RCD Technical Guide EN
RCD Technical Guide EN
RCD Technical Guide EN
Introduction
2
Protection against earth faults
3
Residual current protective devices
4
Solutions for protection against earth fault currents
5
Marks and approvals
6
Notes on installation and use
7
Choosing the proper differential protection
8
ABB, leading RCD technology
Index
1
Brief history 1/2
They are installed in the consumer unit (fusebox) and having a modern one fitted with RCD’s
can provide the best safety to people and installations.
The aims of this ABB technical guide are raising general awareness of electrical safety and
encouraging the upgrade of old installations with safer consumer units.
It is not clear when and by whom the first RCD was developed, but it certainly appeared on the
market in the 1950s. It was initially used by some utility companies to fight “energy theft” who
used to drag some energy out of the line.
ABB built the first low sensitivity RCD in 1953 and a high sensitivity device in 1956. Residual
Current Devices were later adopted to protect people against electric shocks.
RCDs are now widely used in most of the world; in some cases this is mandatory, while in
others their use is optional.
Index
Effects of current on the human body 2/2
Direct and indirect contact 2/4
Additional protection 2/7
2
Fire protection 2/8
Classification of electrical distribution systems 2/9
Injuries to people are caused by the current flow through the human body.
These effects are:
– tetanic contraction: the muscles affected by the current flow involuntary contract, making
letting go of conductive parts difficult. Note: very high currents do not usually induce tetanic
2
contraction because when the body touches such currents, the muscular contraction is so
strong that the involuntary muscle movements generally throw the subject away from the
conductor;
– respiratory arrest: if the current flows through the muscles controlling the respiratory sys-
tem, the involuntary contraction of these muscles alters the normal respiratory process and
the subject may die due to suffocation or suffer the consequences of traumas caused by
asphyxia;
– ventricular fibrillation: the most dangerous effect is due to the superposition of the external
currents with the physiological ones which, by generating uncontrolled contractions, induce
alterations of the cardiac cycle. This anomaly may become an irreversible phenomenon
since it persists even when the stimulus has ceased;
– burns: due to the heating deriving, by Joule effect, from the current passing through the
human body.
The IEC 60479-1 Standard “Effects of current on human beings and livestock” is a guide about
the effects of current flowing through the human body to be used for the definition of electrical
safety requirements. This Standard shows, on a time-current diagram, four zones (Figure 1) to
which the physiological effects of alternating current (15 – 100 Hz) passing through the human
body have been related. Such zones are illustrated in Table 1.
a b c1 c2 c3
10000
5000
DURATION OF THE CURRENT FLOW - t [ms]
2000
1000
500
1 2 3 4
200
100
50
20
10
0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 1000 2000 5000 10000
CURRENT IN THE BODY - Ib [mA]
Figure 1: Time-current zones of the effects of alternating current on the human body
1 Usually no reaction
Electricity causes a “shock” in us because it is an outside force that interferes with the internal
electricity generated by our nervous system.
In scientific terms, electricity is considered a fundamental force, one that is extremely basic,
and has been existing since the beginning of time.
Unfortunately, since the human body consists primarily of water, is utterly conductive.
Any voltage that may be applied externally to our body can interfere and affect the ordinary
function of our system. The higher the voltage, the worse its effect.
An electric shock is the pathophysiological effect of an electric current through the human
body.
Its passage essentially affects the muscular, circulatory and respiratory functions and some-
times it results in serious burns. The dangerousness for the victim is a function of the magni-
tude of the current, the part of the body through which the current passes, and the duration of
current flow.
Curve C1 shows that when a current is greater than 30 mA and passes through a human being
from one hand to the feet, the person is likely to be killed, unless the current is interrupted in a
relatively short time.
The point 500 ms/100 mA close to the curve C1 corresponds to a probability of heart fibrilla-
tion equal to 0.14%.
Protection of people against electric shock must be provided for LV installations in conformity
with appropriate national standards and statutory regulations, codes of practice, official guides
and circulars, etc. Relevant IEC standards include: IEC 60364 series, IEC 60479 series, IEC
60755, IEC 61008 series, IEC 61009 series and IEC 60947-2.
Direct contact: an electric shock results from the contact with a conductor which belongs
to a circuit and it would be expected to be live.
2
For instance, if someone removes the plate from a switch and touches the live conductors
inside, an RCD with 30 mA sensitivity (or less) may offer protection.
Indirect contact: an electric shock is received from contact with something that is connected
to the electrical installation which normally is not expected to be live, but has become so as a
result of a fault.
– placing parts out of reach or using obstacles to prevent people from reaching live parts.
This protection is reserved for locations in which only skilled or trained people have access to.
– the provision of residual current devices (RCDs) provides supplementary protection, but only
when contact is from a live part to an earthed part.
RCDs are very effective devices in providing protection against fire risk caused by insulation
faults because they can detect leakage currents (ex: 300 mA) that are too low for other protec-
tive devices, but strong enough to set a fire (i.e. overcurrent protection devices).
For TT and IT TN-S systems in which leakage current can appear, the usage of a 300 mA sen-
2
sitivity RCDs provides good protection against fire risk due to this type of fault.
Investigations have shown that the cost of the fire damages in industrial and tertiary buildings
can be very high.
This phenomenon shows that fire risk due to electricity is linked to overheating due to a poor
coordination between the maximum rated current of the cable (or insulated conductor) and the
overcurrent protection setting.
Overheating can also be generated by some modifications of the initial method of installation
(addition of cables on the same support).
This overheating can be the origin of electrical arcing in humid environments. That evolves
when the fault current-loop impedance is greater than 0.6 Ω and exist only when an insulation
fault occurs. Some tests have shown that a 300 mA fault current can cause a real risk of fire.
This problem raises in case of
Id << 300 mA
Humid dust
Beginning of fire
Some tests have shown that a very low leakage current (few mA) can evolve and, from 300
mA, it may set a fire in humid and dusty environments.
