Operations of Integer:

Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division

Odd+ Even= Odd Odd- Even= Odd Odd* Even= Even Even/Odd= Even
Odd+ Odd= Even Odd- Odd= Even Odd * Odd= Odd Odd/ Odd= Odd
Even+ Even= Even Even- Even= Even Even* Even= Even Even/ Even= Even

Divisibility:
Checking Divisibility by 7:
01. Double the value of the units digit.
02. Subtract it from the number formed by the rest of the digits.
03. If the result is divisible by7, the entire number is divisible by 7.
Example: 567
Doubling the units digit (7) results in 14. Subtracting it from the rest of the digit, 56-14= 42.
42 is divisible by 7, so 567 is divisible by 7.

Checking Divisibility by 11:

3 0 2 1 7

Odd position Odd position Odd position

Even Position Even position
01. Find the odd and even positions of the number.
02. Subtract the even position numbers from the odd position numbers.
03. If the result is 0 or divisible by 11, the entire number is divisible by 11.
In 30217, odd position numbers are 3, 2, 7 and the even position numbers are 0, 1.
Sum of the odd numbers 3+2+7= 12 and some of the even numbers= 0+1=1
So, the difference is 12-1=11; which is divisible by 11. So, 30217 is divisible by 11.

Checking divisibility by big numbers:

01. Breakdown the number in smaller integers.
02. Check if the entire number is divisible by the small numbers.
Example: to check if the number is divisible by 36, it is enough to check if the number is
divisible by 4 & 9.
(Note: if it is a square, try not to choose the root integer. Breakdown the square in
different integers.)
Prime Numbers:
There are 25 Prime numbers between 1 and 100. These are –
2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13,17,19,23,29,31,37,41,43,47,53,57,61,67,71,73,79,83,89,97.
There’s a code to identify prime numbers from 1 to 100 at intervals of 10.
Interval 01-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80 81-90 91-100

No. of 4 4 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 1
Prime
numbers

Average:
Average Using the Deviation Method:
01. Pick a number as base value. It should be between the highest and lowest numbers.
02. Find the differences of the numbers from the base value.
03. Find the average of the differences.
04. Average of the numbers= Base value +average of the differences.

Inequalities: (Finding values for functions when they are given as

inequalities)
01. Inequalities of the function (a+b, a-b, ab, a/b) has to be determined from the given values
of variables.
02. Taking lowest and highest value of each variables and apply the function.
03. Among 4 different values, the highest and lowest value will constitute the inequality.
(See Problem 10,11 of class practice)
For example, 3<a<7 and -3< b< 6. Find the possible values of a+b.
For simplicity, we will consider 3 and -3 as lowest value and 7 and 6 as highest value.
Lowest (a)+ Lowest (b) Lowest (a)+ Highest (b)
3 + (-3) 3 + 6
=0 = 9
Highest (a)+ Lowest (b) Highest (a)+ Highest (b)
7 + (-3) 7 + 6
=4 = 13
Taking lowest and highest possible value, the inequality for a+b would be:
0< a+b< 13
Values to Remember:
Squares:
Base Square Base Square
0 0 50 2500
1 1 49 2401
2 4 48 2304
3 9 47 2209
4 16 46 2116
5 25 45 2025
6 36 44 1936
7 49 43 1849
8 64 42 1764
9 81 41 1681
10 100 40 1600
11 121 39 1521
12 144 38 1444
13 169 37 1369
14 196 36 1296
15 225 35 1225
16 256 34 1156
17 289 33 1089
18 324 32 1024
19 361 31 961
20 400 30 900
21 441 29 841
22 484 28 784
23 529 27 729
24 576 26 676
25 625
If you memorize up to 25, that’s enough to remember till 50. If you look at the table carefully,
you will see that the squares in the same row have similarities. To know the value of the larger
square in the same row, you have to follow some steps:
01. Subtract the smaller base number from the larger base number.
02. Multiply the result by 100.
03. Add it with the square of previous number.

Square Roots:
Base Square Root
1 1
2 1.414
3 1.73
4 2
5 2.2
6 2.4
 7 2.6
8 2.8
9 3
10 3.16

If you take a look at the square roots of numbers between 4 and 9, the roots are gradually
increasing by 0.2.

