GMR Institute of Technology, Rajam

Department Level Presentation

28-Jun-21

Operational Issues of Power Grid

GMR Institute of Technology

Dr S P Mishra

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 Terminologies
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• IEGC- Indian electricity grid code

• ISTS-Inter-State transmission system
• SLDC-State Load Despatch Centre
• RLDC-Regional Load Despatch Centre
• NLDC- National Load Despatch Centre
• CEA-Central Electricity Authority
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• CTU-Central Transmission Utility

• STU-State Transmission Utility
• RPC- Regional Power Committee
• DVC-Damaodar Valley Corporation
• BBMB- Bhakra Beas Management Board
• SSP-Saradar Sarovar Project
• CERC- Central Electricity Regulatory Commission

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 GMR Institute of Technology 28-Jun-21

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 Regional Load Dispatch Centres
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• Northern Regional Load Despatch Centre (NRLDC) – New Delhi

• Western Regional Load Despatch Centre (WRLDC) – Mumbai
• Eastern Regional Load Despatch Centre (ERLDC) – Kolkata
• Southern Regional Load Despatch Centre (SRLDC) – Bengaluru
• North-Eastern Regional Load Despatch Centre (NERLDC) –
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Shillong

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 Objective of IEGC
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• The IEGC brings together a single set of technical and

commercial rules, encompassing all the Utilities connected to/or
using the inter-State transmission system (ISTS) and provides the
following:
• Documentation of principles and procedure that defines relationship
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of various users
• Optimal Planning, Operation and Maintenance of National /
Regional Grid
• Facilitation for functioning of Power market and Ancillary services
• Facilitation of development of renewable energy sources

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 Scope of IEGC
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• All Users, SLDCs, RLDCs, NLDC, CEA, CTU, STUs, licensees,

RPCs and Power Exchanges shall abide the IEGC
• Damodar Valley Corporation (DVC) will be treated similar to SEB
• The generating stations of the Bhakra Beas Management Board
(BBMB) and Sardar Sarovar Project (SSP) shall be treated as intra-
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State generating stations

• Any neighboring country inter-connected with Indian (National) Grid
shall be treated as a separate control area.

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 Part No. Name of the Part Focus / Coverage
1 General Objectives, Scope & Structure of IEGC and Non-compliance reporting procedure
are briefed.
2 Role of various Organisations and their linkages Role & functions of NLDC, RLDC, RPC, CTU, CEA, SLDC, & STU and their
relationship are detailed.
3 Planning code for Inter-state Transmission (ISTS) Planning & Co-ordination responsibilities for ISTS, intra-state transmission
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system, Non-discriminatory Open Access by CTU & STU and planning code
specifying the philosophy & procedures to be applied in planning of National
Grid, Regional Grids and Inter Regional links

4 Connection Code Scope, Procedure for connection, Connection agreement, Important Technical
requirements for connectivity like reactive power compensation, data &
communication facilities, system recording instruments, responsibilities for
safety, cyber security & International connections to ISTS are briefed. The
Connection code applies to CTU,STU and all Users connected to or seeking
connection to the ISTS, The Connection code does not apply

5 Operating Code Operating Philosophy,

System Security aspects like Prolonged outages, RGMO, operating range of

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frequency & voltage, system protection including SPS & communication aspects

Demand Estimation & Management for operational purpose including Grouping

of loads, Automatic disconnection of loads, etc.,

Periodic Reports & Operation Liason

Outage planning

Recovery Procedure

6 Scheduling & Despatch Code a) Demarcation of responsibilities between various regional entities, SLDC, RLDC
and NLDC in scheduling and dispatch as per control area

b) the procedure for scheduling and dispatch of LTA / MTOA / STOA & Px
transactions and ISGS Hydro generation including revision & curtailment
procedure

c) the reactive power and voltage control mechanism

d) Scheduling of Renewable Energy

7 Miscellaneous Provisions for revision of IEGC and issue any order by CERC as deemed fit
including power to relax the provisions of IEGC. 7
 Role of various organizations
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1. Role of National Load Despatch Centre (NLDC) (Cl.2.2 of IEGC)

• Monitoring & operation of National Grid
• Co-ordination for restoration of synchronous National grid
• Co-ordination for trans-national exchange of power
• Supervision over RLDCs
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• Supervision & control over inter-regional links

• Scheduling & Despatch of electricity over inter-regional links
• Co-ordination with RLDCs for inter-regional energy accounting and
exchange of power
• NLDC shall be the nodal agency for collective transactions
• NLDC shall be the National level disaster management co-ordinator
in power system.
• Maintaining PDC fund and any other things as directed by CERC

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 2. Role of Regional Load Dispatch Centre
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(RLDC)
2. Role of Regional Load Dispatch Centre (RLDC)
• Apex body of the respective region
• Optimum scheduling & dispatch within the region in accordance with
the contracts entered by the licensee or the generating companies
operating in the region
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• Keeps account of energy transmitted through regional grid

• Supervision & control over Inter-state Transmission System (ISTS)
• Monitoring Grid operation and issue such direction for stable grid
operation enduring economic & efficient grid operation. All the
“Regional Entities” shall comply with such directions of RLDC.

