EX NO 1: STUDY OF TOTAL STATION

DATE: 12.05.2021

AIM:

To study concisely about total station, its components and its use in the
engineering field.

INTRODUCTION:

 A total station is a modern surveying instrument that is nowadays used

widely in fields like construction, civil engineering, mining, archaeology,
geology and surveying etc.
 A Total Station is a combination of Electronic theodolite, Electronic
Distance Measurement (EDM) and A microprocessor.
 A Total Station can be used to measure horizontal angle, vertical angle and
distance. A Total station is more accurate compared to the coordinate
measurements taken by the theodolite using triangulation and trilateration.
 A Typical Total Station can measure Distances upto 1500 meters with an
accuracy of about 1.5 mm ± 2parts per million and it can measure angles
with an accuracy of 0.5 arc seconds.

COMPONENTS OF A TOTAL STATION:

The following are the main Components of a Total station

1. Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM)

2. Electronic Theodolite
3. Microprocessor
4. A Prism reflector
5. Electronic Display

WORKING PRINCIPLE:

The Total station mainly measures three parameters - horizontal angle,

vertical angle and Slope distance. It works based on the principle that if the

1
co-ordinate of the instrument position and bearing of a Reference point is known,
The co-ordinates of any other point can be measured.

The measurement of these parameters is achieved with a modulated

microwave or infrared carrier signal, generated by a small solid-state emitted
from the instrument, which is reflected by the prism reflector or the object under
survey.

The reflected signal from the object or the prism reflector is received by the
Total station. The modulation Pattern in the returning signal is read and
interpreted by the onboard computer in the total station.

These data can be downloaded from the total station to a computer and
application software used to compute results and generate a map of the surveyed
data.

PARTS OF A TOTAL STATION :

Fig 1.Parts of a total station

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The body of a total station consists of two broad parts,

A. The upper part – Alidade

B. The lower part – Tribrach

The upper part alidade consists of Telescope , EDM, vertical and Horizontal
clamps , Upper plate tangent screw, etc.

The lower part Tribrach consists of foot screws, Levelling base clamp knob ,and
circular level.

I. TELESCOPE: The telescope is the part of the total station which is used to
direct the electric signal towards the object. The telescope consists of an
objective lens and an eyepiece. It also consists of an reticle having cross
hairs and a focusing circular screw which can be used to keep the target in
the object plane.
II. ANGLE MEASUREMENT SYSTEM:
For horizontal angle measurement, two glass circles within the
alidade are mounted parallel one on the top of other, with a slight
spacing between them . In a leveled total station, Horizontal angle
circles should be in horizontal plane.

For Vertical Angle measurement, two more glass circles are mounted
parallel with a small spacing between them.
III. AUTOFOCUS: It makes the telescope focus automatically to the target.
After aiming the telescope to the target, the autofocus button is pressed
such that the image plane in which the image formed aligns with the reticle
plane.
IV. MICROPROCESSOR: A Microprocessor controls, measures, computes,
reduces observations / data by providing commands through keyboard.
Some salient functions of microprosessor are:
 To make circles zero instantaneously.
 To observe angles by method of reiteration in either direction.
 Averaging multiple distances and angle observations.

3
  Reducing slope distance to horizontal and vertical distances.
 Computation of coordinates from horizontal angle and
horizontal distance components.
V. AUTOMATIC COMPENSATOR:
It helps the total station precisely indexed with respect to the
direction of gravity. It automatically aligns the vertical circles having 0˚
oriented precisely upward towards the north.
VI. PLUMMET: A Plummet is build either in the alidade or tribrach which helps
in centering the total station. There are two types of plummet namely,
optical plummet and laser plummet.
VII. COMMUNICATION PORTS: USB ports that enable the transfer of data from
the total station to the computer system for the purpose of analysis and
preparation of map etc.
VIII. TRIBRACH: The tribrach consists of screws which are primarily used for
leveling and it helps in fixing the instrument with the tripod.

TYPES OF TOTAL STATION:

1) Mechanical total stations

2) Robotic total stations
3) Prism total stations
4) Reflector less Total stations

HANDLING OF TOTAL STATION:

For the proper handling of a total station, The following points should be taken
care of

a) The instrument should be lifted by grasping the handle.

b) Before performing the temporary settings, the total station should be
fastened securely to the tripod by means of tribrach.
c) For moving between stations, the Total station should be transported with
due care.

4
 d) Before removing fram the Tripod , The foot screws should be brought to
the mid point of the post.
e) Total station should not be transported on the tripod.
f) Total station should be returned to the case with all locking mechanisms
released.
g) Tripods should be stored with its legs loosen or lightly clamped.

SETTING OF TOTAL STATION:

A] TEMPORARY ADJUSMENTS:

Temporary adjustment of a Total station consists of

I. FIXING: The fixing operation consists of Fastening the Total station with the
tripod stand along with approximate leveling and centering over the
station. For fixing the instrument, the tripod is placed over the station such
that the centre of the tripod lies above the station approximately. The
instrument is then fastened with the tripod by screwing through the base
plate. The height of the tripod should be maintained such that the observer
can conveniently see through the telescope.
II. CENTERING: After fixing the instrument on the tripod stand, look trough
the optical plummet and align the reticle with the station point. Turn the
leveling screws until the centre mark of the reticle is directly over the
station point.
III. LEVELING: Leveling is the process of making the horizontal axis of the
instrument truly horizontal. The following steps are to be followed to level
the instrument,
1. Loosen the upper plate clamp.
2. Rotate the alidade until the plate level is parallel with any two of the
leveling screws (say B and C)
3. Use leveling screws B and C to move the bubble into centre of the
level.
4. Rotate the alidade approximately 90˚ and use the leveling screw A to
move the bubble into center of the level.
5. Repeat the above steps to centre the bubble in both the positions.
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 6. Rotate the alidade 180˚, If the bubble in the plate level remains
centered, the instrument is leveled.
IV. SIGHTING: The sighting of Total station consists of two broad operations
namely Bisecting and Focusing.
To sight the instrument:
1. Adjust the diopter:
a. Aim the telescope at a blank area, such as the sky or a piece of paper.
b. Looking through the eyepiece , rotate the diopter ring until the
reticle crosshairs are in sharp focus.

