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Electrical Machines
Lecture: Basics of Power and 3-∅ Circuits
GC University Lahore
5.1 Real, Reactive & Apparent Power
• For DC, P=VI
• But for AC circuits, situation is more complex
• There can be a phase difference between the ac voltage and the ac
current
• The portion of power that, averaged over a complete cycle of the AC
waveform, results in net transfer of energy in one direction is known
as real power.
• The portion of power due to stored energy, which returns to the
source in each cycle, is known as reactive power.
5.1.1 Instantaneous Power
• The instantaneous power supplied to this load at any time t is
• 𝑃(𝑡) = 𝑣(𝑡)𝑖(𝑡)
• Always expressed in watts
• May be positive or negative
• Positive power flows into a device while negative power is flowing out
of the device
5.1.1 Instantaneous Power
• A single-phase voltage source supplying power to a single-phase load
with impedance 𝑍 = 𝑍∠𝜃 (load is inductive i.e current will lag)
𝑉𝑅𝑀𝑆
• Voltage applied to load is v(t) = 2 𝑉𝑐𝑜𝑠 ω𝑡 ∵ (𝑉𝑝 = )
2
• Here V is the RMS value of voltage
• Resulting current is i(t) = 2 𝐼𝑐𝑜𝑠 (ω𝑡 − θ)
• The instantaneous power
supplied to this load at any time t
is
𝑃(𝑡) = 𝑣(𝑡)𝑖(𝑡)
= 2𝑉𝐼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ω𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜔𝑡 − θ)
5.1.1 Instantaneous Power
5.1.1 Instantaneous Power
• 𝑃(𝑡) = 𝑣(𝑡)𝑖(𝑡) = 2𝑉𝐼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ω𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜔𝑡 - θ)
• Using trigonometric identities
• 𝑃 𝑡 = 𝑉𝐼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝜃) (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑤𝑡) + 𝑉𝐼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝜃) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑤𝑡
• The first term represents the power supplied to the load by the
component of current that is in phase with the voltage
• The second term represents the power
supplied to the load by the component
of current that is 90° out of phase
with the voltage
5.1.1 Instantaneous Power
5.1.2 Real Power
• First term of the instantaneous power expression is always positive
• Average value of this term is P=VI cosθ
• It is the average or real power (P) supplied to the load.
• Units are watt
5.1.3 Reactive Power
• Second term of the instantaneous power expression is positive and
negative for each half cycle
• Average value of this term is zero
• This term represents power that is first
transferred from the source to the load, and
then returned from load to the source
• It is Called reactive power Q=VI sinθ
5.1.3 Reactive Power
• By convention, Q is positive for inductive loads and negative for
capacitive loads,
• This is because the impedance angle (Ѳ) is positive for inductive loads
and negative for capacitive loads.
• The units of reactive power are volt-amperes reactive (var),
• where 1 var = 1 V X 1 A.
5.1.4 Apparent Power
• Q positive for inductive and negative for capacitive loads because of θ
• Units are VAR (volt amperes reactive)
• Apparent power (S) supplied to a load is defined as the product of
the voltage across the load and the current through the load (what is
different)
• This is the power that "appears" to be supplied to the load if the
phase angle differences between voltage and current are ignored, so
S=VI
• Units are Volt-Amp VA
5.1.5 Calculation of Power
• For constant impedance we can write
• 𝑃 = 𝐼2 𝑍 𝑐𝑜𝑠θ
• 𝑄 = 𝐼2 𝑍 𝑠𝑖𝑛θ
• 𝑆 = 𝐼2 𝑍
• In complex equation we can write
• S = P + jQ
5.1.6 Power Triangle
• The real, reactive, and apparent powers supplied to a load are related
by the power triangle
𝑃
• cos θ =
𝑆
𝑄
• 𝑆𝑖𝑛 θ =
𝑆
S
𝑄
• tan θ = Q = S Sinθ
𝑃
θ

P = S Cos θ
5.2 Power Factor
• The quantity cosθ is usually known as the power factor of a load
• “The power factor is defined as the fraction of the apparent power S
that is actually supplying real power to a load”
𝑃
• PF = cos θ = (ratio of real power to apparent power)
𝑆
• Note that cos θ = cos (- θ )
• it is customary to state whether the current is leading or lagging the
voltage whenever a power factor is quotedθ
5.2.1 Example
• Figure shows an ac voltage source supplying power to a load with
impedance Z = 20L - 30° ohm.
• Calculate the current I supplied to the load, the power factor of the
load, and the real, reactive, apparent, and complex power supplied to
the load