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• RLDC shall issue Directions to STU, any licensee of the state & the
generating companies that are not connected to ISTS shall be
issued through SLDC and SLDC shall ensure that such directions
are duly complied with by the respective agency.
• Any dispute on the directions of RLDC, the matter shall be referred
to CERC. Pending decision of CERC, the directions of RLDC shall
be complied with.
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• RLDC of the region where point of drawal of electricity is situated

shall be the nodal agency for the STOA transactions.
• RLDC shall be the nodal agency for restoration following a system
disturbance.
• Operation of regional UI pool account, regional reactive energy
account and Congestion Charge Account, provided that such
functions will be undertaken by any entity(ies) other than RLDCs if
the Commission so directs.
• Operation of ancillary services
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 3. Role of Regional Power Committee (RPC)
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3. Role of Regional Power Committee (RPC) (Cl.2.4 of IEGC)

• Undertake Operational Analysis in the region
• Co-ordinate with STU & CTU to facilitate planning of Intra & Inter
state transmission system
• Outage planning & co-ordination in the region
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• System Protection studies for the region

• Certification of system availability factor for the purpose of payment
of transmission charges
• Preparation of Regional Energy Account, UI account, Reactive
energy account and congestion charge account based on the data
given by RLDC.

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 4.Role of Central Transmission Utility (CTU)
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Role of Central Transmission Utility (CTU) (Cl.2.5 of IEGC)

• Transmission of electricity through ISTS network
• Planning & co-ordination related to ISTS with all the agencies
• Provide non-discriminatory open access of ISTS to any licensee or
generating company or bulk customer as per the provisions of
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Electricity Act 2003.

• CTU shall be the nodal agency for ISTS connectivity of LTA &
MTOA
• CTU shall not engage in the business of trading / generating
electricity.

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 5. Role of Central Electricity Authority (CEA)
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5. Role of Central Electricity Authority (CEA) (Cl.2.6 ofIEGC)

• To specify grid standards for O&M of transmission lines
• To specify conditions for installation of meters for supply &
transmission of electricity
• To specify the technical standards for construction of electrical
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plants, electric lines and connectivity to the grid

• To specify the safety requirements for construction, operation and
maintenance of electrical plants and electric lines
• Notify National Electricity plan once in five years
• Prepare & publish National Electricity policy

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 6. Role of State Load Despatch Centre (SLDC)
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6. Role of State Load Despatch Centre (SLDC) (Cl.2.7 of IEGC)

• Apex body for grid operation in the state
• Optimum scheduling & dispatch within the region in accordance with
the contracts entered by the licensee or the generating companies
operating in the state
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• Keeps account of energy transmitted through state grid

• Supervision & control over Intra-state Transmission System
• Responsible for real time grid operation in the state
• Complying the directions of RLDC and get execute such directions
through STU, licensees, generating companies of the state
• Issue concurrence or no-objection for STOA & collective
transactions of state utility or intra-state entity

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 7. Role of State Transmission Utility (STU)
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7. Role of State Transmission Utility (STU) (Cl.2.8 of IEGC)

• Undertake transmission of electricity through intra-State
transmission system;
• Co-ordination for planning & development of intra-state transmission
network.
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• To provide non-discriminatory Open Access to its transmission

network by licensees, generating companies and bulk customers of
the state on payment of transmission charges
• Operate the SLDC till the State Government notify any company or
authority or corporation for this purpose

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 Planning code for Interstate Transmission
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• The Central Transmission Utility (CTU) shall discharge all functions

of planning and co-ordination relating to inter-State transmission
system in coordination with State Transmission Utility, Central
Government, State Governments, Generating Companies, Regional
Power Committees, Central Electricity Authority (CEA), licensees
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and any other person notified by the Central Government in this

behalf.
• CTU shall also provide non-discriminatory open access of Inter-state
transmission system as per open access regulation.
• The above functions for the intra-state transmission system
requirements shall be discharged by the respective State
Transmission Utility (STU).