2.Eliminate the parallax:

a. Aim the telescope at the target image.

b. Rotate the focusing ring until the target image is in sharp focus on the
reticle crosshairs.

c. Move your eye vertically and laterally to check whether the target
image moves relative to the reticle crosshairs. If the target image does not
move there is no parallax

3. Rotate the Tangent screw . the final turn of the tangent screw should be
in a clockwise direction, To align the target accurately on the center
crosshairs.

RESULT :

Thus the total station and its components are studied .

6
 EX 2: STUDY OF POSITIONAL ACCURACY

DATE: 20.05.2021

AIM:

To study the positional accuracy using Mobile GPS Application software.

SOFTWARE USED:

GPS Test Mobile App.

PROCEDURE:

1. The Mobile application software is installed and the initial settings such as
units and coordinate system are set.
2. Now the Personnel doing the experiment is made to stand on the point
where the observation has to be done.
3. The Latitude, Longitude and The Altitude value of the given point at a
particular time is noted down.
4. After 10 minutes, the procedure is repeated and the latitude , longitude &
altitude of the given point is observed again.
5. Similarly, For the same point , the experiment is repeated for 30 times.
6. From the observed values the mean value of latitude, longitude and
altitude are found out.
7. The standard deviation and the Variance are also calculated.
8. Now the graphs are plotted between Time Vs Latitude , Time Vs Longitude,
Time Vs Altitude.

For finding Geoidal undulation:

1. 5 observation stations (say A, B, C, D , E) are chosen.

2. The observer is made to stand on each point and Each altitude value is
noted down.
3. Now the Application Altitude settings is changed to Geoidal height.
4. The observer is again made to stand on each station and the Geoidal height
of Each station is noted down.
5. Now the geoidal Undulation is calculated as follows,
Geoidal undulation=Ellipsoidal height ¿ GPS−orthometric Height

7
OBSERVATION:

SL TIME (IN MINS) LATITUDE LONGITUDE ALTITUDE

NO (IN RAD) ( IN RAD) (IN M)
1 0 8.730898611 77.70691944 -35
2 10 8.7310225 77.70679139 -36
3 20 8.730921389 77.7068475 -52
4 30 8.731046389 77.70680056 -56
5 40 8.730914722 77.70690639 -41
6 50 8.730957778 77.70687083 -51
7 60 8.731021111 77.706875 -61
8 70 8.730931944 77.70682528 -38
9 80 8.730980556 77.70688444 -43
10 90 8.73096 77.70684667 -40
11 100 8.731034722 77.70683028 -37
12 110 8.731023333 77.70685222 -45
13 120 8.730908056 77.70683278 -39
14 130 8.730905 77.70688361 -55
15 140 8.730934444 77.70676806 -48
16 150 8.731051111 77.70671083 -62
17 160 8.731099444 77.70690806 -35
18 170 8.7310275 77.70687694 -44
19 180 8.730901389 77.70682167 -58
20 190 8.731071111 77.7068525 -41
21 200 8.730966111 77.70680972 -43
22 210 8.731096111 77.70676917 -59
23 220 8.730907778 77.70681972 -52
24 230 8.730968333 77.70682444 -58
25 240 8.730890556 77.70671083 -48
26 250 8.730917222 77.70691278 -51
27 260 8.731006944 77.70669861 -54
28 270 8.730898889 77.70694333 -57
29 280 8.730969167 77.70677167 -56
30 290 8.730863056 77.70682611 -42
Mean 8.730969843 77.70683303 -47.9
Standard Deviation 6.64906E-05 6.22269E-05 8.482639472
Variance 4.421E-09 3.87219E-09 71.95517241
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GRAPHS:

TIME VS LATITUDE:

Time Vs Latitude
8.73
8.73
8.73
8.73
Latitude (in rad)

8.73
8.73
8.73
8.73
8.73
8.73
0 20 40 60 80 10
0
12
0
14
0
16
0
18
0
20
0
22
0
24
0
26
0
28
0

Time (in mins)

TIME VS LONGITUDE:

Time Vs Longitude
77.71
77.71
77.71
77.71
Longitude (in Rad)

77.71
77.71
77.71
77.71
77.71
77.71
0 20 40 60 80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28

Time (in mins)

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TIME VS ALTITUDE:

Time Vs Altitude
0
0 20 40 60 80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28
-10

-20
Altitude (in m)

-30

-40

-50

-60

-70
Time (in mins)

FINDING GEOIDAL UNDULATION:

GEOIDAL
GEOIDAL HEIGHT ORTHOMETRIC UNDULATION
STATION NAME (IN m) HEIGHT (IN m) (IN m)
A 36 -64 100
B 27 -64 91
C 24 -63 87
D 23 -66 89
E 25 -69 94

RESULT:

Thus the positional accuracy is studied using GPS mobile Application.

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 EX 3: TRAVERSE ADJUSTMENT

DATE: 13.06.2021

AIM:

To study and adjust the given traverse stations which act as the control
points to shift the instrument while surveying and determine the positional
accuracy.

INSTRUMENTS USED:

Total station, Prism

TOTAL STATION:

A total station is an optical instrument commonly used in construction,

surveying and civil engineering. It is useful for measuring horizontal angles,
vertical angles and distance . It is an electronic transit theodolite integrated with
electronic distance measurement (EDM) to measure both vertical and horizontal
angles and the slope distance from the instrument to a particular point, and an
on-board computer to collect data and perform triangulation calculations.