θ
5.2.1 Example
• Current supplied
𝑉 120<0
•𝐼= = = 6 < 30°
𝑍 20 <−30
• The power factor of the load is
• PF = cos θ = cos (-30°) = 0.866 leading
• Note that this is a capacitive load, so the impedance angle θ is
negative, and the current leads the voltage
θ
• The real power supplied to the load is
• P = Vl cosθ =(120 V x 6A) cos (-30°) = 623.5 W
5.2.1 Example
• The reactive power supplied to the load is
• Q = Vl sinθ =(120 V)(6A) sin (-30°)
• Q = -360 VAR
• The apparent power supplied to the load is
• S = VI = (120 V)(6A) = 720 VA
• The complex power supplied to the load is
θ
• S = VI = (l20< 0°)(6<-30° A)* = 720<30° VA
= 623.5 - j360 VA
• Today generation and transmission is in the form of 3-Φ AC circuits
• Three-phase ac power systems have two major advantages
• It is possible to get more power per kilogram of metal from a three-
phase machine
• The power delivered to a three-phase load is constant at all times,
instead of pulsing as it does in single-phase systems
5.3 3-Φ System
• A three-phase generator consists of three single-phase generators
• Voltages are equal but differing in phase angle by 120° from one
another
• Each of these three generators could be connected to one of three
identical loads by a pair of wires
𝑽
• The current flowing to each load is 𝑰 =
𝒁
5.3 3-Φ System

𝑖𝑐
c
b 𝑖𝐵
a 𝑖𝑎
R R R
𝑉𝑐𝑛 𝑉𝑏𝑛 𝑉𝑎𝑛
1 2 3
n
n
n
5.3 3-Φ System

𝑖𝑐
c
b 𝑖𝐵
a 𝑖𝑎
R R R
𝑉𝑐𝑛 𝑉𝑏𝑛 𝑉𝑎𝑛
1 2 3
n
n
n
𝑖𝑛 = 𝑖𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 + 𝑖𝑐 = 0
5.3 3-Φ Generation
5.4 Phasor Diagram
•1
5.4 Currents in each phase
• Current in each phase will be
𝑉∠0°
• 𝐼𝐴 = = 𝐼∠ − 𝜃°
𝑍∠θ°
𝑉∠120°
• 𝐼𝐵 = = 𝐼∠ − 120° − 𝜃°
𝑍∠θ°
𝑉∠−240°
• 𝐼𝐶 = = 𝐼∠ − 240° − 𝜃°
𝑍∠θ°
5.5 Circuits Connected with Common Natural
5.5 Circuits Connected with Common Natural
• How much current is flowing in the single neutral wire shown in
Figure
• The return current will be the sum of the currents flowing to each
individual load in the power system.
• This current is given by
• 𝑰𝑵 = 𝑰𝑨 + 𝑰𝑩 + 𝑰𝑪
5.5 Circuits Connected with Common Natural
• 𝑰𝑵 = 𝑰𝑨 + 𝑰𝑩 + 𝑰𝑪
• 𝐼𝑁 = 𝐼∠ − 𝜃° + 𝐼∠ − 𝜃° − 120° + 𝐼∠ − 𝜃° − 240°
• 𝐼𝑁 = 𝐼𝑐𝑜𝑠 −𝜃° + 𝑗𝐼𝑠𝑖𝑛(−𝜃°) + 𝐼𝑐𝑜𝑠 −𝜃° − 120° + 𝑗𝐼𝑠𝑖𝑛(−𝜃° −
120°) + 𝐼𝑐𝑜𝑠 −𝜃° − 240° + 𝑗𝐼𝑠𝑖𝑛(−𝜃° − 120°)
• Applying
• cos (α-β) = cos α cos β + sin α sin β
• sin (α-β) = sin α cos β - cos α sin β
5.5 Circuits Connected with Common Natural
• 𝐼𝑁 = 𝐼𝑐𝑜𝑠 −𝜃° + 𝑗𝐼𝑠𝑖𝑛(−𝜃°) + 𝐼[𝑐𝑜𝑠 −𝜃°)cos(120° +
𝑠𝑖𝑛 −𝜃°)sin(120° ] + 𝑗𝐼[𝑠𝑖𝑛 −𝜃° cos 120° −
𝑐𝑜𝑠 −𝜃° sin 120° ] + 𝐼[𝑐𝑜𝑠 −𝜃°)cos(240° +
𝑠𝑖𝑛 −𝜃°)sin(240° ] + 𝑗𝐼[𝑠𝑖𝑛 −𝜃° cos 120° −
𝑐𝑜𝑠 −𝜃°)sin(240° ]
• 𝐼𝑁 = 𝐼[𝑐𝑜𝑠 −𝜃° + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −𝜃°)cos(120° +
𝑠𝑖𝑛 −𝜃°)sin(120° + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −𝜃°)cos(240° +
𝑠𝑖𝑛 −𝜃°)sin(240° ] + 𝑗𝐼[𝑠𝑖𝑛(−𝜃°) +
𝑠𝑖𝑛 −𝜃° cos 120° − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −𝜃° sin 120° +
𝑠𝑖𝑛 −𝜃° cos 120° − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −𝜃°)sin(240° ]
5.5 Circuits Connected with Common Natural
• 𝐼𝑁 = 𝐼[𝑐𝑜𝑠 −𝜃° + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −𝜃°)cos(120° + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −𝜃°)sin(120° +
𝑐𝑜𝑠 −𝜃°)cos(240° + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −𝜃°)sin(240° ] + 𝑗𝐼[𝑠𝑖𝑛(−𝜃°) +
𝑠𝑖𝑛 −𝜃° cos 120° − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −𝜃° sin 120° + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −𝜃° cos 120° −
𝑐𝑜𝑠 −𝜃°)sin(240° ]
1 3 1 3
• 𝑰𝑵 = 𝑰[cos (−θ) − cos (− θ)+ sin (− θ) − cos (− θ)− sin
2 2 2 2
1 3 1
(− θ)] + jI[sin (−θ)− 2 sin (−θ)− 2 cos (−θ)− 2 sin (−θ) +
3
2
cos (−θ)]
5.5 Circuits Connected with Common Natural
• Solving above we will get
• 𝑰𝑵 = 0A
• As long as the three loads are equal, the return current in the neutral
is zero
• A 3-ϕ power system in which the three generators have voltages that
are exactly equal in magnitude and 120° different in phase, and in
which all three loads are identical, is called a balanced three-phase
system
5.6 Y or Star Circuit
• A connection of the sort shown in previous Figure is called a wye (Y)
connection because it looks like the letter Y.
• Another possible connection is the delta connection, in which the
three generators are connected head to tail
• Each generator and each load in a three-phase power system may be
either Y- or ∆connected
5.6 Y or Star Circuit