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 Planning code for Interstate Transmission
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• CEA is responsible for preparation of National Electricity plan and

National Electricity policy and also advice central government
regarding formulation of short term and prospective plans for the
development of electricity system facilitating reliable and affordable
electricity for all consumers.
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• The Planning Code specifies the philosophy and procedures to be

applied in planning of National Grid, Regional Grids and Inter
Regional links.

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 1.Input considered for power system planning by
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CTU
• While planning schemes, the following shall be considered in
addition to the data of authenticated nature collected from and in
consultation with users by CTU:
i) Perspective plan formulated by CEA.
ii) Electric Power Survey of India published by the CEA
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iii) Transmission Planning Criteria and guidelines issued by the

CEA
iv) Operational feedback from RPCs
v) Operational feedback from NLDC/RLDC/SLDC
vi) Central Electricity Regulatory Commission ( Grant of
Connectivity, Long-term Access and Medium-term Open
Access in inter-state Transmission and related matters)
Regulations ,2009
vii) Renewable capacity addition plan issued by Ministry of New
and Renewable Energy Sources ( MNRES), Govt of India 18
 2.Finalisation Procedure
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• The interstate transmission proposals including system

strengthening scheme and planning of capacitors, SVC &
Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS) etc.,
identified on the basis of the planning studies would be discussed,
reviewed and finalized in the meetings of Regional Standing
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Committees for Transmission Planning constituted by CEA, in

consultation with the Regional Entities, RPC, CEA, NLDC and the
RLDC and action may be taken by CTU on the basis of Power
Purchase Agreements (PPAs) signed with the beneficiaries. Where
all PPAs are not signed, CTU will approach CERC for necessary
approval.
• Based on Plans prepared by the CTU, State Transmission Utilities
(STU) shall have to plan their systems (intra-state) to further
evacuate power from the ISTS, system strengthening of state
network and etc., to optimize the use of integrated transmission
network. 19
 3.Planning Criteria
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1. As a general rule, the ISTS shall be capable of withstanding and be

secured against the following contingency outages.
• The below contingencies shall be considered assuming a
precontingency system depletion (Planned outage) of another 220
kV D/C line or 400 kV S/C line in another corridor and not emanating
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from the same substation.

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 Without necessitating load Without necessitating load
shedding or rescheduling of shedding but could be with
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generation during Steady State rescheduling of generation during

Operation steady state operation
- Outage of a 132 kV D/C line or, - Outage of a 400 kV S/C line with
TCSC, or
- Outage of a 220 kV D/C line or, Outage of a 400kV D/C line, or

- Outage of a 400 kV S/C line or, - Outage of both pole of HVDC Bipole
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line or
- Outage of single interconnecting - Outage of both poles of HVDC back
Transformer, or to back Station or

- Outage of one pole of HVDC Bipole - Outage of a 765kV S/C line with
line, or series compensation.
- Outrage of one pole of HVDC back to
back Station or

- Outage of 765 kV S/C line

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 3.Planning Criteria continued…..
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2. The ISTS shall be capable of withstanding the loss of most severe

single system infeed without loss of stability.
3. Any one of these events defined above shall not cause:
a. Loss of supply
b. Prolonged operation of the system frequency below and above
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specified limits.
c. Unacceptable high or low voltage
d. System instability
e. Unacceptable overloading of ISTS elements.
4. In all substations (132 kV and above), at least two transformers shall
be provided.

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 3.Planning Criteria Continued…..
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5. CTU shall carry out planning studies for Reactive Power

compensation of ISTS including reactive power compensation
requirement at the generator’s / bulk consumer’s switchyard and for
connectivity of new generator / bulk consumer to the ISTS
6. Suitable System Protection Schemes (SPS) may be planned by
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NLDC / RLDC in consultation with CEA, CTU, RPC and the Regional
Entities, either for enhancing transfer capability or to take care of
contingencies beyond that indicated above

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 Operating Code
1. Operating Philosophy (IEGC Cl.5.1)
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• The primary objective of integrated operation of different grids is to enhance

the overall operational reliability and economy of the entire interconnected
power network. NLDC shall
– Supervise National / inter-regional grid.
– Develop & maintain detailed operating procedure for National Grid in
consultation with RLDCs.
• RLDC shall
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– Supervise Regional / inter-state grid.

– Develop & maintain detailed operating procedure for the Regional grid
in consultation with the regional entities.
• SLDC shall
– Supervise State / intra-state grid
– Develop & maintain detailed operating procedure for the State grid in
consultation with the concerned persons.