The extent of the earth fault and the consequences deriving from touching live exposed-con-
ductors are specifically related to the neutral condition of the power system and to the different
types of earthing. As a consequence, to select the proper device for protecting against earth
faults, it is necessary to know the installation distribution system. The International Standard
2
IEC 60364-3 classifies electrical systems with the combination of two letters.
The first letter indicates the relationship of the power system to earth:
– T = direct connection to earth of one point, usually the neutral, in a.c. systems;
– I = all live parts isolated from earth or one point, usually the neutral, connected to earth
through an impedance.
The second letter indicates the relationship of the exposed conductors of the installation to
earth:
– T = direct electrical connection of exposed conductors to earth;
– N = direct electrical connection of the exposed conductors to the earthing point of the
power system.
Subsequent letters, if any, indicate the arrangement of neutral and protective conductors:
– S = neutral and protective functions provided by separate conductors
– C = neutral and protective functions combined in a single conductor (PEN conductor).
With reference to the definitions above, the main types of power systems are described below.
TT system
In TT systems the neutral and the exposed conductors are connected to electrically independ-
ent earth electrodes (Figure 1); therefore, the earth fault current returns to the power supply
node through the soil (Figure 2).
2
L1
L2
L3
N
RB RA
Figure 1
IK
L1
L2
L3
N
RB RA
IK
Figure 2
In this type of electrical installation, the neutral is usually distributed and its function is making
the phase voltage (e.g. 230 V) available for the supply of the single-phase loads of residential
installations.
L1
L2
L3
N
PE
Figure 3
2. TN-C: the neutral and protective functions are combined into a single conductor, called PEN
(Figure 4)
L1
L2
L3
PEN
Figure 4
3.TN-C-S: the neutral and protective functions are partially combined into a single PEN con-
ductor and partially separated PE + N (Figure 5).
2 L1
L2
L3
N
PE
TN-C TN-S
Figure 5
In TN systems, the earth fault current returns to the power supply node through a direct metal
connection (PE or PEN conductor) without practically affecting the earth electrode (Figure 6).
IK
L1
L2
L3
PEN
Figure 6
L1
L2
L3
Rt
Figure 7
The earth fault current returns to the power supply node through the earthing arrangement of
the exposed conductors and the line conductors earth capacities.
L1
L2
L3
C 3 C2 C 1
Figure 8 Rt
IK
Summarising:
Distribution system Main application Typical value of the fault currents Remarks
Index
Reference standard for RCD use 3/2
Protection with RCDs 3/3
Standard of RCDs 3/7
Types of RCDs 3/8
Types of wave form detected by RCDs and classification 3/10
RCDs with or without switched neutral 3/13
3
Difference between voltage dependent and voltage independent 3/14
Marking on RCDs 3/16
Test button 3/17
International Electrotecnical
Commission:
IEC standard
TT system
According to IEC 60364-4 requirements, the protective devices must be coordinated with the
earthing arrangement.
IK
L1
L2 3
L3
N
IK
Protection by automatic disconnection of the supply used in TT system is with RCDs of sensi-
tivity:
50 V
I Δn ≤
RA
Where:
– R A is the resistance of the earth electrode for the installation [Ω]
– I Δn is the rated residual operating current of the RCD
For temporary supplies (to work sites, …) and agricultural and horticultural premises, the value
of 50 V is replaced by 25 V.
The tripping times of RCDs are generally lower than those required in the majority of national
standards. The IEC 60364-4-41 specifies the maximum operating time of protective devices
used in TT system for protection against indirect contact as:
– For all final circuits with a rated current not exceeding 32 A, the maximum disconnecting
time will not exceed the values indicated here below:
Uo 1 [V] T [s]
50 < Uo ≤ 120 0.3
120 < Uo ≤ 230 0.2
230 < Uo ≤ 400 0.07
Uo > 400 0.04
1
Uo is the nominal phase to earth voltage
TN system
IK
L1
L2
L3
3
PEN
(TN-C) PE N (TN-S)
To provide a protection for TN systems with automatic disconnection of the circuit, according
to IEC 60364-4 requirements, the following condition shall be fulfilled:
Zs x Ia ≤ Uo
Where:
– Zs is the impedance of the fault loop comprising the source, the live conductor up to the
point of the fault and the protective conductor between the point of the fault and the source
[Ω];
– Uo is the nominal a.c. r.m.s. voltage to earth [V]
– I a is the current causing the automatic operation of the disconnecting protective device
IEC 60364-4-41 specifies the maximum operating time of protective devices used in TN sys-
tem for protection against indirect contact:
For all final circuits with a rated current not exceeding 32 A, the maximum disconnecting time
will not exceed the values indicated in the table below:
Uo 1 [V] T [s]
50 < Uo ≤ 120 0.8
120 < Uo ≤ 230 0.4
230 < Uo ≤ 400 0.2
Uo > 400 0.1
1
Uo is the nominal phase to earth voltage
L1
L2
L3
3
IK
A second earth fault on an IT system (unless occuring on the same conductor as the first fault)
results in a phase-phase or phase-to-neutral fault, and whether occurring on the same circuit
as the first fault, or on a different circuit, overcurrent protective devices would normally operate
an automatic fault clearance.
Ik = Ur / Rt
Where:
– Rt is the total resistance, equal to the sum of the earth electrode (Ra) and the protective
conductor for the exposed conductive parts [Ω];
– Ur is the rated voltage between phases [V]
Disconnecting times for IT system depends on how the different installation and substation
earth electrodes are interconnected.