TRAVERSE ADJUSTMENT:

 A Traverse consists of series of related points or stations, which when

connected by angular and linear values form a framework.
 The Purpose of a traverse surveys is to control subsequent detail, i.e. Fixing
of specific points to which details can be relates. The accuracy of the
control survey must be superior to that of the subsidiary survey.
 Present techniques used in traversing using total station as an open
traverse. The steps are as described below.
 GPS pair points are fixed at a convenient distance, approximately about 3
to 5km. Care has to be taken that the pair of GPS points is fixed at a reliable
distance (atleast 60m is advised for better results) and on good
monuments. These points are fixed in such a way that they are clearly inter

11
 visible and should cater for placing the total station firmly on the GPS
stations,
 Total station is to be checked for its calibration, prism constants for the
prisms to be set in the instrument to avoid errors.
 Total station is then used to conduct the traverse between the GPS points.
This type of traverse ensures that the survey is started from a known pair of
points and is closed on known pair of points. Care has to be taken that the
last bearing is also taken for correcting the Adjustment.
 There are several methods to correct the traverse adjustments. However,
in most of the cases Bowditch rule is considered to bethe most reliable. The
other methods like transit method, Crandall method, Least Square Methods
are used very rarely. The most accurate method which is known as a
adjustment correction by the least square method is used when the
accuracy required is very high. This method finds itself applicable in the
projects like tunnel works and works warranting for a higher the accuracy.
 We used transit rule method, in which the coordinate error is distributed in
proportion to the amount that various coordinates change between points.
 Northing adjustment = Change in Northing for traverse line to point / Sum
of absolute values of all changes in northing for all traverse lines × Northing
closure error
 Easting adjustment = Change in Northing for traverse line to point / Sum of
absolute values of all changes in northing for all traverse lines × Easting
closure error.

PROCEDURE:

1. Take all 6 points are traversed into closed network and all the coordinate’s
values are noted.
2. Our main aim to adjust the traverse station in order to remove the closing
error.
3. Calculate ΔX and ΔY with the help of X and Y coordinate’s. The

12
4. ΔX and ΔY calculated by subtracting the preceding station value from
succeeding one, the same computation is repeated for all the stations for X
and Y.
5. The error in the coordinates is computer by differencing the A value at start
and at end of the survey
6. By using transit rule the error of each coordinate is found by using that that
the corrected ΔX and ΔY is found,
7. Once closing error is adjusted then distance between the points is
calculated namely AB, BC, CD, DE, EF, and FA by,

8. Azimuth angle between the points is also calculated by,

9. Perimeter of the area is calculated by adding all the distance calculated and
area is calculated by

Sum1=(X1*Y2) + (X2*Y3) +(X3*Y4) +……….

Sum2= (Y1*X2) + (Y2*X3) + (Y3*X4) +……….

AREA= (Sum1-Sum2)/2

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OBSERVATION:

TRAVERSE STATIONS WITHOUT CORRECTION:

STATION X Y
A 5687.357 4394.487
B 5475.147 4801.165
C 4888.995 4737.896
D 5090.042 4311.602
E 5787.129 3801.254
F 6444.455 4255.892
A 5680.457 4393.995

GRAPH:

Traverse Adjustment
5300

4800

4300
X COORDINATE

3800

3300

2800
3600 3800 4000 4200 4400 4600 4800 5000 5200 5400 5600 5800
Y COORDINATE

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 Line ΔX ΔY
AB -112.21 406.678
BC -686.152 -63.269
CD 201.047 -426.294
DE 697.087 -510.348
EF 657.326 454.638
FA -553.399 138.103
  2907.221 1999.33
ERROR 203.699 -0.492
CORRECTION -203.699 0.492

GALES TRAVERSE TABLE:

COR X COR Y COR ΔX COR ΔY
-7.862 0.100 -120.072 406.778
-48.076 0.016 -734.228 -63.253
-14.087 0.105 186.960 -426.189
-48.842 0.126 648.245 -510.222
-46.057 0.112 611.269 454.750
-38.775 0.034 -592.174 138.137
-203.699 0.492    
ERROR:

ADJUSTED COORDINATES:
STATION CORRECTED COORDINATE X CORRECTED COORDINATE Y
A 5687.357 4394.487
B 5474.677 4801.265
C 4887.228 4738.012
D 5087.830 4311.823
E 5783.375 3801.600
F 6439.246 4256.350
A 5673.557 4394.487

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CALCULATED DISTANCE AND AZIMUTH:
CORR Cord
Cord Azimuth in degree
DISTANCE Azimuth
459.0218 332.398 332 23 51.56
590.8448 263.854 263 51 15.73
471.0396 154.794 154 47 39.12
862.6174 126.262 126 15 44.01
798.1006 55.264 55 15 51.86
778.0496 280.227 280 13 35.97

AREA COMPUTATION:

SUM 1 SUM 2
27306508.541 24058398.49
25939085.094 23464877.87
21072860.571 24106198.85
19341896.073 24936884.62
24616066.186 24479437.69
28297181.924 24148644.42
146573598.389 145194441.947
  1379156.442
Area 689578.22

RESULT:

The given traverse is adjusted using transit rule. The area is computed as
689578.22 sq.m and The perimeter is computed as 3959.6738 m.

16
 EX 4: GPS PREDICTION USING TRIMBLE GNSS PLANNING

DATE: 19.06.2021

AIM:

To determine the satellite navigation between two different locations and

interpreting them to find the effective period of time within a day (25/06/2021)
with the help of Trimble GNSS planning online.