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• All persons shall comply with the operating code of IEGC

• All licensees, generating company, generating station and any other
person connected with the operation power system shall comply
with the directions issued by the respective RLDC / SLDC
• The control rooms of the NLDC, RLDC, all SLDCs, power plants,
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substation of 132 kV and above, and any other control centers of

all regional entities shall be manned round the clock by qualified
and adequately trained personnel

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2. Security Aspects (IEGC Cl.5.2)

• No part of the grid shall be deliberately isolated from the rest of the
National/Regional grid, except
– Under an emergency, and conditions in which such isolation would
prevent a total grid collapse and/or would enable early restoration of
power supply,
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– For safety of human life

– When serious damage to a costly equipment is imminent and such
isolation would prevent it,
– When such isolation is specifically instructed by RLDC.

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• No important element of the National / Regional grid shall be

deliberately opened or removed from service at any time, except
when specifically instructed by RLDC or with specific and prior
clearance of RLDC. In case of opening/removal of any important
element of the grid under an emergency situation, the same shall be
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communicated to RLDC at the earliest possible time after the event.

• Any tripping, whether manual or automatic, of any of the important
elements of Regional grid shall be precisely intimated by the
concerned SLDC/CTU/User to RLDC along with the reason to the
extent determined, within ten minutes of the event.
• RLDC shall monitor and report to RPC the details of prolonged
outage of elements that may likely to cause danger / sub-optimal
operation of regional grid. RPC shall give instructions to restore as
per finalized action plan.

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3. Restricted Governor Mode Operation (RGMO)

• All thermal generating units of 200 MW and above and all hydro
units of 10 MW and above (except those with up to three hours
pondage) shall have their governors in operation at all times in
accordance with the RGMO provisions w.e.f.01.08.2010
• Features of RGMO
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– While grid frequency below 50.2Hz, for rise in frequency,

there shall No reduction in generation by the units.
– While grid frequency below 50.2Hz, for fall in frequency, the
units should increase its generation by 5% limited to 105% of
MCR
– Ripple filter of + / - 0.03Hz shall be provided to prevent Governor
hunting during load correction
– Governor droop setting shall be between 3% - 6%

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• Gas, Wind, Solar & Hydro units up to 3hour pondage are exempted
from RGMO provision
• Any unit required to be operated without its Governor in operation
shall immediately communicate the reason for the same to RLDC
• No dead bands and / or time delays shall be deliberately introduced
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except as specified in para 5.2(f) of IEGC.

• The recommended rate for changing the governor setting, i.e.,
supplementary control for increasing or decreasing the output
(generation level) for all generating units, irrespective of their type
and size, would be one (1.0) per cent per minute or as per
manufacturer’s limits. However, if frequency falls below 49.7Hz, all
partly loaded generating units shall pick up additional load at a
faster rate, according to their capability.

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4. Variation limit Generation / Load

• No User shall suddenly reduce his generating unit output by more
than one hundred (100) MW (20MW in case of NER) without prior
intimation to and consent of the RLDC, particularly when frequency
is falling or is below 49.5 Hz.
• No User / SEB shall cause a sudden variation in its load by more
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than one hundred (100 MW) without prior intimation to and consent
of the RLDC.
5. AVR / PSS
• The Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) of the generator shall be in
service. The Power System Stabilizers (PSS) shall be tuned by the
respective generating owner as per the plan proposed by CTU /
RPC. The CTU / RPC shall be allowed to carryout checking where
ever it considered.
6. Operating Frequency Range
• The grid frequency always remains within the 49.5 –50.2 Hz band.
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7. AUFR & df / dt and System Protection Schemes

• All SEBs, distribution licensees, CTU STUs and SLDCs shall ensure
that the above under-frequency and df/dt load shedding / islanding
schemes are always functional..
• SLDC shall furnish monthly report of UFR and df/dt relay operation
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in their respective system to the respective RPC.

• RLDC shall inform RPC Secretariat about instances when the
desired load relief is not obtained through these relays in real time
operation.
• A monthly report on expected load relief vis-a-vis actual load relief
shall be sent to the RPC and the CERC.

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• System Protection Schemes (SPS) to operate the transmission

system closer to its limit and protect against voltage collapse,
cascade tripping etc., shall be finalized in the RPC forum and shall
be kept in service always. If any SPS is to be taken out of service,
permission of RLDC shall be obtained indicating reason and
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duration of anticipated outage from service

• All the Users, STU/SLDC and CTU shall send information / data
including disturbance recorder / sequential event recorder output to
RLDC within one week for purpose of analysis of any grid
disturbance/event.