For final circuits supplying electrical equipment with a rated current not exceeding 32 A and
having their exposed conductors bonded with the substation earth electrode, the maximum
tripping time is given in the table below:
Uo 1 [V] T [s]
50 < Uo ≤ 120 0.8
120 < Uo ≤ 230 0.4
230 < Uo ≤ 400 0.2
Uo > 400 0.1
1
Uo is the nominal phase to earth voltage
≤ 300 ■
agricultural and general horticultural premises,
60364-7-705
socket outlet circuits
10...30 ■
– IEC 61008-1: Residual current operated circuit-breakers without integral overcurrent protec-
tion for household and similar uses (RCCBs) - General rules
– IEC 61009-1: Residual current operated circuit-breakers with integral overcurrent protection
for household and similar uses (RCBOs) - General rules
3
– IEC 60947-2: Low Voltage Switchgear and Controlgear – Circuit Breakers
- Annex B, Circuit Breakers Incorporating Residual Current Devices
- Annex M, earth leakage relay
– IEC 62423 ed.2: Type F and type B residual current operated circuit-breakers with and with-
out integral overcurrent protection for household and similar uses
– IEC 62020: Electrical accessories - Residual current monitors for household and similar uses
(RCMs)
– IEC/TR 60755 ed 2: General requirements for residual current operated protective devices
– IEC/TR 62350: Guidance for the correct use of residual current-operated protective devices
(RCDs) for household and similar use
The following devices are all RCDs, equipped with additional functions and features, offering
cost effective solutions in different applications.
RCCBs usually have a fault making and breaking capacity of 1 kA. This means that they can
manage a fault of 1 kA on their own if it is a fault to earth. For overloads and line to neutral
short circuits, the Wiring Rules require additional devices to provide protection. The device
used for short circuit protection may improve the short circuit rating of the RCCB when they
operate together. This allows an RCCB rated at, for example, 1000 A to be used in circuits
where the actual fault level is higher than 1000 A.
In summary, RCCBs provide earth leakage protection, however a major point to remember
when applying them is that they must always be installed in conjunction with an appropriately
rated Short Circuit Protective Device (SCPD).
IΔn
IΔn
Earth leakage relay can be classified according to IEC 62020 or in the first case the relay is
suitable for “monitoring” the circuit and providing information about the network’s insulation.
In the second case the relay is appropriate to protect people against the effect of electric
shock hazards.
According to new Annex M of IEC 60947-2, the Manufacturer of residual current relays hmust
check and guarantee protection performance for the entire chain, composed by toroidal trans-
former+ relay+ shunt trip + circuit breakers.
In addition, they can be used only with circuit breakers certified by the manufacturer, who is
responsible for the tripping time, considering the entire chain of components.
The devices according to this new standard are tested by the factory in “ready to use” configu-
ration and they can make easier the installers’ work easier.
IΔn
Residual current protective devices are distinguished from one another in respect of their suita-
bility for detecting different forms of residual current.
Below is a table giving RCD classification according to the waveform of the earth leakage
currents:
– Type AC,sensitive to alternating current only
– Type A, sensitive to alternating and/or pulsating current with DC components
– Type B to provide protection in case of alternating residual sinusoidal currents up to 1.000
3
Hz, pulsating direct residual currents and smooth direct residual currents
– Type F, with rated frequency 50 Hz or 60 Hz are intended for installations when frequency
inverters are supplied between phase and neutral or phase and earthed middle conductor
and are able to provide protection in case of alternating residual sinusoidal at the rated fre-
quency, pulsating direct residual currents and composite residual currents that may occur.
A type RCDs are not sensitive to impulsive currents up to a peak of 250 A (8/20 wave form).
They are particularly suitable for protecting systems in which the user equipment has electron-
3
ic devices for rectifying the current or phase cutting adjustment of a physical quantity (speed
temperature, light intensity etc.) supplied directly by the mains without the insertion of trans-
formers and class I insulated (class II is, by definition, free of faults to earth).These devices may
generate a pulsating fault current with DC components which the A type RCD can recognise.
In addition to detecting residual current waveforms of type A, residual current protective devic-
es of type B are used to detect smooth DC residual currents. type B RCDs are recommended
for use with drives and inverters for supplying motors for pumps, lifts, textile machines, ma-
chine tools etc., since they recognise a continuous fault current with a low level ripple.
Tripping values defined up to 100 kHz.
Type AC and A RCDs comply with IEC 61008/61009; type B for RCDs is not mentioned in
these reference standards: an international standard, IEC 62423, has been introduced in 2007,
specifying additional requirements for type B RCDs.
This new standard, IEC 62423, should only be referred to together with IEC 61008-1 (for
RCCBs) and IEC 61009-1 (for RCD-blocks and RCBOs), this means that B type RCDs must be
compliant with all the requirements of IEC 61008/9.
In addition there are other two type of RCDs according to the wave form of the earth leakage
currents:
– Type F
– Type B+
Type F RCDs are for loads with single-phase inverters and similar equipment (e.g. modern
washing machines), as an extension of type A.
or type F RCDs, additional tests have been added to those for type A, in order to simulate the
ground fault in presence of a single phase inverter.
Type F is characterised by a strong immunity to unwanted tripping.
Type F RCDs are not sensitive to impulsive currents up to a peak of 3,000A (8/20 wave form).
Type F RCDs give better protection with the spread of modern electronic appliances in domes-
tic installations, where type A RCDs could not properly cover them. It effectively fixes, in an
“official” way, the problem of unwanted tripping with a non-selective RCD.
In IEC 61008-1 and IEC 61009-1 (RCDs for housholder and similar applications) only type AC
and A RCDs are covered, types F and B are not mentioned. IEC 62423 ed. 2 covers both type
F and B RCDs and it can only be used together with IEC 61008-1 and IEC 61009-1.
At the moment, type B+ are only introduced in a DIN VDE 0664-100 specification applicable
in Germany. Like type B residual current protection devices, type B+ residual current protec-
tion devices are suitable for use in alternating current systems. Tripping conditions for type B+
residual current protection devices are defined at up to 20 kHz and lie within this frequency
range below a tripping value of 420 mA. Type B+ are mostly used to prevent fire protection risk
as they are recommended by the Association of German Insurance Companies.
