RL Circuit Transient

1. A series RL circuit is energized by 24C DC source applied at t=0. If the

resistance & inductance are respectively 10Ω & 1 H. Determine the
following
a. Equation of the current i
b. Time when i=1amp
c. Rate of charge of i when TC= 2
d. VR & VL when t = 0.04sec
e. Current when t= 0.03s
f. Time when VR & VL are equal
g. PR & PL when t =50ms

Solution:

When the switch is closed at t =0

By KVL↷:

V − V$ − V% = 0
V$ + V% = V
di
Ri + L = V
dt

1
 di
10i + 1 = 24
dt
d
Let D = → 𝐷 = 𝑑 − 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟
dt
Di + 10i = 24

𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝑖 = 𝑖D + 𝑖E
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑖 D
(𝐷 + 10)𝑖D = 24
𝐵𝑦 𝒊𝒏𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏:
24
𝑖D =
10
𝑖D = 2.4 𝐴
a. 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑖 E
(𝐷 + 10)𝑖E = 0
𝐴𝑢𝑥𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝑚 + 10 = 0
𝑚 = −10
𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠,
𝑖 E = 𝐶𝑒 _`
𝑖 E = 𝐶𝑒 abc`
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑖 D & 𝑖 E
𝑖 = 2.4 + 𝐶𝑒 abc` → 𝑒𝑞①
𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = 0, 𝑖 = 0 (𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡)
0 = 2.4 + 𝐶𝑒 abc(c)
𝐶 = −2.4
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝐶 𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑞①
𝒊 = 𝟐. 𝟒 − 𝟐. 𝟒𝒆a𝟏𝟎𝒕 → 𝒆𝒒②
𝐿 1
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 = 𝑇𝐶 = = = 0.1𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑅 10
b. 𝑡 = ? , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑖 = 1𝐴
𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑖 𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑞②
1 = 2.4 − 2.4𝑒 abc`

2
−1.4 = −2.4𝑒 abc`
0.583 = 𝑒 abc`
𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 ln 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠:
𝑙𝑛0.583 = 𝑙𝑛𝑒 abc`
−0.539 = −10𝑡
𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟑𝟗𝒔

|}
c. 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑇𝐶 =2
|~

di d
= (2.4 − 2.4𝑒 abc` )
dt dt
di
= (0 − 2.4(−10)𝑒 abc` )
dt

di
= 24𝑒 abc` → ③
dt
𝑡 = 2𝑇𝐶
𝑡 = 2(0.1), 𝑡 = 0.2
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑡 = 0.2 𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑞③

di
= 24𝑒 abc(c.€)
dt

di
= 3.25𝐴/𝑠𝑒𝑐
dt
d. V$ = ? & V% =? , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡 = 0.04𝑠

V$ = 𝑅𝑖

V$ = 10 (2.4 − 2.4𝑒 abc` )

V$ = 24 − 24𝑒 abc`

V$ = 24 − 24𝑒 abc(c.c‚)

𝐕𝐑 = 𝟕. 𝟗𝟏𝟐𝑽

3
 di
V% = 𝐿
dt
d
V% = 1 (2.4 − 2.4𝑒 abc` )
dt
V% = 24𝑒 abc`

V% = 24𝑒 abc(c.c‚)

𝐕𝐋 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝑽

e. i =? , when t = 0.03

𝑖 = 2.4 − 2.4𝑒 abc(c.cŠ)

𝒊 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐𝟐

f. 𝒕 =? 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝐕𝐑 = 𝐕𝐋

𝐕𝐑 = 𝐕𝐋

24(1 − 𝑒 abc` ) = 24𝑒 abc`

1 = 2𝑒 abc`

0.5 = 𝑒 abc`

𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ln 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠

𝑙𝑛0.05 = 𝑙𝑛𝑒 abc`

−0.693 = −10𝑡

𝑡 = 0.0693

g. 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟 P$ = ? , P% = ? 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡 = 50𝑚𝑠 = 0.05𝑠

for P$ :

𝐹𝑜𝑟 P$ :

P$ = V$ 𝑖

4
P$ = 24(1 − 𝑒 abc` ) (2.4 − 2.4𝑒 abc` )

P$ = 24”1 − 𝑒 abc(c.c•) – (2.4 − 2.4𝑒 abc(c.c•) )

P$ = 8.918 𝑊

for P% :

𝐹𝑜𝑟 P% :

P% = V% 𝑖

P% = 24𝑒 abc` (2.4 − 2.4𝑒 abc` )

P% = 24𝑒 abc(c.c•) (2.4 − 2.4𝑒 abc(c.c•) )

P% = 13.746 𝑊

5
2. In the circuit shown the switch is closed at position 1 at t=0 and then
moved to position 2 after 1ms. Find the time at which the current is zero
and reversing its direction.

Solution:

When the switch is closed at position 1, t =0

By KVL↷:

V − V$ − V% = 0
V$ + V% = V
di
Ri + L = V
dt

6
 di 1
™500i + 0.2 = 50š ™ š
dt 0.2
di
+ 2500i = 250
dt
d
Let D = → 𝐷 = 𝑑 − 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟
dt
Di + 2500i = 250
𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝑖 = 𝑖D + 𝑖E
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑖 D
(𝐷 + 2500)𝑖D = 2500
𝐵𝑦 𝒊𝒏𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏:
250
𝑖D =
2500
𝑖D = 0.1 𝐴
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑖 E
(𝐷 + 2500)𝑖E = 0
𝐴𝑢𝑥𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝑚 + 2500 = 0
𝑚 = −2500
𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠,
𝑖 E = 𝐶𝑒 _`
𝑖 E = 𝐶𝑒 a€•cc`
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑖 D & 𝑖 E
𝑖 = 0.1 + 𝐶𝑒 a€•cc` → 𝑒𝑞①
𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = 0, 𝑖 = 0 (𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡)
0 = 0.1 + 𝐶𝑒 a€•cc(c)
𝐶 = −0.1
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝐶 𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑞①
𝑖 = 0.1(1 − 𝑒 a€•cc` ) → 𝑒𝑞②
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 0 < 𝑡 < 𝑡 œ , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡 = 1𝑚𝑠, 𝑖 =?
𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑡 = 1𝑚𝑠 = 0.001 𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑞②
𝑖 = 0.1”1 − 𝑒 a€•cc(c.ccb)–
𝒊 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟏𝟖 𝑨