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Permissible Voltage Range (kV rms)

Nominal Maximum Minimum

765 800 728

400 420 380

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220 245 198

132 145 122

110 121 99

66 72 60

33 36 30

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8. Special requirements for Solar / Wind generation

• Generally Solar / Wind power will be treated as must-run station and
SLDC / RLDC can instruct to back down MW or curtail VAR drawl /
injection in case of grid security / endanger to personal / costly
equipments.
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• During the wind generator start-up, the wind generator shall ensure
that the reactive power drawl (inrush currents incase of induction
generators) shall not affect the grid performance.

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9. Demand Estimation (Cl.5.3 of IEGC)

• SLDC is responsible for Demand estimation using historical data &
weather / wind energy forecast data w.e.f 01st January 2011 using
appropriate mechanism / facility.
• Both Active & Reactive Power demand needs to be estimated
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• It shall be done on daily / weekly / monthly / yearly basis

• SLDC shall carryout Operational planning studies based on their
Demand estimation
• Demand management measures like power cut, load shedding etc.,
shall be based on SLDC demand estimation

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• Distribution licensees shall abide & execute demand management

measures as per SLDC’s direction
• Distribution licensees shall provide necessary data to SLDC
• SLDC shall furnish monthwise demand estimation details to RLDC &
RPC for better operation planning and estimation of ATC / TTC on
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three month ahead basis.

• SLDC shall maintain Historical data base on demand estimation

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9. Demand Management (cl.5.4 of IEGC)

• SLDC / SEB / Distribution Licensee / Bulk Consumer shall
– Initiate action to restrict drawal within its schedule when system
frequency falls below 49.7Hz
– Ensure NO overdrawal when system frequency is 49.5Hz or
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below
• Each User / STU / SLDC shall develop and implement a
contingency procedure for demand disconnection and update /
review the same regularly. RLDC / SLDC shall monitor the same.
• The SLDC through respective State Electricity Boards / Distribution
Licensees shall also formulate and implement state-of-the-art
demand management schemes for automatic demand management
like rotational load shedding, demand response (which may include
lower tariff for interruptible loads) etc. before 01.01.2011
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 • In order to maintain the frequency within the stipulated band and
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maintaining the network security, the interruptible loads shall be

arranged in four groups of loads as given below without overlapping.
– For scheduled power cuts/load shedding,
– Loads for unscheduled load shedding,
– Loads to be shed through under frequency relays / df/dt relays
and
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– Loads to be shed under any System Protection Scheme

identified at the RPC level.
• RLDC shall issue directions to reduce overdrawal in standard
message formats developed by the RLDC for this purpose. SLDCs
shall comply with the directions and also reply immediately through
compliance report.
• The measures taken by the User’s, SLDC SEB/distribution licensee
or bulk consumer shall not be withdrawn as long as the frequency
remains at a level lower than the limits specified in para 5.2 of IEGC
or congestion continues, unless specifically permitted by the
RLDC/SLDC 38
 10. Periodic Reports
• Weekly Report on performance of National Grid / Regional Grid
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prepared by NLDC / RLDC respectively shall be available in its

website for 12 weeks
• The weekly reports shall contain the following:-
– Frequency profile
– Voltage profile of important substations
– Major Generation and Transmission Outages
– Transmission Constraints
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– Instances of persistent / significant non-compliance of IEGC.

– Instances of congestion in transmission system
– Instances of inordinate delays in restoration of transmission
elements and generating units
– Non-compliance of instructions of SLDC by SEB/distribution
licenses / bulk consumers, to curtail drawal resulting in non-
compliance of IEGC.
• NLDC shall send the monthly report to CERC, CEA, RPCs & RLDCs
• Daily power system report / Quarterly report prepared by the RLDC
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shall also be available in its website
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11. Operational Liaison

• The Operational liaison function is a mandatory built-in hierarchical
function of the NLDC, RLDC, SLDC and Users, to facilitate quick
transfer of information to operational staff. It will correlate the
required inputs for optimization of decision making and actions. Any
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operation carried / executed by NLDC / RLDC / SLDC / Users / CTU

/ STU that may have impact on other control area shall be
communicated to the respective agency, prior & after execution.

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12. Outage Planning (Cl.5.7 of IEGC)

• Annual outage plan for the financial year prepared by RPC in
consultation with RLDC & NLDC by 31st January of each year. It is
reviewed quarterly & monthly. If any deviation required by CTU /
STU / Users, the same shall be with the prior permission of RPC &
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RLDC
• All SEBs / STUs, transmission licensees, CTU, ISGS, IPPs, MPPs
and other generating stations shall provide RPC Secretariat their
proposed outage programmes in writing for the next financial year
by 30th November of each year. RPC shall issue the draft outage
plan by 31st December of each year. The outage plan shall be
finalized by 31st January of each year

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• RLDC may conduct studies before clearance of the planned outage.

