BIOSTATISTICS ULTIMATE OBJECTIVE – improve

the health of individual and

STATISTICS: is a science and art which
community..
deals with collection, classification,
tabulation, presentation, analysis and
APPLICATION OF BIOSTATISTICS
drawing of conclusions from numerical
1. In Physiology & Anatomy
data.
 Define limits of normality in
BIOSTATISTICS; When statistics is
variables ( Pulse rate, BP ).
applied in biology (including human
 Find difference between means
biology, medicine and public health.
( Mean height of BSN boys <
BIOSTATISTICS It is generally used to
Mean height of boys in
refer recorded data such as number of
engineering ).
patient attending a hospital, no. of road
accidents, etc.  Find Correlation between height
FRANCIS GALTON (1822-1911) has and weight- whether weight
been called the father of biostatistics. increase or decrease
proportionately with height.
STATISTICAL ANALYSES
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS: Describe APPLICATIONS AND USES OF
the sample. Science of collecting, BIOSTATISTICS AS FIGURES
summarizing, presenting.  Leading causes of death
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS: Make  Important causes of sickness
inference about the population using what  Rise and Fall of particular disease
is observed in the sample.  Age and sex composition of
PRIMARILY PERFORMED IN TWO population.
WAYS,  Levels or standards of health
* HYPOTHESIS TESTING reached.
* ESTIMATION
DATA: are numbers which can be
WHAT DO BIOSTATISTICIANS DO? obtained from measurement or by
 Identify and develop treatments for counting.
disease and estimate their effects. Example (measurement)
 Identify risk factors for diseases.. • A nurse weighs a patient or takes a
 Design, monitor, analyze, interpret, patient’s temperature, a
an report results of clinical studies. measurement, consisting of a
 Develop statistical methodologies to number such as 150 pounds or 100
address questions arising from degrees or Fahrenheit, is obtained
medical/public health data.
 Locate, define and measure extent of Example (counting)
disease.  A hospital administrator counts
the number of patients-perhaps
 20-discharged from the hospital There are TWO TYPES OF DATA (or
on a given day. numbers): constants and variables.

Each of the above three numbers is a 1. CONSTANTS

datum, and the three taken together are • A constants, as its name suggests, is
data. something that does not vary or
change (or that may not be
susceptible to variation or change).
SOURCES OF DATA
• A constants has only one attribute
 Routinely Kept Records
or value.
Ex. Hospital medical records, for
• Any variable can be made into a
example, Hospital medical records
constant by reducing its expression
contain immense amounts of information
to only one of its values.
on patients, while hospital accounting
• A constants has no use in statistics.
records contain a wealth of data on the
That is, anything that is remains
facility’s business activities.
constant cannot be subjected to
 Surveys
statistical analysis.
Ex. The administrator of a clinic wishes to
EXAMPLE:
obtain information regarding the mode of
• We could keep the temperature of a
transportation used by patients to visit
room constant at 35°C during an
the clinic. If admission forms do not
experiment. In this case,
contain a question on mode of
temperature stops being a variable.
transportation, we may conduct a survey
2. VARIABLES
among patients to obtain this information.
 If, as we observe a characteristic,
 Experiments
we find that it takes on different
Ex. A nurse may wish to know which of
values in different persons, places,
several strategies is best for maximizing
or things, we label the
patient compliance (medicine). The nurse
characteristic a variable.
might conduct an experiment in which the
 A variable is a quantity that may
different strategies of motivating
vary from object to object.
compliance are tried with different
EXAMPLE:
patients. Subsequent evaluation of the
Diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, the
responses to the different strategies might
heights of adult males, the weights of
enable the nurse to decide which is most
preschool children, and the ages of
effective.
patients seen in a dental clinic.
 Reports
Ex. The data needed may already exist in
There are TWO TYPES OF VARIABLE.
the form of published reports
-Quantitative Variable
commercially available data banks, or the
-Qualitative Variable
research literature.
QUANTITATIVE VARIABLE
: one that can be measured in the usual
sense. TYPES OF RANDOM VARIABLE
: has values that are intrinsically Discrete and continuous
numerical. DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLE
: Measurements made on quantitative : characterized by gaps or interruptions
variables convey information regarding in the values that it can assume.
amount. : These gaps or interruptions indicate the
Examples: absence of values between particular
 The heights of adult males values that the variable can assume.
 The weights of pre-school children Example:
 The ages of patients seen in a  The number of daily admissions to
clinic a general hospital is a discrete
random variable since the number
of admissions each day must be
represented by a whole number,
QUALITATIVE VARIABLE such as 0, 1, 2, or 3. the number of
: has values that are intrinsically non- admissions on a given day cannot
numerical (categorical). be a number such as 1.5, 2.997, or
: Measurements made on qualitative 3.333.
variables convey information regarding  The number of decayed, missing,
attribute. or filled teeth per child in an
Examples: elementary school.
 Color of a person’s hair (black,
gray, red, brown) CONTINUOUS RANDOM VARIABLE
 Gender of child (male, female) : does not possess the gaps or
 Cause of death of newborn interruptions characteristic of a discrete
(congenital malformation, asphyxia, random variable.
…) : can assume any value within a
specified relevant interval of values
RANDOM VARIABLE assumed by the variable.
 Whenever we determine the height, Example:
weight, or age of an individual, the  The various measurements that
result is frequently referred to as a can be made on individuals such
value of the respective variable. as height, weight, and skull
 When the values obtained arise as a conference. No matter how close
result of chance factors, so that they together the observed heights of
cannot be exactly predicted in two people, for example, we can,
advance theoretically, find another person
 Observations or measurements are whose height falls somewhere in
used to obtain the value of a between.
random variable.
POPULATION – a group of individuals  The data should be made
that we would like to know something sufficiently concise without
about. losing important details.
PARAMETER – a characteristic of the  The data should presented in
population in which we have a particular simple form to enable the reader
interest. to form quick impressions and to
Example: draw some conclusion, directly
 The proportion of the population or indirectly.
that would respond to a certain  Should facilitate further
drug. statistical analysis.
 The association between a risk  It should define the problem and
factor and a disease in a suggest its solution.
population.
The FIRST STEP IN STATISTICAL
SAMPLE: may be defined simply as a ANALYSIS is to present data in an easy
part of a population. way to be understood.