In summary, to choose the right type of Residual current device, two different aspects must be
considered:
Type of protection
3 Type of RCD protection against indirect additional protection protection against fire risk
contacts (if Idn < 30 mA) (if Idn < 300 mA)
(if Idn is coordinated with
ground system)
AC ■ ■ ■
A ■ ■ ■
F ■ ■ ■
B ■ ■ ■
A S (selective) ■ ■
B S (selective) ■ ■
If a fault occurs between neutral and earth where a solid RCBO is protecting a circuit, the
RCBO will trip. However, as previously stated, the fault will still be in the circuit within the rest
of the istallation.
A the neutral will be common thorough the installation, it is possible that current could still flow
through the fault and lead to a fire hazard. This would mean that the RCBO would not offer full
protection against fire and therefore does not comply with one of its main protection require-
ments.
Testing of outgoing circuits is easier with RCBOs incorporating a switched neutral as an electri-
cian does not have to disconnect terminals before testing.
ADDITIONAL TOPICS:
Transient overvoltages (or power frequency overvoltages, see above, POP device)
This kind of overvoltage can damage voltage dependent RCDs.
Voltage independent RCDs do not have problems with transient overvoltages.
Voltage dependent RCDs have a power dissipation even without any load (this is similar
to “standby” power dissipation)
Even if this power dissipation seems to be very low, it is not negligible, especially if you have
several voltage dependent RCDs in the installation. This is not in line with modern philosophy
of energy saving which avoids any unnecessary power consumption.
– With a few exceptions, in countries where voltage dependent RCDs are commonly used, the
earthing system of public distribution is TN. In TN systems, earth fault current is very high
as a short circuit current. So, if for any reason an RCD does not trip, the earth fault current
makes the overcurrent protection (MCB or fuse) trip. In TT and IT systems, the earth fault
current is low and only RCDs can break it.
– In IEC 61008/9 product standard for RCDs, voltage dependent RCDs are not included. In
fact IEC 61008/9 is composed by Part 1 (general requirements) and by two Parts 2: 2.1
(voltage independent RCDs), and 2.2 (voltage dependent RCDs). Part 2.2 does not exist as
an EN standard. As Part 1 cannot be used without Part 2.1 or Part 2.2, only voltage inde-
pendent RCDs are included in IEC 61008/9.
Each RCCB must be marked with a lot of technical data. The typical features that must be
marked on devices, according to the Standards, are:
– Rated operational voltage (Ue): the rated operational voltage of a RCCB is the value of the
voltage, assigned by ABB, to which its performance is referred.
– Rated current (In): the value of current, assigned to the RCCB by ABB, which the RCCB can
carry in uninterrupted duty.
– Rated residual operating current (IΔn): the value of residual operating current assigned to
3
the RCCB, at which the RCCB shall operate under specified conditions.
– Rated frequency: the rated frequency of a RCCB is the power frequency for which the
RCCB is designed and to which the values of the other characteristics correspond.
– Rated making and breaking capacity (Im): The r.m.s. value of the a.c. component of pro-
spective current which a RCCB can make, carry and break under specified conditions.
Manufacturer’s name
Rated current
Rated residual operating current [IΔn]
Rated voltage [Un]
Rated making and breaking capacity [Im]
Wiring diagram
ABB identity number
To check if you have RCD protection in you consumer unit, look to see if there is a device with
a pushbutton marked ‘T’ or ‘Test’. This ‘test’ button is part of an RCD.
If you have an RCD, you should check that it is functioning properly by pushing the test button
periodically. When tested, the RCD should switch off the power to the areas of the home it
protects.
The RCDs in your consumer unit may not cover everything in your home, such as the lighting
3
circuits, so it is a good idea to check - while the RCD is off - which sockets and lights are no
longer working, showing that they are protected by that RCD.
Switch the RCD back on to restore the supply.
If your RCD does not switch off the electricity supply to the protected circuits when the test
button is pressed, or if it does not reset, get advice from a registered electrician.
If you do not have RCD protection fitted in your consumer unit, it is strongly suggested to
protect yourself by contacting an installer to ask for it because if you damage a hidden cable
when fixing something to a wall, you won’t be protected against electric shock unless you
have an RCD in your consumer unit protecting that circuit.
0
1
Index
ABB’s range 4/2
ABB RCDs with special versions 4/8
In most electrical systems, reliable and safe protection is implemented by combining the pro-
tection functions against overcurrent with those against earth faults, together with an effective
earthing arrangement.
This choice, aside from protection against indirect contact, also provides reliable and time-
ly protection against earth faults of small value where prevention from fire risks is absolutely
necessary.
The proper choice of protection devices must provide for tripping selectivity against earth
faults as well as that against overcurrents.
In order to fulfil the requirements for adequate protection against earth faults, ABB SACE has
designed the following product categories:
4
– RCBOs (residual current operated circuit-breakers with integral overcurrent protection)
DS201-DS202C series with rated current from 6 A up to 40 A;
– RCCBs (residual current circuit-breakers) F200 type, with rated current from 16 A to 125 A.
– RCBOs (residual current operated circuit-breakers with integral overcurrent protection)
DS200 with rated current from 6A up to 63A;
– RCD blocks (residual current blocks) DDA 200 type to be coupled with type S200 thermal
magnetic circuit-breakers with rated current from 0.5 A to 63 A;
– RCD blocks (residual current blocks) DDA 800 type to be coupled with type S800B, S800N
and S800S thermal magnetic circuit-breakers with rated current up to 100 A. These blocks
are available in two sizes: 63 A and 100 A;
DDA200 DDA800
IΔn [A]
S200 0.5÷63 ■ –
S800 6÷100 – ■
– The RD DIN rail series are residual current relays with an external toroidal transformer can
detect leakage currents and it is possible to set selectivity and intervention time.
– The ELR series are front panel residual current relays. ELR allows monitoring and protection
of the low voltage distribution network through the use of toroidal transformers.
– Electronic RCBOs series DS271, DSN201. In only one module width, these DIN rail residual
current circuit-breakers with overcurrent protection offer a technologically advanced and
comprehensive range with outstanding features, sizes, tripping characteristics and accesso-
ries.