NLDC/RLDC are authorized to defer the planned outage in case of
– Grid disturbances
– System isolation
– Partial Black out in a state
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– Any other event in the system that may have an adverse impact
on the system security by the proposed outage
• Each User, CTU and STU shall obtain the final approval from RLDC
prior to availing an outage.

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13. Recovery Procedure (Cl.5.8 of IEGC)

• Detailed plans and procedures for restoration of the regional grid
under partial/total blackout shall be developed by RLDC in
consultation with NLDC, all Users, STU, SLDC, CTU and RPC
Secretariat
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• Black Start Restoration Procedure developed by RLDC shall be

reviewed / updated annually.
• User / STU / CTU in consultation with RLDC shall develop the Black
Start Restoration Procedure for the respective system within the
region
• Black Start Restoration Procedure developed by the User / STU /
CTU shall be reviewed / updated once in every subsequent year.

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• Mock trail for different sub-systems shall be carried out at least

once in six months
• Black start DG set shall be tested on every week and report shall
be sent on quarterly basis to RLDC
• List of generating stations with black start facility, inter-
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State/interregional ties, synchronizing points and essential loads to

be restored on priority, shall be prepared and be available with
NLDC, RLDC and SLDC.

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14. Event Information (Cl.5.9 of IEGC)

• RLDC / SLDC shall be responsible for reporting events to all Users /
SLDC / STU / CTU / NLDC / RLDC / RPC secretariat
• All Users / SLDC / STU / CTU shall be responsible for collection &
reporting of necessary data to RLDC / NLDC / RPC
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• Reportable events are

– Violation of security standards.
– Grid indiscipline.
– Non-compliance of RLDC’s instructions.
– System islanding/system split
– Regional black out/partial system black out
– Protection failure on any element of ISTS, and on any item on
the “agreed list” of the intra-State systems.
– Power system instability
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 – Tripping of any element of the Regional grid.
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– Sudden load rejection by any User

• The report shall be in the format devised by LDC containing
– Time and date of event
– Location
– Plant and/or Equipment directly involved
– Description and cause of event
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– Antecedent conditions of load and generation, including

frequency, voltage and the flows in the affected area at the time
of tripping including Weather Condition prior to the event
– Duration of interruption and Demand and/or Generation (in MW
and MWh) interrupted
– All Relevant system data including copies of records of all
recording instruments including Disturbance Recorder, Event
Logger, DAS etc
– Sequence of trippings with time.
– Details of Relay Flags.
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– Remedial measures.
 Scheduling and Dispatch Code
28-Jun-21

1. Demarcation of responsibilities (cl.6.4 of IEGC)

• The national interconnected grid is divided into control areas
• The Load Dispatch Centre of a control area is responsible for
coordinating the scheduling of a generating station, within the
control area, real-time monitoring of the station’s operation, checking
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that there is no gaming (gaming is an intentional mis-declaration of a

parameter related to commercial mechanism in vogue, in order to
make an undue commercial gain) in its availability declaration, or in
any other way revision of availability declaration and injection
schedule, switching instructions, metering and energy accounting,
issuance of UI accounts within the control area,
collections/disbursement of UI payments, outage planning, etc.

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2. Control Area
• RLDC shall coordinate the scheduling of the following generating
stations:
– Central Generating Stations or generating stations connected to
ISTS only (excluding stations where full Share is allocated to
host state),
– Ultra-Mega power projects
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– Generating station which is connected both to ISTS and the

State network and the State has a Share of 50% or less.
• SLDC shall coordinate the scheduling of the following generating
stations:
– Generating station which is connected only to the State
transmission network (excluding Central Generating stations
where more than one state have allocation)
– Generating station which is connected both to ISTS and the
State network and the State has a Share of more than 50%.
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 • NLDC shall be responsible for scheduling and despatch of electricity
28-Jun-21

over inter-regional links in accordance with the grid code specified

by Central Commission in coordination with Regional Load
Despatch Centers.
• SLDCs shall have the total responsibility for
– Scheduling / despatching their own generation (including
generation of their embedded licensees),
– Regulating the demand of its control area,
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– Scheduling their drawal from the ISGS (within their share in the
respective plant’s expected capability),
– Permitting long term access, medium term and short term open
access transactions for embedded generators/consumers, in
accordance with the contracts
– Regulating the net drawal of their control area from the regional
grid in accordance with the respective regulations of the CERC.
– The drawal schedule of each regional entity will be the algebraic
summation of scheduled drawal from ISGS and from contracts
through a long–term access, medium–term and short–term open 49
access arrangements and Collective transactions.
 28-Jun-21