SATELLITE NAVIGATION SYSTEM:

A satellite navigation or satnav system is a system that uses satellites to

provide autonomous geo-spatial positioning. It allows small electronic receivers to
determine their location (longitude, latitude, and altitude/elevation) to high
precision (within a few centimeters to metres) using time signals transmitted
along a line of sight by radio from satellites. The system can be used for providing
position, navigation or for tracking the position of something fitted with a receiver
(satellite tracking). The signals also allow the electronic receiver to calculate the
current local time to high precision, which allows time synchronisation. These
uses are collectively known as Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT).

A satellite navigation system with global coverage may be termed a global

navigation satellite system (GNSS).

GNSS SYSTEMS:

 GNSS-1 is the first generation system and is the combination of existing

satellite navigation systems (GPS and GLONASS), with Satellite Based
Augmentation Systems (SBAS) or Ground Based Augmentation
Systems (GBAS). In the United States, the satellite based component is
the Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS), in Europe it is the European
Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS), and in Japan it is
the Multi-Functional Satellite Augmentation System (MSAS). Ground

17
 based augmentation is provided by systems like the Local Area
Augmentation System (LAAS).

 GNSS-2 is the second generation of systems that independently provides a

full civilian satellite navigation system, exemplified by the European Galileo
positioning system. These systems will provide the accuracy and integrity
monitoring necessary for civil navigation; including aircraft. Initially, this
system consisted of only Upper L Band frequency sets (L1 for GPS, E1 for
Galileo, G1 for GLONASS). In recent years, GNSS systems have begun
activating Lower L-Band frequency sets (L2 and L5 for GPS, E5a and E5b for
Galileo, G3 for GLONASS) for civilian use; they feature higher aggregate
accuracy and fewer problems with signal reflection. As of late 2018, a few
consumer grade GNSS devices are being sold that leverage both, and are
typically called "Dual band GNSS" or "Dual band GPS" devices.

PNT:

PNT stands for Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT). PNT services are
provided by the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS).

The three elements of PNT are as follows:

 Positioning, the ability to accurately and precisely determine one's location

and orientation two-dimensionally (or three-dimensionally when required)
referenced to a standard geodetic system (such as World Geodetic System
1984, or WGS84)
 Navigation, the ability to determine the current and desired position
(relative or absolute) and apply corrections to course, orientation, and
speed to attain the desired position anywhere around the world, from sub-
surface to surface and from the surface to space;
 Timing, the ability to acquire and maintain accurate and precise time from
a standard (Coordinated Universal Time, or UTC), anywhere in the world
and within userdefined timeliness parameters. Timing also includes time
transfer.

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GNSS SYSTEMS IN USE:

Currently, the following GNSS system are in use,

 GPS(United States)
 GLONASS(Russia)
 Galileo(European Union-under development)

GPS:

GPS stands for Global Positioning System .The United States Department of
Defense (DoD) has developed the Navstar GPS, which is an all-weather, space
based navigation system to meet the needs of the USA military forces and
accurately determine their position, velocity, and time in a common reference
system, anywhere on or near the Earth on a continuous basis (Wooden, 1985).
GPS has made a considerable impact on almost all positioning, navigation, timing
and monitoring applications. It provides particularly coded satellite signals that
can be processed in a GPS receiver, allowing the receiver to estimate position,
velocity and time (Hofmann-Wellenhof et al., 2001). There are four GPS satellite
signals that are used to compute positions in three dimensions and the time
offset in the receiver clock.

19
GLONASS:

GLONASS is a global navigation satellite system, providing real time position

and velocity determination for military and civilian users. The satellites are
located in middle circular orbit at 19,100 km (11,900 mi) altitude with a 64.8°
inclination and a period of 11 hours and 15 minutes.

Satellites in orbit: 24

Coverage: Global

Total satellites: 26

Orbital height: 19,130 km

Manufacturers of satellite navigation devices say that adding GLONASS made

more satellites available to them, meaning positions can be fixed more quickly
and accurately, especially in built-up areas where buildings may obscure the view
to some GPS satellites. GLONASS supplementation of GPS systems also improves
positioning in high latitudes (north or south). Development of GLONASS began in
the Soviet Union in 1976. Beginning on 12 October 1982, numerous rocket
launches added satellites to the system, until the completion of the constellation
in 1995.

20
 After a decline in capacity during the late 1990s, in 2001, the restoration of
the system was made a government priority and funding increased substantially.
GLONASS is the most expensive program of the Roscosmos, consuming a third of
its budget in 2010. By 2010, GLONASS had achieved full coverage of Russia's
territory and in October 2011 the full orbital constellation of 24 satellites was
restored, enabling full global coverage.

The GLONASS satellites' designs have undergone several upgrades, with the
2020 latest version, GLONASS-K2, scheduled to enter service in 2022. An
announcement predicts the deployment of a group of communications and
navigational satellites by 2040. The task also includes the delivery to the Moon of
a series of spacecraft for orbital research and the establishment of a lunar
communications and positioning system.

Galileo:

Galileo is a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) that went live in 2016,
created by the European Union through the European Space Agency (ESA),
operated by the European Union Agency for the Space Programme (EUSPA),
headquartered in Prague, Czech Republic, with two ground operations centres in
Fucino, Italy,and Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany. The €10 billion project is named
after the Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei. One of the aims of Galileo is to provide
an independent high-precision positioning system so European nations do not
have to rely on the US GPS, or the Russian GLONASS systems, which could be
disabled or degraded by their operators at any time. The use of basic (lower-
precision) Galileo services is free and open to everyone. The higher-precision
capabilities will be available for free. Galileo is intended to provide horizontal and
vertical position measurements within 1- metre precision, and better positioning
services at higher latitudes than other positioning systems. Galileo is also to
provide a new global search and rescue (SAR) function as part of the MEOSAR
system.

