COMPROMISE

PROGRAMMING
Introduction
◦ “Investors, of course, are looking for businesses in which
management can buy low, sell high, collect early, and pay late.
The business plan needs to spell out how close to that ideal the
new venture is expected to come”
◦ William A. Sahlman 1997
◦ Professor of Business Administration at the Harvard Business School.
Compromise programming (CP)

◦ CP is a complement to MOP
◦ Allows to reduce the set of efficient solutions to a more
reasonable size without demanding any information from the DM
◦ Without assumptions on the utility function of the DM
◦ The basic idea in CP is to identify an ideal or utopian solution
which is only a point of reference for the DM.
◦ CP assumes that any DM seeks a solution as close as possible to
the ideal point, possibly the only assumption made by CP about
human preferences
 Distance function

◦ To find out the set of solutions closest to the ideal point we need to
introduce the concept of distance
◦ The concept of distance is not used in its geometric sense, but as a
proxy measure for human preferences.
I Concept of Distance Measures

Pythagorean or Euclidean Distance

d = [(2-10)2 + (3-8)2 ]1/2 = 9.43

Extension of the Distance
◦ Pythagorean or Euclidean Distance

$/&
𝑑= x$$ − x$& & − x$& − x&& &
◦ Extension to the n-dimension space

$ ⁄&
+
&
𝑑 = ( 𝑥*$ − 𝑥*&
*,$
 Family of Lp Metrics
◦ The notion of distance can be genralized to Lp

$ ⁄0
+
0
𝐿$ 𝑊 = ( 𝑥*$ − 𝑥*&
*,$
Lp distances example

L$ = 2 − 10 $ + 3 − 8 & $ = 13

L& = 2 − 10 & + 3−8 & $/& = 9.43

L2 = 2 − 10 2 + 3−8 2 $/2 =8.6

L< = 2 − 10 < + 3−8 < $/< = 8.02

L= = 2 − 10 = + 3−8 = $/= =8
 Lp metrics

◦ In a strict two-dimensional geometric sense the use of Lp metrics for values

of the parameter p greater than two is meaningless
◦ It would mean the existence of distances shorter than the straight line!
◦ The use of Lp metrics is very useful, if not used in a geometric sense as a measure
for human preferences.
Lp metrics
◦ Observe that
◦ L1 = 13
◦ L2 = 9.43
◦ As P increases more weight is given to the largest deviation
◦ L∞ = 8 or │2-10│
◦ Thus when P →∞ the distance is given exclusively by the largest deviation

◦ All possible distances are bounded by the 'longest', the L 1 metric,

and the 'shortest', the L∞ metric, distances.
◦ It is also called the Chebyshev distance
Discrete approximation of the best
Compromise Solution

◦ Zeleney’s (1972) Axiom of Choice: The best-compromise solution is the

nearest solution to the ideal
◦ Calculate distances between the set of solutions and the ideal
◦ Let’s call the ideal Z*j
 Discrete approximation of the
best Compromise Solution (cont.)
◦ The degree of closeness between the objective Zj(x) and it’s ideal is
given by the distance dj

dj = Z*j - Zj(x) if Zj(x) is to maximize

or
dj = Zj(x) - Z*j if Zj(x) is to minimize or

◦ Deviations should be normalized to avoid biases towards objectives

with large numericals
Normalize using Ideal and anti-ideal

𝑍*∗ − 𝑍* (𝑥B
𝑑* =
𝑍*∗ − 𝑍*?

◦ 𝑍*? is the anti-ideal or nadir point for the jth objective

◦ The normalised degrees of closeness are bounded between 0 and 1;
◦ When an objective achieves its ideal solution then the degree of closeness
is 0
Normalize using Ideal and
anti-ideal
◦ when an objective achieves its anti-ideal solution then the
degree of closeness is 1.
◦ The normalised degrees of closeness measure the percentage of
achievement of one objective with respect to its ideal value.
 Generalizing to family of
Metrics
0 $⁄0
+
𝐿0 𝑊 = ( 𝑊* 𝑑*
*,$

•The best-compromise solution changes according to p and Wj

•Wj are the weights representing the relative importance of the jth
objective to the DM
•p acts as a weight attached to the deviations according to their
magnitudes
B’ is the closest
solution
to the ideal
regardless
of the values of W or
P
CP a continuous setting
◦ The discrete method has two weaknesses
◦ Requires the determination of the efficient set
◦ The best-compromise point should always be an extreme efficient
point. In many instances the best-compromises could be Pareto-interior
points
◦ See next figure
CP a continuous setting

Only A’; B’ or
C’ can be best
compromise in
the discrete
method!!!
 CP continuous setting…
◦ Solve LP problems to determine the set of solutions closest to the ideal
◦ For p = 1
◦ For p → ∞

HI∗ ?HI (JK

Min 𝐿$ 𝑊 = ∑+*,$ 𝑊* 𝑑* = ∑+*,$ 𝑊*
HI∗ ?HIL

Subject to: x∈ F
When p → ∞ Min-Max

Min 𝐿= 𝑊 = d

Subject to:

𝑍$∗ − 𝑍$ (𝑥)
𝑊$ ≤𝑑
𝑍$∗ − 𝑍∗$

𝑍+∗ − 𝑍+ (𝑥)
𝑊+ ≤𝑑
𝑍+∗ − 𝑍∗+

x∈ Feasible region
Compromise set
◦ Yu (1973) proved that for problems with two objectives L1 and L∞
metrics define a subset of the efficient set,
◦ Zeleny (1974) calls the L1 -L∞ the compromise set.
◦ All the other best-compromise solutions fall between the solutions
corresponding to L1 and L∞ metrics
Solving for L1
166,775 − 𝑍$ (𝑥 ) 𝑍& − 4000
𝑀𝑖𝑛 𝐿$ 𝑊 = 𝑊$ + 𝑊&
166,775 − 62,500 11,893 − 4000

Subject to:

x∈ Feasible region

•For W1 = W2 (equal importance) B’ is the solution. B' is the best

compromise when the metric L1 is used
 Solving for p→∞

◦ For the L∞ metric (p→∞) the maximum deviation from among the
individual deviations is minimized
◦ When p→∞ only the largest deviation counts
◦ The best-compromise solution is obtained by solving the following LP
problem
Solving for p→∞

𝑀𝑖𝑛 𝐿= 𝑊 = d

Subject to:

166,775 − 𝑍$ (𝑥 )
𝑊$ ≤d
166,775 − 62,500

𝑍& − 4000
𝑊& ≤d
11,893 − 4000

x∈ Feasible region
Solution for L∞
◦ For W1 = W 2 solution is the point Z’
◦ NPV = ₤ 119,000 and
◦ Hiring = 7,616 hours of casual labor.
◦ X1 = 19.04 and X2 = 0

◦ Nonlinear algorithms are needed to obtain the best-compromise

solutions for other metrics
CP and displaced ideal
◦ CP reduced the set of efficient solution of interest from A’B’C’ to
Z’B’ to help the DM
◦ It’s inconvenient to work with large CP sets
◦ it is not easy for the DM to choose the optimum solutions from the
efficient compromises
◦ How can we further reduce the compromise set without heavy
assumptions???
◦ Zeleny (1974, 1976) has suggested a method called the displaced
ideal which helps reducing the compromise set
 Method of Displaced ideal
◦ Requires some information from the DM
◦ CP : we cannot have a reliable mathematical representation of the DM's
actual utility function in practice
◦ CP does not even attempt to determine it
◦ CP identifies a compromise set interpreted as the portion of the efficient
set where the tangency between the iso-utility functions and the efficient
set will likely take place
◦ The compromise set is a “landing area” for the utility curve
◦ Area Z’B’ in our example
Displaced ideal
◦ Assume the compromise set Z'B' is too large
◦ Interact with the DM and Ask him :
◦ “which portions of the efficient set are not of interest for you at all?”
◦ Discard these portions
◦ Assume the DM discards solutions belonging to:
◦ The segment B'C' because they require too many hours of casual
labour
◦ The solutions along A'Z' as they provide too little NPV
◦ We now have a new ideal: I' (163,625; 7,616)
New Ideal I’
◦ Solve 2 new LP problems to determine the set of solutions closest to
the new ideal I’
◦ For p = 1
◦ For p → ∞

B’

Z’’
Pros and cons of GP, MOP
and CP
◦ Information required from the DM
◦ GP is the most difficult approach. The DM has to provide precise target
values, weights attached to each deviational variable, pre-emptive
ordering of preferences,
◦ Much of this is very difficult to obtain in some cases, as with the target values, it
could be argued that this is the kind of information that the model should
provide to the DM rather than it being an input requirement.
◦ Building a MOP model does not require any information about the DM's
preferences.
◦ The mathematical expression of the objectives being considered is sufficient.
◦ For CP we need to know only the relative preferences of the DM for
each objective
 Pros and cons…
◦ Information produced by the model for use by the DM
◦ GP variants provide only a single solution
◦ Sensitivity analysis may help generating more info to the DM
◦ GP provides rather too little information compared to MOP or CP
Info to the DM…
◦ The efficient set generated by MOP provides the DM with
extremely valuable information
◦ Trade-offs for the objectives involved
◦ Evaluating different alternatives before makeing a choice.
◦ An advantage of MOP when the number of objectives is limited to 2 or
3 to display the efficient set and the corresponding trade-offs
graphically;
◦ CP provides the same information as MOP by identifying the
bounds of that portion of the efficient set which is closest to the
ideal point.
 Conclusion
◦ No definite superiority of one MCDM approach relative to others
◦ As Ignizio (1983) says: “there is not now, and probably never shall be, one
single "best“ approach to all types of multi-objective mathematical
programming problems”
◦ The choice of the technique is left to the analyst and depends on
several criteria
1- number of attributes: the higher the # the more difficult to use MOP
◦ DM’s ability to provide information about targets and priorities
◦ Analysis detail required by the DM
 Relationships between
different MCDM approaches
◦ A WGP model in which all the targets have been set as the ideal values is
a CP model with the L1 metric without normalized objectives
◦ Let’s consider the general WGP with minimization of ni
Assume now that all targets are set to
tj* the ideal values
◦ F(x) + nj – pj = tj*
◦ nj = tj* - F(x)
◦ The structure then turns into the following model which is a non
normalized (p=1) CP model
◦ Or Min tj* - F(x) is equivalent to Max F(x)
◦ when L∞ metric is used in CP, and the objectives are not normalized,
the model is equivalent to a MINIMAX GP with targets set as the ideal
values of the goals.
◦ For tj = tj* and pj = 0 the following CP model for the L∞ = metric when
the objectives are not normalized is obtained
◦ In models where the targets have been set as ideal values the analysts
are not actually utilising GP but the MOP technique without being
aware of the situation