3. Permissible Drawal / Injection deviation

• The regional entities shall regulate their generation and / or
consumers’ load so as to maintain their actual drawal from the
regional grid close to the above schedule. Deviation from the drawal
schedule, within the limit specified by the CERC in UI Regulations
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as long as such deviations do not cause system parameters to

deteriorate beyond permissible limits and / or do not lead to
unacceptable line loading, However,such deviations from net drawal
schedule shall be priced through the Unscheduled Interchange (UI)
mechanism.
• No limit for overdrawal subject to network condition when system
frequency is above 49.7Hz
• Overdrawal permitted subject to network condition and as per UI
regulations when the system frequency is above 49.5Hz but below
49.7Hz
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• No overdrawal permitted when system frequency is 49.5Hz or below

and is to be ensured through automatic demand management.
• The ISGS would normally generate power according to the daily
schedules advised to them. The ISGS may also deviate from the
given schedules within the limits specified in the CERC UI
Regulations of CERC, depending on the plant and system
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conditions.
• No over injection of ISGS permitted When system frequency above
50.2Hz. ISGS may back down when system frequency above
50.2Hz and maximize the generation when frequency falls below
49.7Hz without waiting for the instruction of RLDC subject to the
network / plant condition.
• In addition, deviations, from schedules causing congestion, shall
also be priced in accordance with the Congestion Charge
Regulations of CERC

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4. Real-time System Security Measures

• RLDC may direct the SLDCs / ISGS / other regional entities to
increase / decrease their drawal / generation in case of
contingencies e.g. overloading of lines / transformers, abnormal
voltages, threat to system security. Such directions shall
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immediately be acted upon.

• Incase of any contingencies or threat to system security, curtailment
/ termination of STOA shall be done prior to LTOA / MTOA

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5. Declaration of Capacity
• During fuel shortage condition, in case of thermal ISGS stations,
they may specify minimum MW, maximum MW, MWh capability and
declaration of fuel shortage. The generating stations shall also
declare the possible ramping up / ramping down in a block. In case
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of a gas turbine generating station or a combined cycle generating

station, the generating station shall declare the capacity for units
and modules on APM gas, RLNG and liquid fuel separately, and
these shall be scheduled separately.
• The ISGS shall ensure that the declared capability during peak
hours is not less than that during other hours. However, exception to
this rule shall be allowed in case of tripping / re-synchronisation of
units as a result of forced outage of units.

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• RLDC may ask the ISGS to explain the situation with necessary
backup data incase the capacity declaration was felt as deliberately
over / under declaration.
• The ISGS shall be required to demonstrate the declared capability of
its generating station as and when asked by the Regional Load
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Despatch Centre of the region in which the ISGS is situated. In the

event of the ISGS failing to demonstrate the declared capability, the
capacity charges due to the generator shall be reduced in
geometric progressively as a measure of penalty. Ie. 2 days
capacity charges for the first instance, 4 days capacity charges for
the second instance and so on.

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6. Unscheduled Inter-change Accounting

• The CTU shall install special energy meters on all inter connections
between the regional entities and other identified points for recording
of actual net MWh interchanges and MVArh drawals.
• All concerned entities (in whose premises the special energy meters
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are installed) shall take weekly meter readings and transmit them
to the RLDC by Tuesday noon. The SLDC must ensure that the
meter data from all installations within their control area are
transmitted to the RLDC within the above schedule.
• .

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 28-Jun-21

• RLDC shall compute 15 minute-wise UI of all the regional entities

and send to RPC by Thursday noon. RPC shall prepare UI
account and issue. UI computation shall be available for 15days in
RLDC website for verification by all.
• NLDC shall be responsible for coordination with Regional Load
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Despatch Centers for the energy accounting of inter-regional

exchange of power. NLDC shall also be responsible for coordination
for trans-national exchange of power

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7. Hydro (ISGS-Interstate generating stations) scheduling

• Hydro generating stations are expected to respond to grid frequency
changes and inflow fluctuations. The hydro generating stations shall
be free to deviate from the given schedule without causing grid
constraint and a compensation for difference between the actual net
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energy supply by the hydro generating station and the scheduled

energy (ex-bus) over day shall be made by the concerned Regional
Load Despatch Centre in the day ahead schedule for the 4th day
(day plus 3).