Satellites in orbit: 27

Coverage: Global

21
Total satellites: 20

Orbital height: 19,130 km

IRNSS:

The Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS), with an operational

name of NavIC (acronym for Navigation with Indian Constellation; also, nāvik
'sailor' or 'navigator' in Indian languages),is an autonomous regional satellite
navigation system that provides accurate real-time positioning and timing
services.It covers India and a region extending 1,500 km (930 mi) around it, with
plans for further extension. An extended service area lies between the primary
service area and a rectangle area enclosed by the 30th parallel south to the 50th
parallel north and the 30th meridian east to the 130th meridian east, 1,500–6,000
km (930–3,730 mi) beyond borders.The system currently consists of a
constellation of seven satellites,[with two additional satellites on ground as stand-
by.

Some applications of IRNSS are:

o Terrestrial, Aerial and Marine Navigation

o Disaster Management
o Vehicle tracking and fleet management
o Integration with mobile phones
o Precise Timing
o Mapping and Geodetic data capture
o Terrestrial navigation aid for hikers and travelers
o Visual and voice navigation for drivers.

GPS GLONASS Galileo IRNSS

Satellites 21+3 spares 21+3 spares 27+3 spares 7
Orbital Planes 6 3 3 -

Orbital 55 degree 64.8 degree 56 degree 29 degree

Inclination

22
Orbital Radius 26,560 km 19100 km 23,616 km -

Country US RUSSIA EU INDIA

PROCEDURE:

1. The Website https://www.gnssplanning.com/ is opened.

Fig 1. Home page of the website.

2. Enter the latitude, longitude and height value for the first location.
Location: IRS
Latitude: 13˚0’33.36” N
Longitude: 80˚14’11.15”E
Height : 9m

23
3. Select the day, period, and time zone as follows.

4. Then click the apply icon, then click on the chart icon in the taskbar the
chart for the given time is generated and also the sky plot, World view also
generated.

Fig 2. Satellite Availability Chart

24
 Fig 3. Plane View For the given Coordinates

Fig 4. World View For the Given Coordinates

25
5. Repeat The Same Procedure For The Next Location.

6. Enter The details For The Next Location As follows

Location: Tirunelveli
Latitude: 8 ˚ 43’51.23 ” N
Longitude: 77 ˚ 42’24.57” E
Altitude: -30 m

7. Select the day, period, and time zone as follows.

8. Then click the apply icon, then click on the chart icon in the taskbar the
chart for the given time is generated and also the sky plot, World view also
generated.

26
Fig 5. Satellite Availability Chart for Location 2

Fig 6. Plane View For The Given Coordinates.

27
Fig 7. World View For the given Coordinates

28
OBSERVATION:

Number of Satellites at
Time (in 24 hrs) Number of satellites in IRS Tirunelveli
12:00 48 48
12:30 48 47
13:00 47 44
13:30 48 49
14:00 50 52
14:30 46 51
15:00 45 48
15:30 48 49
16:00 48 48
16:30 46 47
17:00 41 45
17:30 44 41
18:00 42 39

29
 60

50

40
No. Of Satellites

30 Number of
satellites in IRS

20
Number of
Satellites at
Tirunelveli
10

0
12:00 12:30 13:00 13:30 14:00 14:30 15:00 15:30 16:00 16:30 17:00 17:30 18:00
TIme (in Hrs)

Fig 8. Chart Comparing Satellite Availability at the two Locations

RESULT:

Hence the comparison chat clearly show that, 14:00-14:30 is the effective period
of time for the given 6 hours (12:00-18:00) for the given date 25/06/2021. Thus
the satellite navigation between two different locations effective period of time
with in a day (25/06/2021) is found with the help of Trimble GNSS planning
online.

30
 EX NO 5: STAKE OUT USING TOTAL STATION

DATE: 02.08.2021

AIM:

To Use the Total Station Stake out function to find a certain point in the
field.

INSTRUMENT REQUIRED:

Trimble M3 Total station, Reflector or Prism , Wooden Stakes.

STAKE OUT SURVEY:

 A construction stakeout survey involves driving wooden stakes in the

ground to identify the location of designed improvements. New
construction typically requires stake out for building foundations, columns,
pavement, curbs and utilities.
 We take the engineered design plans, architectural drawings, and structural
drawings of the site and building and compute the coordinated location of
these improvements.
 In addition to the horizontal location, a stakeout survey also tells the
surveyor at what elevation the improvements are to be. In other words, the
surveyor needs to know how far below or above the surface some things
must be and how much dirt he must move to meet the requirements of the
engineered design plans.
 The coordinates of the control points can be found out using GNSS.
 The Coordinates used for the survey can either be local coordinates or
Global Coordinates.
 After finishing the stake out survey the data can be further processed using
AutoCAD.

31
PROBLEM:

Fig 1. Building plan of the given stake out problem

Consider the above building plan. Here we are going to stake out the points 1, 2,
3, 4 using total station. Given the coordinates of the two control points CP1 and
CP2.

STATION EASTING NORTHING

CP1 1000 500

CP2 1010 500

32
PROCEDURE:

1. Now from the given building plan, The coordinates of the points to be stake
out are calculated beforehand with the help of the known coordinates of
the control points.

Point ID Code Easting Northing

101 CP 1000 500
102 CP 1010 500
1 P 1000 504
2 P 1004 502
3 P 1006 502
4 P 1010 504

2. After calculating the Easting and Northing of each point to be stake out,
These values can be stored as a .csv file that can be imported into the total
station.
3. If you are not importing a .csv file then the coordinate of each point can
simply input at the field itself.

AT THE FIELD:

1. The instrument is mounted on the tripod upon the control point CP1.
2. Using the leveling screws and Circular spirit level , Adjust the total station
level such that the horizontal axis is truly horizontal.
3. Using the eyepiece check whether the instrument is exactly above CP1.
4. Now switch on the total station equipment.
5. Click on the Trimble Access Software.
6. Goto Instrument -->Electronic level. The Screen Displays Three Bubble
levels ( 1 Circular and 2 linear ). Make sure they are levelled such that the
bubble is at the centre.
7. Now press accept.
8. To create a new job,
Goto Job --> New Job . In the New Job Window enter the job name , units
and then click Enter.