𝒊𝒂
a
𝒊𝒑𝒂
𝒊𝒂 , 𝒊𝒃 , 𝒊𝒄 = line currents 𝑽𝒂𝒏
𝑽𝒂𝒃 , 𝑽𝒃𝒄 , 𝑽𝒄𝒂 = phase voltage 𝑽𝒄𝒂 𝑽𝒂𝒃
𝑽𝒃𝒏
𝑽𝒂𝒏 , 𝑽𝒃𝒏 , 𝑽𝒄𝒏 = line voltage 𝑽𝒄𝒏
𝒊𝒂 , 𝒊𝒃 , 𝒊𝒄 = line currents n
𝒊 𝒃
b 𝒊𝒑𝒃 𝒊𝒑𝒄
𝑽𝒃𝒄
𝒊𝒄
c
 5.6 Y or Star Circuit
𝒊𝒂
a
𝒊𝒑𝒂
𝑽𝒂𝒏
𝑽𝒄𝒂 𝑽𝒂𝒃 𝑽𝒃𝒏
𝑽𝒄𝒏
n 𝑽𝒄𝒂 𝒊𝒄 𝒊𝒂
𝒊𝒃
b 𝒊𝒑𝒃 𝒊𝒑𝒄
𝑽𝒃𝒄 𝒊𝒃 𝑽𝒂𝒃
𝒊𝒄
c
𝑽𝒃𝒄
 5.6 Y or Star Circuit
𝒊𝒂
a
𝒊𝒑𝒂 −𝑽𝒃𝒏
𝑽𝒂𝒏
𝑽𝒄𝒂 𝑽𝒂𝒃 𝑽𝒃𝒏
𝑽𝒄𝒏
n 𝑽𝒄𝒏 𝒊𝒄 𝒊𝒂
𝒊𝒃
b 𝒊𝒑𝒃 𝒊𝒑𝒄
𝑽𝒃𝒄 𝒊𝒃 𝑽𝒂𝒏
𝒊𝒄
c
𝑽𝒃𝒏

