Dual Theorem

The Dual Theorem concerning Aubert Line
Professor Ion Patrascu, National College "Buzeşti Brothers" Craiova - Romania

Professor Florentin Smarandache, University of New Mexico, Gallup, USA
In this article we introduce the concept of Bobillier transversal of a

triangle with respect to a point in its plan; we prove the Aubert Theorem
about the collinearity of the orthocenters in the triangles determined by the
sides and the diagonals of a complete quadrilateral, and we obtain the Dual
Theorem of this Theorem.
Theorem 1 (E. Bobillier)
Let 𝐴𝐵𝐶 be a triangle and 𝑀 a point in the plane of the triangle so that
the perpendiculars taken in 𝑀, and 𝑀𝐴, 𝑀𝐵, 𝑀𝐶 respectively, intersect the
sides 𝐵𝐶, 𝐶𝐴 and 𝐴𝐵 at 𝐴𝑚, 𝐵𝑚 and 𝐶𝑚. Then the points 𝐴𝑚, 𝐵𝑚 and 𝐶𝑚 are
collinear.
𝐴𝑚𝐵
Proof We note that =
𝐴𝑚𝐶
aria (𝐵𝑀𝐴𝑚)
(see Fig. 1).
aria (𝐶𝑀𝐴𝑚)
1
Area (𝐵𝑀𝐴𝑚) = ∙ 𝐵𝑀 ∙ 𝑀𝐴𝑚 ∙
2
̂ ).
sin(𝐵𝑀𝐴𝑚
1
Area (𝐶𝑀𝐴𝑚) = ∙ 𝐶𝑀 ∙ 𝑀𝐴𝑚 ∙
2
̂ ).
sin(𝐶𝑀𝐴𝑚
Since
1
̂ ) = 3𝜋 − 𝑚(𝐴𝑀𝐶
𝑚(𝐶𝑀𝐴𝑚 ̂ ),
2
it explains that
̂ ) = − cos(𝐴𝑀𝐶
sin(𝐶𝑀𝐴𝑚 ̂ );
𝜋
̂ ) = sin (𝐴𝑀𝐵
sin(𝐵𝑀𝐴𝑚 ̂ − ) = − cos(𝐴𝑀𝐵
̂ ).
2
Therefore:
̂)
𝐴𝑚𝐵 𝑀𝐵 ∙ cos(𝐴𝑀𝐵
= (1).
̂)
𝐴𝑚𝐶 𝑀𝐶 ∙ cos(𝐴𝑀𝐶
In the same way, we find that:

̂)
𝐵𝑚𝐶 𝑀𝐶 cos(𝐵𝑀𝐶
= ∙ (2);
̂)
𝐵𝑚𝐴 𝑀𝐴 cos(𝐴𝑀𝐵
̂)
𝐶𝑚𝐴 𝑀𝐴 cos(𝐴𝑀𝐶
= ∙ (3).
̂)
𝐶𝑚𝐵 𝑀𝐵 cos(𝐵𝑀𝐶
The relations (1), (2), (3), and the reciprocal Theorem of Menelaus lead
to the collinearity of points 𝐴𝑚, 𝐵𝑚, 𝐶𝑚.
Note Bobillier's Theorem can be obtained – by converting the duality

with respect to a circle – from the theorem relative to the concurrency of the
heights of a triangle.
Definition 1 It is called Bobillier transversal of a triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶 with

respect to the point 𝑀 the line containing the intersections of the
perpendiculars taken in 𝑀 on 𝐴𝑀, 𝐵𝑀, and 𝐶𝑀 respectively, with sides 𝐵𝐶, CA
and 𝐴𝐵.
2
Note The Bobillier transversal is not defined for any point 𝑀 in the
plane of the triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶, for example, where 𝑀 is one of the vertices or the
orthocenter 𝐻 of the triangle.
Definition 2 If 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 is a convex quadrilateral and 𝐸, 𝐹 are the

intersections of the lines 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐶𝐷, 𝐵𝐶 and 𝐴𝐷 respectively, we say that the
figure 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷𝐸𝐹 is a complete quadrilateral. The complete quadrilateral sides
are 𝐴𝐵, 𝐵𝐶, 𝐶𝐷, 𝐷𝐴, and 𝐴𝐶, 𝐵𝐷 and 𝐸𝐹 are diagonals.
Theorem 2 (Newton-Gauss)
The diagonals’ means of a complete quadrilateral are three collinear

points. To prove Theorem 2, refer to [1].
Note It is called Newton-Gauss Line of a quadrilateral the line to which

the diagonals’ means of a complete quadrilateral belong.
Teorema 3 (Aubert)
If 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷𝐸𝐹 is a complete quadrilateral, then the orthocenters