33
 9. Now to input the control point details, click on Measure station setup.
10.In the station setup window, Enter the station name as 101, Easting as
1000 and Northing as 500 and click Accept.
11.In the Next backsight window , Enter the Backsight name : 102, Easting as
1010 and northing as 500.
12.Now Place the prism on the point CP2 and point and focus the telescope on
the prism and click on measure.
13.Now the station values CP1 and CP2 are successfully stored in the system.

TO STAKEOUT:

1. Click on Stake out option

2. Enter the stake out point name as 1 and enter the Easting value as 1000
and Northing value as 504 and press enter.
3. Now the instrument displays the horizontal angle and horizontal distance
measurement.
4. Now using the above details navigate the prism reflector to the stake out
point and click measure.
5. The above step is repeated until the distance and Angle value tallies almost
near to zero.
6. Then click store and Save the stake out point.
7. Place wooden stakes on the stake out point.
8. The same procedure is repeated for point 2 as well.
9. Now The instrument is shifted to CP2 , as the points 3 &4 are not visible
from control point CP1 and the points 3 & 4 are also stake out in the same
manner.

34
CALCULATION:

STAKE OUT POINT 1:

Hz. Distance ¿ √ ( x 2−x 1 )2+( y 2− y 1)2

= √ ( 1000−1000 )2 +(500−504)2

= 4 m ( From CP1).

Hz. Angle (θ) = 90 ˚

STAKE OUT POINT 2:

Hz. Distance ¿ √ ( x 2−x 1 )2+( y 2− y 1)2

= √ ( 1004−1000 )2+(502−500)2

= 4.472 m ( From CP1).

35
Hz. Angle (θ) = tan
−1
( opp
adj )

¿ tan−1 ( 24 )
= 26 ˚ 33 ̍ 54 ̎

STAKE OUT POINT 3:

Hz. Distance ¿ √ ( x 2−x 1 )2+( y 2− y 1)2

= √ ( 1006−1010 )2+(502−500)2

= 4.472 m ( From CP2) .

Hz. Angle (θ) = tan

−1
( opp
adj )

¿ tan−1 ( 24 )
= 26 ˚ 33 ̍ 54 ̎

36
STAKE OUT POINT 4:

Hz. Distance ¿ √ ( x 2−x 1 )2+( y 2− y 1)2

= √ ( 1010−1010 )2 +(500−504)2

= 4m.

Hz. Angle (θ) = 90 ˚

37
FINAL LAYOUT:

RESULT:

The Given points are stake out on the field using Trimble M3 Total station.

38
 EX NO 6: OFFSET USING TOTAL STATION

DATE : 07.08.2021

AIM:

To find the coordinates of the unknown point using the offset function of
the total station.

INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED:

Trimble M3 Total Station , Prism reflector.

OFFSETS IN SURVEYING:

Definition: Lateral measurements to chain lines for locating ground features are
known as offsets.

Types: The offsets are classified according to direction and length, according to
direction it is of two types i.e., perpendicular offsets and oblique offsets,
according to length i.e., short offsets and long offsets.

(i) Perpendicular Offsets:

The distances measured at right angles to the chain line from the objects are
known as perpendicular or rectangular or right offsets such as CD .Usually the
offsets are perpendicular offsets. In the strict sense, an offset means a
perpendicular offset.

39
 Fig. Perpendicular offset from a building

(ii) Oblique Offsets:

All offsets which are not at right angles to the main survey lines are known as
oblique or tie line offsets such as CD and CE . When the object to be plotted is at a
long distance apart from the chain line or it is an important one such as a corner
of a building, oblique offsets are taken. These are also taken to check the accuracy
of right angled offsets and to locate the position of stations in various surveys.
Sometimes they help in reducing the number of main survey lines.

Fig. Oblique Offset from a building

Short and Long Offsets:

Generally the offsets are called short when they are less than 15 m in length and
long when their length exceeds 15 m.

40
The Offsets should as far as possible be short ones as they are less liable to be
erroneous due to incorrect length of tape or incorrect direction than if they are
long. Also short offsets can be measured more quickly and accurately than long
ones. Tie lines should be drawn to avoid long offsets.

PROCEDURE:

SINGLE DISTANCE OFFSET:

 Tap menu and select Measure / Measure topo.

 Enter the Point name and, if required, the Code.
 In the Method field, select Distance offset.
 In the Target height field, enter the height of the target.
 To set the perspective from which objects are offset, tap Options and
change the settings in the Servo/Robotic group box. For more information,
see Servo/Robotic.
 To preconfigure two values for the L/R offset, enter values in the Custom
L/R offset 1 and Custom L/R offset 2 fields. In the L/R offset field, enter the
left or right offset from the target to the object, if applicable.
 If you have configured custom offsets in the Options screen, tap and select
the offset. To set all three offset values to 0, tap and select Set offsets to 0.
If all three fields are set to 0 the measurement will be treated as an Angles
and distance measurement.
 The Set offsets to 0 option is also available from the In/Out offset and
V.Dist offset fields.
 Enter the In/Out offset from the target to the object, if applicable.  Enter
the V.Dist offset from the target to the object, if applicable.

41
  Tap Measure.If you selected the View before storage check box in the
survey style, the observation adjusted for the offset distance appears.
 Tap Store. The software stores the adjusted horizontal angle, vertical
angle, and slope distance in the point record, as well as an offset record
with the offset measurement details.