𝑽𝒂𝒃 = 𝑽𝒂𝒏 − 𝑽𝒃𝒏

 5.6 Y or Star Circuit
𝒊𝒂
a
𝒊𝒑𝒂 −𝑽𝒃𝒏
𝑽𝒂𝒏
𝑽𝒄𝒂 𝑽𝒂𝒃 𝑽𝒃𝒏
𝑽𝒄𝒏
n 𝑽𝒄𝒏 𝒊𝒄 𝒊𝒂
𝑽𝑎𝒃
𝒊𝒃
b 𝒊𝒑𝒃 𝒊𝒑𝒄
𝑽𝒃𝒄 𝒊𝒃 𝑽𝒂𝒏
𝒊𝒄
c
𝑽𝒃𝒏

𝑽𝒂𝒃 = 𝑽𝒂𝒏 − 𝑽𝒃𝒏

5.6 Y or Star Circuit

−𝑽𝒃𝒏

𝒊𝒄
𝑽𝒄𝒏 𝑽𝑎𝒃
𝒊𝒂
30⁰

𝑽𝒂𝒏
𝒊𝒃
120⁰

𝑽𝒃𝒏
5.6 Y or Star Circuit

𝒊𝒄 𝑽𝑎𝒃
𝑽𝒄𝒏 −𝑽𝒃𝒏
30⁰
𝒊𝒂 𝑽
𝒊𝒃 𝒂𝒏
120⁰
𝑉∅ = 𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 𝑉𝑎𝑛 cos 30 + 𝑉𝑏𝑛 cos30
𝑉∅ = 𝑉𝑎𝑛 cos 30 + 𝑉𝑏𝑛 cos30
𝑽𝒃𝒏
5.6 Y or Star Circuit
• 𝑉∅ = 𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 𝑉𝑎𝑛 cos 30 + 𝑉𝑏𝑛 cos30
• 𝑉∅ = 𝑉𝑎𝑛 cos 30 + 𝑉𝑏𝑛 cos30
• 𝑉∅ = 𝑉𝐿 cos 30 + 𝑉𝐿 cos30
3
• 𝑉∅ = 2 𝑉𝐿 cos 30 = 2 𝑉𝐿
2
• 𝑉∅ = 3𝑉𝐿
5.6 Y or Star Circuit
• A Y-connected three-phase generator with an abc phase sequence connected to
a resistive load
• 𝑉𝑎𝑛 = 𝑉∅ ∠0°, 𝑉𝑏𝑛 = 𝑉∅ ∠ − 120°, 𝑉𝑐𝑛 = 𝑉∅ ∠ − 240°
5.6 Y or Star Circuit
• Since the load connected to this generator is assumed to be resistive,
the current in each phase of the generator will be at the same angle
as the voltage
• 𝐼𝑎 = 𝐼∅ ∠0°, 𝐼𝑏 = 𝐼∠ − 120°, 𝐼𝑐 = 𝐼∅ ∠ − 240°
• it is obvious that the current in any line is the same as the current in
the corresponding phase. Therefore, for a Y connection 𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼∅
• Relationship between line voltage and phase voltage is a bit more
complex
• 𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 𝑉𝑎 − 𝑉𝑏
• 𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 𝑉∅ ∠0° − 𝑉∅ ∠ − 120
5.6 Y or Star Circuit
• 𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 𝑉∅ − 𝑉∅ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −120° + 𝑗 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −120
1 3 3 3
• 𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 𝑉∅ − − 𝑉∅ − 𝑗 V∅ = V∅ +𝑗
2 2 2 2
3 1
• 𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 𝑉∅ 3 +𝑗 = 3𝑉∅ 𝑐𝑜𝑠30 + 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛30 = 3𝑉∅ ∠30
2 2
• So 𝑉𝐿𝐿 = 3𝑉∅
5.7 Delta circuits