𝐻1 , 𝐻2 , 𝐻3 , 𝐻4 of the triangles 𝐴𝐵𝐹, 𝐴𝐸𝐷, 𝐵𝐶𝐸, and 𝐶𝐷𝐹 respectively, are
collinear points.
Proof Let 𝐴1 , 𝐵1 , 𝐹1 be the feet of the heights of the triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐹 and 𝐻1
its orthocenter (see Fig. 2). Considering the power of the point 𝐻1 relative to
the circle circumscribed to the triangle ABF, and given the triangle
orthocenter’s property according to which its symmetrics to the triangle sides
belong to the circumscribed circle, we find that:
𝐻1 𝐴 ∙ 𝐻1 𝐴1 = 𝐻1 𝐵 ∙ 𝐻1 𝐵1 = 𝐻1 𝐹 ∙ 𝐻1 𝐹1 .
3
This relationship shows that the orthocenter 𝐻1 has equal power with
respect to the circles of diameters [𝐴𝐶], [𝐵𝐷], [𝐸𝐹]. As well, we establish that
the orthocenters 𝐻2 , 𝐻3 , 𝐻4 have equal powers to these circles. Since the
circles of diameters [𝐴𝐶], [𝐵𝐷], [𝐸𝐹] have collinear centers (belonging to the
Newton-Gauss line of the 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷𝐸𝐹 quadrilateral), it follows that the points
𝐻1 , 𝐻2 , 𝐻3 , 𝐻4 belong to the radical axis of the circles, and they are, therefore,
collinear points.
Notes
1. It is called the Aubert Line or the line of the complete quadrilateral’s

orthocenters the line to which the orthocenters 𝐻1 , 𝐻2 , 𝐻3 , 𝐻4 belong.
4
2. The Aubert Line is perpendicular on the Newton-Gauss line of the
quadrilateral (radical axis of two circles is perpendicular to their centers’
line).
Theorem 4 (The Dual Theorem of the Theorem 3)
If 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 is a convex quadrilateral and 𝑀 is a point in its plane for which

there are the Bobillier transversals of triangles 𝐴𝐵𝐶, 𝐵𝐶𝐷, 𝐶𝐷𝐴 and 𝐷𝐴𝐵;
thereupon these transversals are concurrent.
Proof Let us transform the configuration in Fig. 2, by duality with

respect to a circle of center 𝑀.
By the considered duality, the lines 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑, 𝑒 and 𝑓 correspond to the

points 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶, 𝐷, 𝐸, 𝐹 (their polars).
It is known that polars of collinear points are concurrent lines, therefore

we have: 𝑎 ∩ 𝑏 ∩ 𝑒 = {𝐴′ }, 𝑏 ∩ 𝑐 ∩ 𝑓 = {𝐵′ }, 𝑐 ∩ 𝑑 ∩ 𝑒 = {𝐶 ′ }, 𝑑 ∩ 𝑓 ∩ 𝑎 = {𝐷′ },
𝑎 ∩ 𝑐 = {𝐸 ′ }, 𝑏 ∩ 𝑑 = {𝐹 ′ }.
Consequently, by applicable duality, the points 𝐴′ , 𝐵′ , 𝐶 ′ , 𝐷′ , 𝐸 ′ and 𝐹 ′

correspond to the straight lines 𝐴𝐵, 𝐵𝐶, 𝐶𝐷, 𝐷𝐴, 𝐴𝐶, 𝐵𝐷.
To the orthocenter 𝐻1 of the triangle 𝐴𝐸𝐷, it corresponds, by duality, its

polar, which we denote 𝐴1′ – 𝐵1′ − 𝐶1′ , and which is the Bobillier transversal of
the triangle 𝐴’𝐶’𝐷’ in relation to the point 𝑀. Indeed, the point 𝐶’ corresponds
to the line 𝐸𝐷 by duality; to the height from 𝐴 of the triangle 𝐴𝐸𝐷, also by
duality, it correspond its pole, which is the point 𝐶1′ located on 𝐴’𝐷’ such that
̂ ′ ) = 900 .
𝑚(𝐶′𝑀𝐶1
5
To the height from 𝐸 of the triangle 𝐴𝐸𝐷, it corresponds the point 𝐵1′ ∈
̂ ′ ) = 900 .
𝐴′𝐶′ such that 𝑚(𝐷′𝑀𝐵1
Also, to the height from 𝐷, it corresponds 𝐴1′ ∈ 𝐶′𝐷’ on C such that