SINGLE DISTANCE OFFSET

ANGLE OFFSET MEASUREMENT:

1. Tap menu and select Measure / Measure topo.

2. Enter the Point name and, if required, the Code.
3. In the Method field, select Angle offset, H. Angle Offset, or V. Angle Offset.
4. When using the H.Angle offset measurement method, the target height
from the first observation is applied to the horizontal angle offset
observation.
5. When using Angle offset or V.Angle offset measurement methods you do
not need to enter the Target height. The offset measurements are to the
offset location and the target height is not used in any computations. To
ensure that a target height is not applied to the observation, a target height
of 0 (zero) is automatically stored to the software database.
6. If you are using Autolock technology, tap Options and select the Autolock
off for offsets check box to automatically disable Autolock for the offset
measurement and then re-enable it after the measurement.
7. Aim the instrument at the target, prism or, if using DR mode, at the object
to be measured.
8. Tap Measure.The first observation is displayed.

42
 9. Turn to the offset location and then tap Measure. The two observations are
combined into one.
10.If you selected the View before storage check box in the survey style, the
observation adjusted for the offset distance appears. Tap Store.

ANGLE OFFSET MEASUREMENT

DUAL-DISTANCE OFFSET MEASUREMENT:

By measuring the distance between the target point and the two offset
points. Set two offset points (target 1 and target 2) on a straight line from the
target point, measure the 1st and 2nd target, then input the distance between
the 2 nd target and the target point to find the target point.

Dual- Distance Offset Measurement

43
SAMPLE PROBLEM:

44
45
Coordinates of P = (853.7343 , 540.2635 )

RESULT:

Thus, the measurement of offset using Total Station is studied.

46
 EX NO 7: Remote Elevation Measurement (REM) & Missing Line Measurement
(MLM)
DATE: 09.08.2021

AIM:

To Use the Remote Elevation Measurement (REM) and Missing Line

Measurement (MLM) function of the total station.

INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED:

Total Station

Remote Elevation Measurement (REM):

The process of finding the height of objects without actually going to the
top of the object is known as Remote Elevation Measuring (REM) i.e., a total
station placed remotely (faraway) from the object is used to measure the heights.

Fig 1. Remote Elevation Measurement

Method: The prism is kept at the base of the object sight the telescope to the
prism, and measure the slope distance ‘d’, now tilt the telescope up-to the tip of
the object. The height of the object is displayed, from the bottom of the prism
depending upon the instrument.

47
This feature measures the elevation of a point where a prism can not be placed
directly. The measurement is extended along the plumb line while the elevation is
continuously displayed.

Missing Line Measurement (MLM) :

The process of finding the distance between two points A & B (which are not
inter-visible from each other) from another point ‘I’ (instrument position) is
known as MLM.

Fig 2. Missing Line Measurement(MLM)

This method is very useful for finding distances between two points which has an
obstruction between them. It is of two types:
1. Continuous
2. Radial
Distances can be obtained either in the continuous mode i.e., AB, BC,CD, DE,EF
etc., or in the radial mode i.e., AB,AC,AD,AE,AF etc.,
However, the field procedure is same for both only the selection of operation
varies. This is required when there are obstructions in between survey line.

48
PROCEDURE:

Remote Elevation Measurement (REM) :

1. The Instrument is setup on the station point and the Preliminary

adjustments are done.
2. Now Enter the Station setup details such as Easting (E), Northing(N) ,
Elevation(Z) and instrument height.
3. After the initial adjustments are done, REM function is chosen from the
menu.
4. Set the instrument to non-prism mode.
5. Now first sight at the starting position and click measure {MEAS} key
6. Now Sight the finishing point , click on MEAS and click on REM key.
7. Now the measured Distance is displayed on the screen.
8. Press ESC to finish the measurement.

Missing Line Measurement (MLM) :

1. The Instrument is setup on the station point and the Preliminary

adjustments are done.
2. Now Enter the Station setup details such as Easting (E), Northing(N) ,
Elevation(Z) and instrument height.
3. After the initial adjustments are done, MLM function is chosen from the
menu.
4. Set the instrument to non-prism mode.
5. Now first sight at the starting position and click measure {MEAS} key
6. Now Sight the finishing point and click on MLM key.
7. Now the measured Distance is displayed on the screen.
8. Press ESC to finish the measurement.

49
CALCULATION:

Remote Elevation Measurement (REM) :

Consider the following problem:

Find the Value of H. If while sighting the point P1, the values obtained are

α1= 30˚ 36‘ 42”; S1 = 23.56 m and

While sighting the point P2, The values Obtained are

α2 = 50 ˚ 21’ 00” ; S2= 31.7768 m

Solution:

V1 = S1 sin α1 = 23.56 sin 30˚ 36‘ 42” = 11.9971 m

V2 = S2 sin α2 = 31.7768 sin 50 ˚ 21’ 00” = 24.4668 m

H = V2 – V1

= 24.4668 – 11.9971

= 12.4697m

50
Missing Line Measurement (MLM) :

Consider the following problem:

Find the Horizontal distance between two points,

If while sighting the point P1, the values obtained are

HD = 16.969 m ; HA = 242˚ 56’ 54” and

while sighting the point P2, the values obtained are

HD = 2.700 m ; HA = 356 ˚ 52’ 59”

Solution :

Difference in Horizontal Angles = 356 ˚ 52’ 59”- 242˚ 56’ 54”

= 113˚ 56’ 5“

Using law of cosines,

a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc cos α

= 16.9692 + 2.700 2 – 2 x 16.969 x 2.700 x cos (113˚ 56’ 5“)

= 287.947 + 7.29 – (-37.17)

51
a2 = 332.411

a=√ 332.411

a = 18.232 m

RESULT:

Hence the REM function of the total station is used to find the vertical
distance between two points and the MLM function of the total station is used to
find the horizontal distance between two points.

52
 EX NO 8: RESECTION USING TOTAL STATION

DATE: 09.08.2021

AIM:

To use the resection function of the total staion to find the coordinates of
the unknown point .

INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED:

Trimble M3 total station, Reflector or prism

RESECTION:

In surveying, free stationing (also known as resection) is a method of

determining a location of one unknown point in relation to known points. The
process by which the position of an unknown points at which plane table is set is
determined & plotted o the plan with the help of two or more well-defined
station whose position are already plotted on the plan.

In this method, the line of sight passes from unknown points to known points &
the ray drawn is called as resector.

There are Two types of resection problem namely

1. Two point Resection problem.

2. Three point resection problem.

PROCEDURE:

1. The instrument is mounted on the tripod upon the Instrument station P.

2. Using the leveling screws and Circular spirit level , Adjust the total station
level such that the horizontal axis is truly horizontal.
3. Using the eyepiece check whether the instrument is exactly above
instrument station P.
4. Now switch on the total station equipment.
5. Click on the Trimble Access Software.

53
6. Goto Instrument -->Electronic level. The Screen Displays Three Bubble
levels ( 1 Circular and 2 linear ). Make sure they are levelled such that the
bubble is at the centre.
7. Now press accept.
8. To create a new job,
Goto Job --> New Job . In the New Job Window enter the job name , units
and then click Enter.
9. To do the resection,
click on Measure Resection

10. In the next Resection Window, Enter the details of the Instrument station
such as point name, instrument height etc and press accept.

54
11. In the next Resection Face Window, Enter the details of the known point1,
such as Easting , Northing etc.
12.Now the prism is setup at the known point 1 and the telescope is directed
at the prism and click Measure.
13.The point1 gets stored in the total station.
14.Click Enter.
15. In the next Resection Face Window, Enter the details of the known point2,
such as Easting , Northing etc.
16.Now the prism is setup at the known point 2 and the telescope is directed
at the prism and click Measure.
17.The point2 gets stored in the total station.
18.Click OK.
19.Now the Final easting and Northing values will be displayed in the next
Resection results window.

55
SAMPLE PROBLEM:

Consider The Following problem:

Where P is the instrument station , and A & B are the points with known
coordinates.

Point Name Easting (x) Northing (y)

A 500 890
B 510 875

It is also given that, from field observation

Distance of AP= 20.22m , BP = 27.72678 m and c = 40 ˚ 30’ 00”.

SAMPLE CALCULATION:

From point A to B,

Distance = √ ( x 2−x 1 )2+( y 2− y 1)2

= √ ( 510−500 )2 +(875−890)2

= 18.0278 m .

56
 x 2−x 1
Bearing (A to B) = tan
−1
[ y 2− y 1 ]
510−500
= tan
−1
[ 875−890 ]
= 33 ˚ 41’ 24.24” (SE)

Azimuth ( A to B) = 180 ˚ - 33 ˚ 41’ 24.24”

= 146˚ 18’ 35.76”

x 2−x 1
Bearing (B to A) = tan
−1
[ y 2− y 1 ]
500−510
= tan
−1
[ 890−875 ]
= 33 ˚ 41’ 24.24” (NW)

Azimuth ( B to A) = 360 ˚ - 33 ˚ 41’ 24.24”

= 326 ˚ 18’ 35.76”

Using Law Of Sines,

18.0278
'
sin 40 ˚ 30 00 }} = {AP} over {sin {b}} = {BP} over {sin {a} ¿ ¿

18.0278
'
sin 40 ˚ 30 00 }} = {20.22} over {sin {b}} = {27.7268} over {sin {a}¿ ¿

Therefore,
18.0278
'
sin 40 ˚ 30 00 }} = {20.22} over {sin {b} ¿ ¿

b= 46˚ 45’ 15.25”

And,
18.0278
'
sin 40 ˚ 30 00 }} = {27.7268} over {sin {a}¿ ¿

57
a = 87˚ 15’ 15.25”

For a triangle,

Sum of all internal angles = 180˚

Hence, a + b + c = 87˚ 15’ 15.25” + 46˚ 45’ 15.25” + 40 ˚ 30’ 00”

= 174 ˚ 30’ 30.5” ≠ 180 ˚

Difference in angle = 180 ˚- 174 ˚ 30’ 30.5”

= 5 ˚ 29’ 29.5”

This difference shall be added to angle to a

Therefore a = 87˚ 15’ 15.25” + 5 ˚ 29’ 29.5” = 92 ˚ 44’ 44.75”

a = 92 ˚ 44’ 44.75”

Azimuth from A to P = Azimuth from A to B + a

= 146˚ 18’ 35.76” + 92 ˚ 44’ 44.75”

= 239 ˚ 3’ 20.51”

Azimuth from B to P = Azimuth from B to A - b

= 326˚ 18’ 35.76” - 46 ˚ 45’ 15.25”

= 279 ˚ 33’ 20.51”

Coordinates @ P:

Using pt A (500, 890)

Easting @ P = Easting @ A + AP * sin (Azimuth from A to P )

= 500 + 20.22 x sin (239 ˚ 3’ 20.51”)

= 482.6579 m

58
Northing @ P = Northing @ A + AP * cos (Azimuth from A to P )

= 890 + 20.22 x cos (239 ˚ 3’ 20.51”)

= 879.6028 m

Using pt B (510, 875) :

Easting @ P = Easting @ B + BP * sin (Azimuth from B to P )

= 510 + 27.7268 x sin (279 ˚ 33’ 20.51”)

= 482.6579 m

Northing @ P = Northing @ B + BP * cos (Azimuth from B to P )

= 875 + 27.7268 x cos (279 ˚ 33’ 20.51”)

= 879.6028 m

Therefore, coordinates @ P = Avg of the above two results

P (x, y) = ( 482.6579 , 879.6028 )

RESULT:

Hence the resection function of the total station is used to find the
unknown coordinates of the instrument station.

59