Cubes:
Base Cubes
1 1
2 8
3 27
4 64
5 125
6 216
7 343
8 512
9 729
10 1000
11 1331

L.C.M & H.C.F:

There are some common type of problems regarding LCM & HCF.
01. Common Reminder: (See class practice 01, take home assignment 01)
If a number when divided by some numbers leaves a common reminder, few steps should
be followed:
i. Find the L.C.M of the divisors.
ii. Add the common reminder with L.C.M
02. Common difference: (See class practice 02, take home assignment 03)
If a number when divided by some numbers leaves a different reminder in each case (the
difference between the divisor and the reminder remains same), then we need to do the
following:
i. Find the L.C.M of the divisors.
ii. Find the common difference between the divisor and the reminder
iii. Subtract the common difference from the L.C.M.
03. 1st number * 2nd Number= L.C.M. of the numbers * H.C.F of the numbers.
Fraction:
There are some fraction problems where there are no concrete data available. (See class practice
6, 7,9and take home assignment 7, 8). For this kind of math-
i. Try not to take X as the unknown value here.
ii. Pick a number by multiplying the denominators of all fractions. (Pick a common multiple of
the denominators.)
Example: if the given fractions are 3/5 and 7/12 while finding out another fraction, do not take
x as the unknown value, rather pick the multiple of the denominators. The product of 5 and 12
is 60. So, we can take any number which is a multiple of 60.

Percentage:
01. Most of the percentage problems can be solved by taking 100 instead of x.
02. Two-Factor Model/If-Then Model: (See Class practice 14)
If increased by If decreased by

X X
Y Y

Then, Decrease BY Then, Increase by

X X
X Y YX

50 1
If an amount is increased by 50%, it means it is increased by = . In order to bring in
100 2
1 1
back to the original value, decrease it by = =33.33%
1 2 3
20 1
If an amount is decreased by 20%, it means it is decreased by = . In order to bring in
100 5
1 1
back to the original value, increase it by = =25%
5 1 4

Fraction-Percentage-Decimal conversion:
Fraction Decimal Percentage
½ 0.50 50%
1/3 0.3333 33.33%
¼ 0.25 25%
1/5 0.2 20%
1/6 0.1667 16.67%
 1/7 0.142 14.2%
1/8 0.125 12.5%
1/9 0.111 11.11%
1/10 0.1 10%
1/11 0.0919 9.19%
1/12 0.0833 8.33%
1/16 0.0625 6.25%
1/20 0.05 5%
5
Now, to find the value of any fraction: (Example: )
12
1
01. Find the value of from the chart. (8.33%)
12
02. Multiply it by 5.
03. 8.33% * 5= 41.65%
Profit-Loss:
01. Profit-loss problems are related with percentage problems.
02. For profit/loss:
The percentage works on cost price.
For discount/ mark up- mark down:
The percentage works on selling price.
03. Successive Percentage Rate:
AB
Overall rate of change, R= A+B+
100
In here, if it is an increase in percentage, we take the positive value. If it’s a decrease
(Discount/loss) we take the negative value.
Example:
Consecutive discount of 10% and 15% will result in an overall discount of,
150
R= -10-15+ =-25+1.5=-23.5%
100

Ratio & Proportion:

01. For ratio & proportion rather than taking x, take a number which is a multiple of the LCM
of the denominators. (class practice 4)
02. Finding a portion from a ratio and total number : (class practice 5)
Ratio of given data
× Total number = Desired portion
Sum of the numbers in ratio
03. Some Conversions:
1 yard= 3 feet
1 feet= 12 inches
1 mile= 1760 yard = 5280 feet
Finding a Specific Value/Age:
01. Problems Related to number of posts: (class practice 6,7)
Perimeter
Enclosed Figure (Triangle, Circle, Quadrilateral etc.) =
Distance between 2 posts
Perimeter
Unenclosed Figure (Straight Line) = +1
Distance between 2 posts
02. For problems related to age, Back calculation is always easier. (class practice 8)
03. Answers are usually given in Ascending/ Descending order. Try option C in back
calculation to get an idea about the answer. (class practice 8)