𝑚(𝐴′ 𝑀𝐴1′ ) = 900 . To the orthocenter 𝐻2 of the triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐹, it will
correspond, by applicable duality, the Bobillier transversal 𝐴′2 − 𝐵2′ − 𝐶2′ in
the triangle 𝐴′ 𝐵′ 𝐷′ relative to the point 𝑀. To the orthocenter 𝐻3 of the
triangle 𝐵𝐶𝐸, it will correspond the Bobillier transversal 𝐴3 ′ − 𝐵′ 3 − 𝐶3 ′ in the
triangle 𝐴′ 𝐵′ 𝐶 ′ relative to the point 𝑀, and to the orthocenter 𝐻4 of the
triangle 𝐶𝐷𝐹, it will correspond the transversal 𝐴′4 − 𝐵4′ − 𝐶4′ in the triangle
𝐶 ′ 𝐷′ 𝐵′ relative to the point 𝑀.
̅̅̅̅ correspond to the

The Bobillier transversals 𝐴′𝑖 − 𝐵𝑖′ − 𝐶𝑖′ , 𝑖 = 1,4
̅̅̅̅.
collinear points 𝐻𝑖 , 𝑖 = 1,4
These transversals are concurrent in the pole of the line of the

orthocenters towards the considered duality.
It results that, given the quadrilateral 𝐴’𝐵’𝐶’𝐷’, the Bobillier transversals

of the triangles 𝐴’𝐶’𝐷’, 𝐴’𝐵’𝐷’, 𝐴’𝐵’𝐶’ and 𝐶’𝐷’𝐵’ relative to the point 𝑀 are
concurrent.
References
[1] Florentin Smarandache, Ion Patrascu: „The Geometry of Homological

Triangles”. The Education Publisher Inc., Columbus, Ohio, USA – 2012.
[2] Ion Patrascu, Florentin Smarandache: „Variance on Topics of Plane

Geometry”. The Education Publisher Inc., Columbus, Ohio, USA – 2013.

Dual Theorem

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Dual Theorem

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Dual Theorem

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

The Dual Theorem concerning Aubert Line

Professor Ion Patrascu, National College "Buzeşti Brothers" Craiova - Romania

In this article we introduce the concept of Bobillier transversal of a

Theorem 1 (E. Bobillier)

In the same way, we find that:

Note Bobillier's Theorem can be obtained – by converting the duality

Definition 1 It is called Bobillier transversal of a triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶 with

Definition 2 If 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 is a convex quadrilateral and 𝐸, 𝐹 are the

The diagonals’ means of a complete quadrilateral are three collinear

Note It is called Newton-Gauss Line of a quadrilateral the line to which

If 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷𝐸𝐹 is a complete quadrilateral, then the orthocenters

1. It is called the Aubert Line or the line of the complete quadrilateral’s

Theorem 4 (The Dual Theorem of the Theorem 3)

If 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 is a convex quadrilateral and 𝑀 is a point in its plane for which

Proof Let us transform the configuration in Fig. 2, by duality with

By the considered duality, the lines 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑, 𝑒 and 𝑓 correspond to the

It is known that polars of collinear points are concurrent lines, therefore

Consequently, by applicable duality, the points 𝐴′ , 𝐵′ , 𝐶 ′ , 𝐷′ , 𝐸 ′ and 𝐹 ′

To the orthocenter 𝐻1 of the triangle 𝐴𝐸𝐷, it corresponds, by duality, its

Also, to the height from 𝐷, it corresponds 𝐴1′ ∈ 𝐶′𝐷’ on C such that

̅̅̅̅ correspond to the

These transversals are concurrent in the pole of the line of the

It results that, given the quadrilateral 𝐴’𝐵’𝐶’𝐷’, the Bobillier transversals

[1] Florentin Smarandache, Ion Patrascu: „The Geometry of Homological

[2] Ion Patrascu, Florentin Smarandache: „Variance on Topics of Plane

You might also like