RCDs blocks
Standard IEC/EN 61009 Annex G
Family name DDA200
Number of poles 2P, 3P, 4P
Rated current [A] 25, 40, 63
Sensitivity [mA] 10, 30, 100, 300, 500, 1000, 2000
Type A, AC, B, APR (A), Selective (A, B)
Special versions AE (emergency stop), 110 V and 400 V (A and AC type)
To be used in conjunction with S200 MCBs (with equal or lower rated current)
RCDs blocks
Standard IEC 90947-2 Annex B
Family name DDA800
Number of poles 2P, 3P, 4P
Rated current [A] 63, 100 4
Sensitivity [mA] 30, 300, 500, 1000
Type A, AC, APR (A), Selective (A)
To be used in conjunction with S800 MCBs (with equal or lower rated current)
DS271
4
Residual current circuit breakers with overcurrent protection
Standard IEC 61009, BSEN 61009-2-2
Family name DS271
Number of poles 1P+N
Rated current [A] 6, 10, 16, 20, 25, 32, 40
Sensitivity [mA] 10, 30, 100, 300
Type A, AC
Breaking capacities Icn [A] 10000
Tripping curves B, C
DSN201
Residual current circuit breakers with overcurrent protection
Standard IEC 61009, AS/NZS 61009-1
Family name DSN201
Number of poles 1P+N
Rated current In [A] 6...25
Sensitivity IΔn [mA] 10, 30
Type A, AC
Breaking capacities, to IEC IEC 61009-1 Icn [A] 6000
Tripping curves C
L1 N L1 N
Electronic
trip unit
IF
FE
The increasing usage of power electronics embedded in earthed devices may generate leak-
age currents that include a significant direct current or high frequency component that may
affect the reliability of standard type AC or type B residual current devices.
In order to get through this, type B residual current devices were introduced. They can assure
higher protection levels with the maximum operational continuity under whatever working con-
dition. For this reason, type B RCDs are considered universal devices because they provide
protection against all the tripping waveforms listed in the Standards EN 62423
Type B RCDs are suitable for non-linear circuits that are able to generate leakages with high di-
rect current (higher than 6 mA) and/or high frequency components. The main circuits that shall
be considered responsible for such leakages are:
4
– Single-phase or poly-phase rectifiers
– Rectifiers with high levelling capacity
– Rectifiers with active correction of the power factor
– Continuous voltage generator with no separation from a.c. networks (es. pannelli fotovoltaici)
– inverter at variable frequency
The main loads that include the above mentioned circuits are:
– motor starters at variable frequency with three-phase supply (industrial machine, lifts and
elevators,…)
– Photovoltaic plants
– UPS
– Recharging stations for electrical vehicles
– Frequency converter,
– Radiological machines (TAC, RMN,…)
The indicated maximum tripping times are also valid for A type RCDs, but increasing the cur-
rent values by a factor of 1.4 for RCDs with IΔn > 0.01 A and of factor 2 for RCDs with IΔn ≤
0.01
The range of ABB RCDs also includes APR (anti-disturbance) devices which trip according to
the limit times allowed by the Standards for instantaneous RCDs. This function is due to the
slight tripping delay (approx. 10 ms) relative to the standard instantaneous ones.
The graph shows the comparison of the qualitative tripping curves for:
– a 30 mA instantaneous RCD
– a 30 mA APR instantaneous RCD
– a 100 mA selective RCD (type S)
T (s)
0,5
0,3
0,2
0,15
0,13 APR 30 mA Selective 300 mA
0,10
0,06
Tripping time
0,05
0,04
0,01
Instantaneous 30 mA
0 Idn (mA)
30 60 100 150 300 600 1500
RCD-blocks type AE
Emergency stop using DDA 200 AE series RCD-blocks
The AE series RCD-block combines the protection supplied by the RCBOs with a positive safe-
ty emergency stop function for remote tripping.
In the AE version, the DDA 200 AE series RCD-blocks are available.
Advantages
Compared with the devices which are normally used in emergency circuits, DDA 200 AE
blocks have the following advantages:
– positive safety
– no unwanted tripping if there is a temporary reduction or interruption of the mains voltage
– efficient immediate operation even after long off-service periods of the installation
Use
Application of the DDA 200 AE blocks complies with the requirements of IEC 60364-8. They
are therefore suitable, for example, for escalators, lifts, hoists, electrically operated gates, ma-
chine tools, car washes and conveyor belts.
No more than one DDA 200 AE can be controlled using the same control circuit. Each DDA
200 AE requires a dedicated control circuit.
L max
1 2 3 n
W ≥ 1.5 mm
2
4
2
NAE Y1Y2
RAE/2 RAE/2
1 5
RAE/2 RAE/2
1 Polarised relay
2 Sensor winding
3 Induction toroid
4 Supplementary primary windings
5 Single or multiple push-button unit
6 Test button
Neutral on the left: standard busbar can be used Neutral on the right: special busbar required
N N
Protection against earth faults with RCDs | 2CSC 420 004 B0201 4/11
Solutions for protection against earth fault currents
ABB RCDs with special versions
RCDs 16 2/3Hz
F200 16 2/3 Hz are suitable for in distribution networks with frequency of 16 2/3 Hz: this kind
of network was developed at the beginning of 20th century for electrical traction systems
and is currently adopted in some European countries (e.g. Switzerland, Germany, Norway etc.)
Index
ABB RCDs 5/2
All ABB RCDs and their accessories comply with international product Standards IEC 61008,
IEC 61009 and UL 1053.
Consequently they are tested according to the standard IEC 61543, for electromagnetic com-
patibility of RCDs for household and similar use.
The quality mark is an additional guarantee that the product is compliant with safety standards.
This is issued by a third-party authority that authorises the marking on the product by issuing
the necessary certificate. The approvals obtained must be carried on the certified product,
clearly displayed with the technical features of the product.
5
The CE marking is a mark that must be affixed to certain types of products in order to verify
the compliance to all Community directives.
The manufacturer has the responsability to issue a self-certification, which states that the
product has been assessed and satisfies all health, safety and environmental requirements of
the Directives (European declaration of conformity).