𝑽𝒂𝒃 , 𝑽𝒃𝒄 , 𝑽𝒄𝒂 = phase voltage / line voltages

𝒊𝒂 , 𝒊𝒃 , 𝒊𝒄 = line currents 𝒊𝒂 a
a 𝒊𝒂𝒃
𝒊𝒂𝒃 , 𝒊𝒃𝒄 , 𝒊𝒄𝒂 = Phase currents 𝒊𝒄𝒂
𝑽𝒂𝒃 𝑽𝒄𝒂 𝑽𝒂𝒃
𝑽𝒄𝒂
𝒊𝒃 𝒊𝒃𝒄
c c b
𝑽𝒃𝒄 𝒊 𝑽𝒃𝒄
𝒄
b
5.7 Delta circuits
𝒊𝒂 a
a 𝒊𝒂𝒃
𝒊𝒄𝒂
𝑽𝒂𝒃 𝑽𝒄𝒂 𝑽𝒂𝒃
𝑽𝒄𝒂
𝒊𝒃 𝒊𝒃𝒄
c c b 𝒊𝒄𝒂
𝑽𝒄𝒂
𝑽𝒃𝒄 𝒊 𝑽𝒃𝒄 𝒊𝒂𝒃
𝒄
b 𝑽𝒂𝒃
𝒊𝒃𝒄
𝑖𝑎 + 𝑖𝑐𝑎 = 𝑖𝑎𝑏 𝑽𝒃𝒄
𝑖𝑎 = 𝑖𝑎𝑏 − 𝑖𝑐𝑎
5.7 Delta circuits
𝒊𝒂 a
a 𝒊𝒂𝒃
𝒊𝒄𝒂
𝑽𝒂𝒃 𝑽𝒄𝒂 𝑽𝒂𝒃
𝑽𝒄𝒂
𝒊𝒃 𝒊𝒃𝒄
c c b 𝒊𝒄𝒂
𝑽𝒄𝒂
𝑽𝒃𝒄 𝒊 𝑽𝒃𝒄 𝒊𝒂𝒃
𝒄
b 𝑽𝒂𝒃
𝒊𝒃𝒄
𝑖𝑎 + 𝑖𝑐𝑎 = 𝑖𝑎𝑏 𝑽𝒃𝒄
𝑖𝑎 = 𝑖𝑎𝑏 − 𝑖𝑐𝑎
5.7 Delta circuits
𝒊𝒂 a
a 𝒊𝒂𝒃
𝒊𝒄𝒂
𝑽𝒂𝒃 𝑽𝒄𝒂 𝑽𝒂𝒃
𝑽𝒄𝒂
𝒊𝒃 𝒊𝒃𝒄
c c b 𝒊𝒄𝒂
𝑽𝒄𝒂
𝑽𝒃𝒄 𝒊 𝑽𝒃𝒄 𝒊𝒂𝒃
𝒄 30
b 𝑽𝒂𝒃
𝒊𝒃𝒄 𝒊𝒂
𝑖𝑎 + 𝑖𝑐𝑎 = 𝑖𝑎𝑏 𝑽𝒃𝒄
𝑖𝑎 = 𝑖𝑎𝑏 − 𝑖𝑐𝑎

𝐼𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 ∠30 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒

5.7 Delta circuits

𝒊𝒄𝒂 𝐼𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 𝑖𝑎 = 𝑖𝑎𝑏 cos 30 + 𝑖𝑐𝑎 cos 30

𝑽𝒄𝒂
𝒊𝒂𝒃 𝑽𝒂𝒃 𝐼𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 𝐼𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 cos 30 + 𝐼𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 cos 30

