, Ax=A cos 135°<0, Ay=A sin 135°>0
Ax < 0 Ax > 0 θ=180°, Ax=A<0, Ay=0
Ay < 0 Ay < 0 θ=225°, Ax=A cos 225°<0, Ay=A sin 225°<0
θ=270°, Ax=0, Ay=A<0
θ=315°, Ax=A cos 315°<0, Ay=A sin 315°<0
More About Components
• The components are the legs of the
right triangle whose hypotenuse is A
Ax A cos( )
Ay A sin( )
A A 2 A 2
x y
Ay 1
Ay
tan or tan
Or,
Ax Ax
Unit Vectors
• Components of a vector are vectors
A Ax Ay
• Unit vectors i-hat, j-hat, k-hat
iˆ x ˆj y kˆ z
• Unit vectors used to specify direction
• Unit vectors have a magnitude of 1
y
• Then
j
A Ax iˆ Ay ˆj
i
x
A Magnitude
A x A+ ySign
k Unit vector
z
Adding Vectors Algebraically
• Consider two vectors
A Ax iˆ Ay ˆj
B Bx iˆ B y ˆj
• Then
A B ( Ax iˆ Ay ˆj ) ( Bx iˆ B y ˆj )
( Ax Bx )iˆ ( Ay B y ) ˆj
• If C A B ( Ax Bx )iˆ ( Ay B y ) ˆj
• so C x AxA Bx A xCy AAyy B y
Example : Operations with Vectors
Vector A is described algebraically as (-3, 5), while
vector B is (4, -2). Find the value of magnitude and
direction of the sum (C) of the vectors A and B.
A 3iˆ 5 ˆj B 4iˆ 2 ˆj
C A B (3 4)iˆ (5 2) ˆj 1iˆ 3 ˆj
Cx 1 Cy 3
2 2
C (C x C y )1/ 2 (12 32 )1/ 2 3.16
Cy
tan 1
tan 1 3 71.56
Cx
Summary
• Polar coordinates of vector A (A, ) Ax A cos( )
• Cartesian coordinates (Ax, Ay) Ay A sin( )
• Relations between them:
x y
2 2
A A A
– Beware of tan 180‐degree ambiguity A A
tan y or tan 1 y
• Unit vectors: A Axiˆ Ay ˆj Az kˆ Ax Ax
• Addition of vectors: C A B ( A B )iˆ ( A B ) ˆj
x x y y
C x Ax Bx C y Ay B y
• Scalar multiplication of a vector: aA aAx iˆ aAy ˆj
• Multiplication of two vectors? It is possible, and we will
introduce it later as it comes up.