AMERICA
Country Approval
Canada CSA
United States UL
Argentina IRAM
Brazil UCIEE
Naval approval
Country Approval
United States ABS
ASIA OCEANIA
Country Approval
Taiwan BSMI
China CCC
India BIS-ISI
Singapore PSB
Malaysia SIRIM
Australia OFT
New Zeeland OFT
Generally speaking a company submits the range of product that needs to be approved to
a recognized institution. The products withstand the tests foreseen by the Standards and, in
case of positive result, they issue a CB certificate and the approval.
By the mean of the CB certificate other approval company can acknowledge the request of
the manufacturer without carrying out additional tests. This is meant to quicken the release of
further approval when a product has been already tested deeply. The duration of the CB certifi-
cate is 3 years.
Every Nation has its own certification authority and a quality mark.
5
The obtained markings must be reported on the product.
Below is a map with main markings around the world
EUROPE
Country Approval
Austria ÖVE
Belgium CEBEC
Belarus STB
Denmark DEMKO
Finland FIMKO
France NF (LCIE)
Germany VDE
UK BSI
Italy IMQ
Norway NEMKO
Netherlands KEMA-KEUR
Portugal CERTIF
Russia GOST_R
Spain AENOR
Sweden SEMKO
Switzerland SEV
Ukraine GOST_Uk
Naval approval
Country Approval
France BV
Norway DNV
Germany GL
UK LR
Italy RINA
Russia RMRS & RRR
ABB System pro M Compact RCDs also have many national and international approvals.
Thanks to these approvals, the devices can be used without restriction as devices for the
world market.
For RCCBs there will be two kinds of marking on the product: for European countries there will
be a marking according to EN standards, while for the extra-European countries there will be a
marking according to IEC standards. In fact IEC and EN standards have few differences.
An example of such differences could be the rated voltage, which is 230/400 for EN and
240/415 for IEC.
All ABB SACE RCDs comply with the IEC 61008 and IEC 61009 Standards. In particular the
paragraph “Verification of resistance to mechanical shock and impact” requires submitting
RCDs to several mechanical shocks, during which the RCDs must not open.
Moreover, all RCCBs and RCD-blocks are immune to mechanically generated vibrations and to
5
electromagnetic effects, in compliance with the IEC 60068-2-6 Standards. For these reasons,
the major classification organisations (RINA, Lloyd’s Register of Shipping) consider ABB RCDs
suitable for marine, offshore and industrial applications. Besides this, the test button of ABB’s
RCDs also operate in low-voltage net applications (with 230V between two phases), so ABB
does not need a dedicated range for naval and low-voltage applications, since the standard
one can be used.
The naval approval authorities do not provide for affixing of marks either on product or on the
box label.
Index
Use of a 4P RCCB in a 3-phase circuit without neutral 6/2
Coordination between SCPD and F200 6/4
Selectivity using RCDs 6/7
Auto reclosing and remote control of RCDs 6/10
The test button circuit of these 4P F 200 RCCBs is wired inside the device between terminal
5/6 and 7/8/N as indicated below, and has been dimensioned for an operating voltage be-
tween 110 and 254 V (110 and 277 V according to UL 1053).
In case of installation in a 3-phase circuit without neutral, if the concatenate voltage is between
110 and 254 V (277 V according to UL 1053) for the correct working of the test button there
are two possible solutions:
1) To connect the 3-phase to the terminals 3/4 5/6 7/8/N and the terminals 4/3 6/5 8/7/N
(supply and load side respectively)
2) To connect the 3-phase normally (supply to terminals 1/2 3/4 5/6 and load to terminals 2/1
6
4/3 6/5) and to bridge terminal 1/2 and 7/8/N in order to bring to the terminal 7/8/N the
potential of the first phase. In this way the test button is supplied with the phases’ concate-
nate voltage.
If the circuit is supplied with a concatenate voltage higher than 254 V, as in the typical case of
3-phase net with concatenate voltage of 400 V - or 480 V according to UL 1053 - (and voltage
between phase and neutral of 230 V or 277 V according to UL 1053), it is not possible to use
these connections because the circuit of the test button will be supplied at 400 V and could be
damaged by this voltage.
Rest
In order to allow the correct operation of the test button also in 3-phase nets at 400 V - 480 V
according to UL 1053 - (concatenate voltage) it is necessary to connect the phases normally
(supply to terminals 1/2 3/4 5/6 and load to terminals 2/1 4/3 6/5) and to jump terminal 4/3
and 8/7/N by mean of an electric resistance as indicated above.
In this way, the test button circuit is fed at 400 V - 480 V according to UL 1053 - but for ex-
ample in an RCCB with IΔn=0.03 A there will be the Rest=3.3 kOhm resistance in series to the
test circuit resistance. Rest will cause a voltage drop that leaves a voltage less than 254 V in
the test circuit - 277 V according to UL 1053. Rest resistance must have a power loss higher
than 4 W.
In normal operation of the RCCB (test circuit opened) the Rest resistance is not powered, so it
does not cause any power loss.
If you are using an RCCB you must verify that the Short Circuit Protection Device (SCPD) pro-
tects it from the effects of high current that arise under short-circuit conditions.
The IEC 61008 provides some tests to verify the behaviour of RCCBs in short-circuit condi-
tions. The tables below provide the maximum withstanding short-circuit current expressed
in eff. kA for which the RCCBs are protected thanks to coordination with the SCPD installed
upstream or downstream.
The tests are performed with SCPD with a rated current (thermal protection) less than or equal
to the rated current of the associated RCCB.