SAMPLING: refer to the collection of The TWO BASIC WAYS FOR DATA
data in a discrete manner. PRESENTATION are:
 Tabulation.
MEASUREMENT: may be defined as  Charts and diagram
the assignment of numbers to objects or
events according to a set of rules.
FOUR MEASUREMENT SCALE:
 Nominal
 Ordinal
 Interval
 Ratio

PRESENTATION OF DATA;
This generally mean giving data a
desired form

PRINCIPLE OF PRESENTATION OF
DATA:
 Data should be arrange in such
a way that it will arouse interest
in reader.
TABULATION  Pie Diagram
:Can be simple or complex depending
upon the number of measurements of
single set or multiple sets of items.

Example; (simple table)

Title: Numbers of cases of various
diseases in Bicol Medical Center
Hospital in 2020.

GRAPHIC PRESENTATIONS used to

illustrate and clarify information.

TABLES are essential in presentation of

scientific data and diagrams are
complementary to summarize these
tables in an easy, attractive and simple
way.

THE DIAGRAM SHOULD BE:

 Simple
 Easy to understand
 Save a lot of words
 Self explanatory
 Has a clear title indicating its
content
 Fully labeled
 The y axis (vertical) is usually
used for frequency

VARIOUS CHARTS AND

DIAGRAMS:
 Bar Diagram
 histogram
 Frequency polygon
 Cumulative frequency curve
 Scatter Diagram
 Line Diagram
 x=
∑x Where: x = Observation
N
N = number of observations

MEDIAN
: is the “middle” value in the list of
numbers.
To find the median, we arrange the
observations in ascending order.
If is odd number of observations, the
Median is the middle value. If the
observation are in even numbers, the
median is the average of two middle
values.
MEASURES OF CENTRAL : is used when the data is more
TENDENCY scattered.
 it provides a very convenient way of
describing a set of scores with a  Median for Ungrouped Data
single number that describes the (ODD number of observations) “middle”
PERFORMANCE of the group. (EVEN number of observations)
 are numerical descriptive measures “Add the two divide by 2”
which indicate or locate the center of
a distribution or data set. MODE
:is the value which occurs most
There are THREE COMMONLY frequently in a set of measurements or
USED MEASURES OF CENTRAL values.
TENDENCY
 Mean There may two or more than two modes
 Median in a data.
 Mode
It is classified as unimodal, bimodal,
MEAN trimodal or multimodal.

: Is the most commonly used measures

of central tendency. When we speak of MEASURES OF RELATIVE POSITION
average, we always refer to the mean.  Are used to locate the relative position
set of values or measurements of data value in a data set.
: is the sum of all the measurements  Can be used to compare data values
divided by the number of measurements from different data sets.
in the set.
  Can be used to compare data values  If the quotient obtained is NOT a
within the same data set. whole number, round to the next
 Can be used to help determine outliers larger whole number.
within a data set.  If the quotient is a whole number,
 Includes z – (standard) score, use the value halfway between the
percentiles, quartiles and deciles. 𝐾𝑛/100 th+(𝐾𝑛/100+𝟏)th.

Z-SCORE: measures the distance PERCENTILE FOR A GIVEN DATA

between an observation and the mean, VALUE
measured in units of standard deviation. - Given a set of data and a data value x
value−mean Formula:
z( number
¿
of data
standard values less than x )
deviation
Percentile of score x ¿ x 100
total number of data values
Population Sample: QUARTILE
x−μ x −x
zx= zx ¿
σ s

 If the z score is positive, the score

is above the mean.

 If the z score is 0, the score is the

same as the mean.

 If the z score is negative, the score DECILE

is below the mean.

The PERCENTILE are the score points

which divide a distribution into one
hundred equal parts.