Unitary Method:
Use the following equation: (class practice 10-13)

Food or Work1 = Food or Work2

Manpower/ machine`1 × Time1 Manpower/ machine`2 × Time2

Simple & Compound Interest:

For Simple and Compound Interest, just use these formula:
For simple interest, (class practice 14-16) Let,

Pnr I= interest
I=
100 P= Principal
For compound interest, (class practice 17, 18) n= no. of years
r n r= rate per annum
A = P× (1 + )
100
A = total amount
Average/Mean, Median:
01. Finding Average of a group of numbers: (class practice 19,20)
Follow the rules given in Lecture 1.
02. When one element replaces another: (class practice 21-23)
In = nx + out
Let, in = value of new element
n = number of elements
x= change in average
Out = value of old element.

Speed, Distance, Time:

01. Always remember the formula, Distance= Speed × Time.
02. If distance is constant, speed is inversely proportional to time. (class practice 3)
1
Speed ∝ [Distance constant]
Time
 03. If the distance remains the same for two cases (going to a place & returning), to find the
average speed from given speed, follow this formula: (class practice 1,5)

2S1S2 S1= speed of going somewhere

S =
S1+S2 S2= speed of returning

[N.B.: This formula can also be used if half distance is covered at a speed and another half
distance is covered at another speed.]

Rowing Boat, Current, Speed:

01. For these problems, you need to understand upstream and downstream first.
02. Use the following formulae:
i. B+C=D Let,
ii. B-C=U
B=speed of boat in still water
D U
iii. B=
2 C= speed of current
D U
iv. C= D= Downstream
2
v. D=U + (2 × C) U= Upstream
03. If you have to row to a place and come back, consider one part downstream and another
part upstream. (class practice 11,13,14)

Train & Speed:

01. Be careful about the desired unit in answer. Sometimes you have to convert from km/h to
m/s and vice versa. (class practice 15,16,18,20,21)

02.Conversion:
5
i. Km/h × = m/s
18
18
ii. m/s × = km/h
5
iii. 1 mile = 1.61 kilometer
03.Relative speed:
i. If two objects are going in the SAME direction, the relative speed is the DIFFERENCE
of their speed. (class practice 20,21)
ii. If two objects approach from OPPOSITE direction, the relative speed is the SUM of
their speed. (class practice 18)

04. To solve train related problems easily,

l1+l2
S1 ± S2 =
t
 Let, S1= Speed of train 1
S2 = Speed of Train 2/ Human/ Bridge/ Post [For bridge and post, S2= 0]
l1= length of train 1
l2 = length of train 2/ human/bridge/ post [for human and post, l2= 0]
t= total time taken

Comparing Travelled speed:

01. To compare time or speed, use “distance = speed × time” formula.
02. To find time to catch another object, (class practice 17)

𝐷istance already travelled by the object that started earlier

Catching time =
DIFFERENCE of their speed
03. To find time to meet two objects: (class practice 25)

𝐷istance 𝐲𝐞𝐭 to be travelled

Meeting time =
SUM of their speed

Mixture:
01. Try to follow the ultimate shortcut method while doing Mixture related problems.

Hashtag/ Spider / Spiral Method: (Class Practice 1-6)

Concentration Concentration 1 Concentration 2

Resultant Concentration

Ratio Concentration 1 - Resultant : Concentration 2- Resultant

Now, from the ratio we can easily find out the desired quantity.
02. Concentration of Water in any Solution = 0% (Class practice 4)
03. Concentration of anything pure = 100% Class practice 5)
04. This method can also be followed when there’s price per pound or something else. (Class
practice 2)

Set:
Follow the formulas of Cardinality:
i. All (A U B) = A + B – Both (A ∩ B) + None (Class practice 17,18)
 ii. Grid Method: (Class practice 19)

Activity A Activity B Total

Activity C A∩C B∩C Total C

Activity D A∩D B∩ D Total D

Total Total A Total B Total

Use this method when there are four types of similar variables or activities with mutual
portion among them.