F 202
Single-phases 230-240 V circuit
25 A 40 A 63 A 80 A 100 A 125 A
SN201L/S201L Na 4.5 4.5
SN201/S201 Na 6 6
SN201M/S201M Na 10 10
6 S202L 10 10
S202 20 20 20
S202M 25 25 25
S202P 40 25 25
S802N 36 36 36 36 36 36
S802S 50 50 50 50 50 50
Fuse 25 gG 100
Fuse 40 gG 60 60
Fuse 63 gG 20 20 20
Fuse 100 gG 10 10 10 10 10
Fuse 125 gG 10
F 202
400-415 V circuits with isolated neutral (IT) under double faults
25 A 40 A 63 A 80 A 100 A 125 A
SN201N/SN201/SN201M 3 3
S201L/S201L Na/S202L 4.5 4.5
S201/S201 Na/S202 6 6 6
S201M/S201M Na/S202M 10 10 10
S201P/S201P Na/S202P 25 15 15
S801N/S802N 20 20 20 20 20 20
S801S/S802S 25 25 25 25 25 25
F 204
Three-phases circuits with neutral (y/D) 230-240 V/400-415 V
25 A 40 A 63 A 80 A 100 A 125 A
S203L/S204L 4.5 4.5
S203/S204 6 6 6
S203M/S204M 10 10 10
S203P/S204P 25 15 15
S803N/S804N 20 20 20 20 20 20
S803S/S804S 25 25 25 25 25 25
Fuse 25 gG 50
Fuse 40 gG 30 30
Fuse 63 gG 20 20 20
Fuse 100 gG 10 10 10 10 10
Fuse 125 gG 10
F 204
Three-phases circuits with neutral (y/D) 133-138V/230-240V
25 A 40 A 63 A 80 A 100 A 125 A
SN201L 10 10
SN201 15 15
S201M 20 20
S203L/S204L 10 10
S203/S204 20 20 20
S203M/S204M 25 25 25
S203P/S204P 40 25 25
S803N-S804N 36 36 36 36 36 36
S803S-S804S 50 50 50 50 50 50
Fuse 25 gG 100
Fuse 40 gG 60 60
Fuse 63 gG 20 20 20
6
Fuse 100 gG 10 10 10 10 10
Fuse 125 gG 10
RCDs raise similar issues to those surrounding the installation of MCBs, and in particular the
need to reduce to a minimum the parts of the system which are out of order in the event of a
fault.
For RCBOs the problem of selectivity in the case of short-circuit currents may be handled with
the same specific criteria as for MCBs.
However, for correct residual current protection, the more important aspects are connected
with tripping times. Protection against contact voltages is only effective if the maximum times
indicated on the safety curve are not exceeded.
If an electrical system has user devices with earth leakage currents which exceed the normal
values (e.g.: presence of capacitor input filters inserted between the device phase and earth
cables) or if the system consists of many user devices, it is good practice to install various
RCDs, on the main branches, with an upstream main residual current or non-residual current
device instead of a single main RCD.
Horizontal selectivity
The non-residual current main circuit-breaker provides “horizontal selectivity”, preventing an
6
earth fault at any point on the circuit or small leakages from causing unwanted main cir-
cuit-breaker tripping, which would put the entire system out of order.
However, in this way, section k of the circuit between the main circuit-breaker and the RCDs
remains without “active” protection. Using a main RCD to protect it would lead to problems
with “vertical selectivity”, which requires tripping of the various devices to be coordinated, so
that service continuity and system safety are not compromised. In this case, selectivity may be
amperometric (partial) or chronometric (total).
A B
Vertical selectivity
Vertical selectivity may also be established for residual current tripping, bearing in mind that
in working back from system peripheral branches to the main electrical panels, the risk of un-
skilled persons coming into contact with dangerous parts is significantly reduced.
t [s]
Legend
A IΔ1 1 Theoretical safety
1
t1 curve
2 RCD A tripping cha-
2 racteristic
3 3 No-response limit
times
4
IΔ2
4 RCD B tripping
B
t2 characteristic
x IΔ
Example:
Downstream F200 A type 30mA
Upstream F200 A S type 300mA
Fault = 300 mA
Locations where remote controlled mechanisms are favoured include spacious or not continu-
ally manned work areas, such as water-treatment plants or radio stations, as well as automat-
ed plants for energy and operations management.
The use of a remote controlled mechanism allows the user direct and immediate access to the
installation even in remote or hard to access locations. Fast reconnection to the supply follow-
ing a fault scenario, in particular, saves considerable time and costs.
6
F2C-ARH auto reclosing device
The F2C-ARH is an autoreclosing device suitable for F202 30 mA and 100 mA usually used in
household applications. Unlike the F2C-ARI auto-reclosing unit, it does not require a separate
low voltage power supply, but can be supplied by the associated RCCBs (2-pole RCCBs up to
63 A – 30 mA and 100 mA) at the 230 V a.c. rated voltage.
Another feature that makes the product perfect for home applications is an internal control unit
that checks there are no insulation faults in the system before allowing the RCCB to reclose.
This ensures that re-closing occurs only in case of unwanted tripping of the RCCB (i.e. over-
voltages induced by electrical storms) and it guarantees continuity of power supply.
? ON!
30 mA 30 mA 30 mA
0 0 ON 0
OFF
≤ 3 sec
When the RCCB trips in presence of an insulation fault, the auto-reclosing device
does not allow re-closing.
? OFF!
30 mA 30 mA 30 mA
0 0 0
OFF OFF
1 2
≤ 3 sec
Index
General rules 7/2
Unwanted tripping of RCDs 7/4
Earth fault current with smooth DC 7/5
Where do we use residual current relays? 7/6
The selection of the most appropriate RCD protection depends on the following criteria:
– protection task in the installation
rated residual current IΔn
– type of residual current/characteristic of load
type of RCD (AC/A/F/B)
– resistivity against unwanted tripping/selectivity requirements
standard type/type S/short-time delayed type
– RCD product types
RCCBs, RCBOs, RCUs, CBRs, MRCDs
For each step we’ll provide a scheme that can support the user everytime he has to choose an
RCD that suits a given requirement or application.
Unwanted triping of RCDs can represent a side-effect because it affects the operational continuity.
It could also be wrongly considered a quality problem of the device.