𝒊𝒃𝒄
30
𝒊𝒄𝒂 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟑𝟎 𝐼𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 2 𝐼𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 cos 30
𝒊𝒂𝒃 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟑𝟎
−𝒊𝒄𝒂 𝒊𝒂 3
𝐼𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 2 𝐼𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒
2
𝑽𝒃𝒄 𝐼𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 3 𝐼𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒
5.7 Delta circuits
• 𝑉𝑎𝑛 = 𝑉∅ ∠0°, 𝑉𝑏𝑛 = 𝑉∅ ∠ − 120°, 𝑉𝑐𝑛 = 𝑉∅ ∠ − 240°
• Because the load is resistive, the phase currents are given by
• 𝐼𝑎 = 𝐼∅ ∠0°, 𝐼𝑏 = 𝐼∠ − 120°, 𝐼𝑐 = 𝐼∅ ∠ − 240°
5.7 Delta circuits
• In the case of the ∆ connection, it is obvious that the line-to-line
voltage between any two lines will be the same as the voltage in the
corresponding phase
• 𝑉𝐿𝐿 = 𝑉∅
• Relationship between line current and phase current is more complex
1 3
• 𝐼𝑎𝑏 = 𝐼𝑎𝑏 − 𝐼𝑐𝑎 = 𝐼∅ ∠0° − 𝐼∅ ∠ − 240 = 𝐼∅ − − 𝐼∅ +𝑗 I =
2 2 ∅
3 3
𝐼 −𝑗 𝐼 = 3𝐼∅ ∠ − 30
2 2
• So 𝐼𝐿𝐿 = 3𝐼∅
5.8 Power Relationships 3-∅ circuits
• Figure shows a balanced Y-connected load whose phase impedance is
𝑍∅ = 𝑍∠𝜃 .If the three-phase voltages applied to this load are given
by
• 𝑉𝑎𝑛 𝑡 = 2𝑉𝑠𝑖𝑛ω𝑡, 𝑉𝑏𝑛 𝑡 = 2𝑉𝑠𝑖𝑛(ω𝑡 − 120), 𝑉𝑐𝑛 𝑡 =
2𝑉(𝑠𝑖𝑛ω𝑡 − 240)
• The three-phase currents flowing in the load are given by
• 𝐼𝑎 𝑡 = 2𝐼𝑠𝑖𝑛(ω𝑡 − θ), 𝐼𝑏 𝑡 = 2𝐼𝑠𝑖𝑛(ω𝑡 − 120 − θ), 𝐼𝑐 𝑡 =
2𝐼(𝑠𝑖𝑛ω𝑡 − 240 − θ)
5.8 Power Relationships 3-∅ circuits
• So instantaneous power is
• 𝑃𝑎 𝑡 = 2𝑉𝐼𝑠𝑖𝑛ω𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛 ω𝑡 − θ ,
• 𝑃𝑏 𝑡 = 2𝑉𝐼𝑠𝑖𝑛 ω𝑡 − 120 𝑠𝑖𝑛(ω𝑡 − 120 − θ),
• 𝑃𝑐 𝑡 = 2𝑉𝐼(𝑠𝑖𝑛ω𝑡 − 240) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(ω𝑡 − 240 − θ)
5.8 Power Relationships 3-∅ circuits
• 𝑃𝑎 𝑡 = 𝑉𝐼[cos θ − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2ω𝑡 − θ ]
• 𝑃𝑏 𝑡 = 𝑉𝐼[cos θ − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2ω𝑡 − 240 − θ ]
• 𝑃𝑐 𝑡 = 𝑉𝐼[cos θ − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2ω𝑡 − 480 − θ ]
• 𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑃𝐴 + 𝑃𝐵 + 𝑃𝐶 = 3𝑉𝐼𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ
• 𝑃 = 3𝑉Φ 𝐼Φ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ
• Q= 3𝑉Φ 𝐼Φ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ
• 𝑆 = 3𝑉Φ 𝐼Φ
5.9 Δ-Y conversion and Y-Δ conversion

𝑅2 𝑅3 𝑅3 𝑅1 𝑅1 𝑅2
• 𝑅𝑎 = , 𝑅𝑏 = , 𝑅𝑐 =
𝑅1 +𝑅2 +𝑅3 𝑅1 +𝑅2 +𝑅3 𝑅1 +𝑅2 +𝑅3
𝑅𝑏 𝑅𝑐 𝑅𝑎 𝑅𝑏 +𝑅𝑏 𝑅𝑐 +𝑅𝑎 𝑅𝑐
• 𝑅1 = 𝑅𝑏 + 𝑅𝑐 + =
𝑅𝑎 𝑅𝑎
5.9 Δ-Y conversion and Y-Δ conversion
𝑅𝑎 𝑅𝑐 𝑅𝑎 𝑅𝑏 +𝑅𝑏 𝑅𝑐 +𝑅𝑎 𝑅𝑐
• 𝑅2 = 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑅𝑐 + =
𝑅𝑏 𝑅𝑏
𝑅𝑎 𝑅𝑏 𝑅𝑎 𝑅𝑏 +𝑅𝑏 𝑅𝑐 +𝑅𝑎 𝑅𝑐
• 𝑅3 = 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑅𝑏 + =
𝑅𝑐 𝑅𝑐
• Similarly we can write expression for impedances. However, note that
solution will be more complex because angles are involved
5.9.1 Assignment 2
• Write down conversion formula's for capacitance and inductance
connected in Δ and Y (2 marks)
• The star-connected load consists of a resistance of 15 Ώ, in series with
a coil having resistance of 5 Ώ, and inductance of 0.2 H, per phase. It
is connected in parallel with the delta-connected load having
capacitance of 90 μF per phase (Figure). Both the loads being
balanced, and fed from a three-phase, 400 V, 50 Hz, balanced supply,
with the phase sequence as R-Y-B. Find the line current, power factor,
total power & reactive VA, and also total volt-amperes (VA) (3 Marks)
5.9.1 Assignment 2
5.10 Analysis Of Balanced 3-∅ Systems
5.10 Analysis Of Balanced 3-∅ Systems