Permutation & Combination, Probability:

i. Be careful while doing problems having permutation and combination.
Permutation is done when ARRENGEMENT is mentioned. Otherwise, do combination.
(Class practice 20)
ii. Choosing from different things, making numbers require permutation. Forming teams/
committee requires Combination. (Class practice 21,23)
iii. For Probability:
𝑇otal Desired Outcome
= Probability.
Total Possible Outcome
01. Be careful with terms like “or” & “and”. Addition and Multiplication both is needed
here. (Class practice 25,28)
02. Probability of anything will never exceed 1.

Triangles:
Ratios of sides:
If the triangle is a right angled triangle with angles measuring 30:60: 90, the opposite sides wll
also maintain a ratio of 1:√3 : 2.
If the triangle is an isosceles right-angled triangle measuring 45:45:90, the opposite sides will
maintain a ratio of 1:1:√2 .

Pythagorean Triplets:
3:4:5 15: 112: 113
 5:12:13 17:144:145
8: 15: 17 19:180:181

7:24:25 21:220:221

9:40:41 16:63:65

11:60:61 20:21:29

12: 35 : 37 20:99:101

13: 84: 85

Finding ratio starting with odd integers in Pythagorean triplets:

Square the odd integer (first one) and divide it by 2. The integers precedent and subsequent to it
are the two required number of the triplets.

Distribution of Areas:
When the medians of 2 sides intersects and the mid points of those two meet to form a triangle the
area is distributed as follows-

3
1
2 2
4
The ratio of newly formed triangles inside will follow the ratio of 1:2:2:3:4

Polygons:
(n  2) * 180
One angle of a regular polygon= [n= no. of sides in a polygon]
n
Circles:
ϴ
Area of Arc = × πr2, [ϴ=angle subtended by the arc from the Centre.]
360
ϴ
Length of the arc = × 2πr.
360

Coordinate Geometry:
Midpoints of a line:
x1+x2 y1+y2
x= y=
2 2

Length of a line:√ (x1-x2)2+ (y1-y2)2

y2-y1
Slope =
x2-x1

Rotation of Wheel:
r1n1= r2n2 [finding rotations/ radius of one wheel based on another]

Clock related problems:

For finding the angles between the hands of a clock:
11
| × minute hand- 30× Hour hand |
2

Angles:
01. The sum of two adjacent angles which makes a straight line is equal to two right angles or
180°.
02. When two straight lines intersect, the vertically opposite angles are equal.
03. When two parallel straight lines are intersected by a straight line-
a. The pair of exterior and interior alternate angles are equal
b. The pair of interior angles on the same side of the transversal are supplementary.
c. Pairs of corresponding angles are equal.
04. The lines which are parallel to a given line are parallel to each other.
Triangles:
01. The sum of the three angles of a triangle is equal to 180°.
02. If one side of a triangle is extended and an exterior angle is formed then the exterior
angle will be equal to the sum of two opposite interior angles.
03. The acute angles of a right angle triangle are complementary to each other.
04. If two sides of a triangle are equal, the angles opposite to the equal sides are also equal.
(vice versa)
05. If one side of a triangle is greater than other, the side opposite the greater angle is greater
than that of the lesser.
06. The sum of the lengths of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the third side.
07. The line segment joining the mid-points of any two sides of a triangle is parallel to the
third and half in length.
08. If two triangles are similar, their corresponding sides are proportional. (vice versa)
09. If one angle of one triangle is equal to an angle of another triangle and the side adjoining
the equal angles are proportional, the two triangles will be similar.
10. If the two angles of one triangle are equal to the two angles of the other, the two triangle
are similar.
11. The ratio of the areas of the two similar triangles is equal to the ratio of the areas of the
squares drawn of their corresponding sides.

Circles:
01. The perpendicular drawn from the Centre of the circle to a chord, bisects the chord.(vice
versa)
02. A straight line cannot intersect a circle in more than two points.
03. All equal chords of a circle are equidistant from the Centre. (vice versa)
04. The diameter is the greatest chord of the circle.
05. The angle at the Centre is double of the angle at the circumference.
06. The angle in the semi-circle is a right triangle.
07. The circle drawn with hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle as diameter passes through the
vertices of a triangle.
08. At any point of the circle the perpendicular to the radius is a tangent to the circle.