Typical causes of unwanted RCD tripping could be:
– presence of leakage current with modest value but with high level of harmonics or high
frequency
– presence of transient impulsive currents (e.g. usually caused by opening and closing of
capacitive or inductive loads);
– overvoltages caused by lightning
– transient impulsive currents added to permanent leakage currents already present (eg.
caused by electronic devices)
The F200 type APR is ten times more resistant to unwanted tripping than standard ones (both
7
AC and A). Selective types are more resistant than APR types but they cannot be made with
sensitivity less than 100mA! (no additional protection against direct contact!!)
ABB classifies APR types as instantaneous. The F200 APR has higher resistance to unwanted
tripping than standard models. APR are made only with sensivity of 30mA because:
– they can be used to protect people against direct (addictional to insulation) and indirect
contact: complete protection and continuity of supply
– if higher sensitivities (> 30mA) are requested, ABB already offers selective types that guar-
antee higher resistance to unwanted tripping
APR types suit all applications where it is necessary to ensure safety and continuity of supply
while preventing unwanted tripping.
Typical examples of this can be found in these situations:
– Environments subjected to overvoltage due to lightning
– Simultaneous switching on of fluorescent lamps with electronic ballasts
– Simultaneous switching of IT apparatus (computers or electronic devices)
– Devices with capacitors which connect phases to the earth installed in long circuits
– Switching on of motor softstarter/speed variator.
Types B RCDs are inherently APR devices and therefore they can be used in case of unwanted
trippings as well. Compared with APR devices, type B can assure operational continuity even
in case of low ratings (30 mA) and in case of high frequency leakages.
In order to detect wave forms of earth fault currents similar to smooth direct (ripple free) or with high
frequency components, the type B RCDs have been introduced. Type B RCDs are not mentioned in
the reference standards for RCDs, IEC 61008-1 and IEC 61009-1. These kinds of devices are includ-
ed in the IEC 60755 technical report (general requirements for residual current operated protective
devices), in section 4.2.10.3, where all the additional types of residual currents which a B type RCD is
able to detect are specified. Besides this, International Standard IEC 62423 ed.2 has been published,
specifying the additional requirements for type B RCDs. This Standard can only be used together
with IEC 61008-1 (for RCCBs) and IEC 61009-1 (for RCD-blocks and RCBOs), meaning that type B
RCDs must comply with all requirements of IEC 61008/9. The Standard includes:
– definitions,
– requirements (they must be able to detect earth fault currents up to 1000 Hz),
– tests, in addition to the tests of IEC 61008/9.
Type B RCDs suit all cases where it is possible to have smooth direct earth fault currents or
high harmonic distortion, and type A devices are not able to guarantee the adequate level of
protection. Typical examples are:
– Three-phase a.c./d.c. converters where, in absence of double insulation, insulation defects
or earth faults can occur in the d.c. part of the circuit (downstream the rectifier).
– Three-phase UPS where, in absence of double insulation, insulation defects or earth faults
can occur in the d.c. part of the circuit (downstream the rectifier).
7
– Electro-medical devices where a.c./d.c converters inside the instruments are often used.
– Three-phase Frequency Converters where the earth fault current can have very high fre-
quency components or elevated harmonic distortion.
– In photovoltaic installations
For example, in PV installations a dangerous situation can occur in case of internal insulation break-
down between inverter DC and AC; in this case, some DC voltage could pass through the network.
In the case of earth fault currents or indirect contact on the network (AC side), type A (sensitive to
alternating and/or pulsating current with DC component) or type AC (sensitive only to alternating
current) RCDs are not able to detect the d.c. fault current. Inverters with no separation between the
AC side and the DC side require a type B RCD on the AC-side: IEC 60364-7 art. 712.413.1.1.1.2
“Where an electrical installation includes a PV power supply system without at least simple separa-
tion between the AC side and the DC side, an RCD installed to provide fault protection by automatic
disconnection of supply should be type B. If the PV inverter by construction is not able to feed D.C.
fault current into the electrical installation a B-type RCD is not mandatory”.
F202 B, F204 B
Main technical specifications F202 B, F204 B
Rated operating current [A] 25, 40, 63, 80, 125
Rated operating voltage [V a.c.] 230...400
Rated current sensitivity [mA] 30, 100, 300, 500
Number of poles 2, 4
Type B, B S (selective version)
Standard IEC 61008
IEC 62423 (for instantaneous version)
DIN VDE 0664 pt. 100 (for selective version)
Residual current relays are electronic devices for residual current monitoring and residual cur-
rent protection according to annex M of IEC 60947-2.
IEC 60947-2 is the standard of “Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear – Part 2: Cir-
cuit-breakers”. Devices according to this standard are intended for use by skilled people. In
fact, residual current relays use the circuit breaker as a switch device after detecting a fault
current by means of the external toroidal transformer.
Therefore, the reference standard explains the possibility of using residual current relays in
typically industrial contexts, where continuity of service is often critical and may be guaranteed
by the selectivity.
Generally, the residual current relays with external toroidal transformer are used for upstream
protection. Downstream, electromechanical RCDs (F200 for example) may be used for the
protection of the single terminal lines. It is important that the main switch is the last to trip after
a fault. A well-designed system ensures that only the part of the circuit affected by the fault
should be places out of service.
By setting the delay (adjustable on the front of the relay), it is possible to guarantee that the
first RCD to trip is the nearest to the fault.
In addition, it is possible to set the sensitivity IΔn. This is very useful especially in those com-
plex environments where it is difficult to planwhich users will be connected to the lines to be
7
protected in the first phase of design.
Index
ABB leading RCD technology 8/2
The ABB Group of companies operates in around 100 countries and employs about 145,000
people.
Technology leadership, global presence, application knowledge and local expertise are key fac-
tors in offering products, systems and services that enable ABB’s customers to improve their
businesses in terms of energy efficiency, reliability of networks and industrial productivity.
Furthermore, the ABB Low Voltage Division, always focused on excellence, has implemented
8
IRIS and SA8000 certifications in some of its factories: this is the standard of absolute impor-
www.abb.com/lowvoltage
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