7
 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑤𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2 𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = 𝑡 œ = 1𝑚𝑠𝑒𝑐

By KVL:
V$ + V% = V
di
Ri + L = −V
dt
di 1
™500i + 0.2 = −50š ™ š
dt 0.2
di
+ 2500i = −250
dt
d
Let D = → 𝐷 = 𝑑 − 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟
dt
(D + 2500) i = −250
𝐵𝑦 𝒊𝒏𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏:
−250
𝑖D =
2500
𝑖D = −0.1 𝐴
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑖 E
𝑖 E = 𝐶𝑒 a€•cc(`a`œ)
Ÿ
𝑖 = −0.1 + 𝐶𝑒 a€•cc(`a` ) → 𝑒𝑞③
𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = 𝑡 œ = 1𝑚𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑖 = 0.0918 𝐴 𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑞③
Ÿ
0.0918 = −0.1 + 𝐶𝑒 a€•cc(`a` )
𝐶 = 0.192
𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝐶 = 0.192 𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑞③

8
𝑖 = −0.1 + 0.192 𝑒 a€•cc(`ac.ccb)
𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 =? 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑖 = 0,

0 = −0.1 + 0.192 𝑒 a€•cc(`ac.ccb)

0.521 = 𝑒 a€•cc(`ac.ccb)
𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 ln 𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒:
−2500(𝑡 − 0.001) = −0.652
(𝑡 − 0.001) = 0.00026
𝑡 = 0.00126
𝒕 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟔𝒎𝒔𝒆𝒄

9
3. In the series RL circuit shown, switch is closed at t=0, after 4ms switch
S2 is opened. Find the current in the intervals 0<t<t’ & t<t’ when t=4ms.

Solution:

S1 is closed at t=0

By KVL↷:

V − V$ − V% = 0
V$ + V% = V
di
Ri + L = V
dt
di 1
™50i + 0.1 = 100š ™ š
dt 0.1

10
 di
+ 500i = 1000
dt
d
Let D = → 𝐷 = 𝑑 − 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟
dt
Di + 500i = 1000

𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝑖 = 𝑖D + 𝑖E
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑖 D
(𝐷 + 500)𝑖D = 1000
𝐵𝑦 𝒊𝒏𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏:
1000
𝑖D =
500
𝑖D = 2 𝐴
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑖 E
(𝐷 + 500)𝑖E = 0
𝐴𝑢𝑥𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝑚 + 500 = 0
𝑚 = −500
𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠,
𝑖 E = 𝐶𝑒 _`
𝑖 E = 𝐶𝑒 a•cc`
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑖 D & 𝑖 E
𝑖 = 2 + 𝐶𝑒 a•cc` → 𝑒𝑞①
𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = 0, 𝑖 = 0 (𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡)
0 = 2 + 𝐶𝑒 a•cc(c)
𝐶 = −2
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝐶 𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑞①
𝑖 = 2(1 − 𝑒 a•cc` ) → 𝑒𝑞②
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 0 < 𝑡 < 𝑡 œ , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡 = 4𝑚𝑠, 𝑖 =?
𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑡 = 4𝑚𝑠 = 0.004 𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑞②
𝑖 = 2”1 − 𝑒 a•cc(c.cc‚) –
𝒊 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟐𝟗 𝑨
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑤𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ 2 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = 𝑡 œ = 4𝑚𝑠𝑒𝑐

11
By KVL↷:

V − V$ − V% = 0
V$ + V% = V
di
Ri + L = V
dt
di 1
™150i + 0.1 = 100š ™ š
dt 0.1
di
+ 1500i = 1000
dt
d
Let D = → 𝐷 = 𝑑 − 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟
dt
Di + 1500i = 1000
𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝑖 = 𝑖D + 𝑖E
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑖 D
(𝐷 + 1500)𝑖D = 1000
𝐵𝑦 𝒊𝒏𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏:
1000
𝑖D =
500
𝑖D = 0.667 𝐴
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑖 E
(𝐷 + 1500)𝑖E = 0
𝐴𝑢𝑥𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:

12
𝑚 + 1500 = 0
𝑚 = −1500
𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠,
𝑖 E = 𝐶𝑒 _`
Ÿ
𝑖 E = 𝐶𝑒 ab•cc(`a` )
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑖 D & 𝑖 E
Ÿ
𝑖 = 0.667 + 𝐶𝑒 ab•cc(`a` ) → 𝑒𝑞③
𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = 𝑡 œ , 𝑖 = 1.729 (𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡)
1.729 = 0.667 + 𝐶𝑒 ab•cc(c)
𝐶 = 1.062
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝐶 𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑞③
Ÿ
𝑖 = 0.667 + 1.062𝑒 ab•cc(`a` ) → 𝑒𝑞④
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑏𝑎; 𝑡 > 𝑡 œ
𝒊 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟔𝟕 + 𝟏. 𝟎𝟔𝟐𝒆a𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎(𝒕a𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟒)

13