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8. Scheduling Process
• Maximum Ramp up / down for an ISGS / regional entity is 200MW
per hour. (50MW for NER) except Hydro that may ramp up / down
faster. While doing schedule, RLDC may consider ramping as per
system condition / machine permissibility
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• Entitlement of each beneficiary regional entity = sum of (Block wise

declared capacity of ISGS X Share allocation of respective Regional
Entity)
• ISGS shall advise day ahead block wise declaration by 08:00hrs
• RLDC shall compute and communicate the total ISGS entitlement of
each Regional Entity by 10:00hrs
• SLDC shall communicate the total requirement from ISGS, LTOA /
MTOA / STOA by 15:00hrs based on daily forecast.

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• Scheduling of collective transactions co-ordinated by NLDC as per

the following sequence
– NLDC advise power exchange (Px) the details of ATC for Px the
list of Interfaces / control areas / regional transmission systems
– Power Exchange(s) shall furnish the information of total drawal
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and injection in each of the regions.

– NLDC shall check for congestion and revert back the details if
any to Px.
– Px shall communicate the tentative schedule of Collective
transactions to NLDC
– NLDC verify with the RLDC the ATC in line with Px schedule and
then confirms to Px & RLDCs for scheduling.

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• The individual transactions for State Utilities/intra-State Entities shall

be scheduled by the respective SLDCs. Power Exchange(s) shall
send the detailed break up of each point of injection and each point
of drawal within the State to respective SLDCs after receipt of
acceptance from NLDC. Power Exchange(s) shall ensure necessary
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coordination with SLDCs for scheduling of the transactions.

• Including collective transactions, RLDC shall release the first day
ahead drawl / injection schedule by 18:00hrs
• SLDC / ISGS communicate the changes if any in their requirements
/ capacity declaration by 22:00hrs. Incorporating all such changes,
RLDC prepares the final day ahead injection / drawal schedule and
release for implementation.

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• The hydro electric generation stations are expected to respond to grid

frequency changes and inflow fluctuations. They would, therefore, be
free to deviate from the given schedule as long as they do not cause
a grid constraint. As a result, the actual net energy supply by a hydro
generating station over a day may differ from schedule energy (ex-
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bus) for that day. While the 15- minute wise, deviations from
schedule would be accounted for as Unscheduled Interchange (UI),
the net energy deviation for the whole day, if any, shall be additionally
accounted in the day ahead schedule for the 4th day (day plus 3)
• Run-of-river power stations, renewable energy power plants (except
for biomass power plants and non-fossil fuel based cogeneration
plants whose tariff is determined by the CERC) shall treated as must
run stations. All shall be treated as ‘MUST RUN’ power plants and
shall not be subjected to ‘merit order dispatch’ principles.

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• Scheduling of collective transactions coordinated by NLDC as per

the following sequence
– NLDC advise power exchange (Px) the details of ATC for Px the
list of Interfaces / control areas / regional transmission systems
– Power Exchange(s) shall furnish the information of total drawal
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and injection in each of the regions.

– NLDC shall check for congestion and revert back the details if
any to Px.
– Px shall communicate the tentative schedule of Collective
transactions to NLDC
– NLDC verify with the RLDC the ATC in line with Px schedule and
then confirms to Px & RLDCs for scheduling.

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9. Revision of Schedule
• RLDC shall suo-motu revise the injection / drawal schedule of ISGS
/ regional entities incase of system constraint or for ensuring better
operation,
• Based on request from ISGS / beneficiary regional entity RLDC shall
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revise the injection / drawal schedule of ISGS / beneficiary regional

entity, which shall be effective

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 28-Jun-21

• In case of forced outage of a unit for a Short Term bilateral

transaction, where a generator of capacity of 100 MW and above is
seller, the generator shall immediately intimate the same along
with the requisition for revision of schedule and estimated time
of restoration of the unit, to SLDC/RLDC as the case may be.
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RLDC shall revise the schedules and shall become effective from
the 4th time block, counting the time block in which the forced
outage is declared to be the first one. The original schedule shall
become effective from the estimated time of restoration of the unit.
However the transmission charges as per original schedule shall
continue to be paid for two days.
• The schedule of thermal generating stations indicating fuel
shortage while intimating the Declared Capacity to the RLDC shall
be revised only in case of forced outage of generating unit.

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• Incase of grid disturbance, actual injection / drawal shall be deemed

as schedule of ISGS / regional entities. Certification of grid
disturbance and its duration shall be done by the RLDC.
• To discourage frivolous revisions, an RLDC may, at its sole
discretion, refuse to accept schedule/capability changes of less than
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two (2) percent of previous schedule/capability.

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10. Scheduling of Wind / Solar Generation

• With effect from 1.1.2012 Scheduling of wind power generation
plants would have to be done for the purpose of UI where the sum of
generation capacity of such plants connected at the connection point
to the transmission or distribution system is 10 MW and above and
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connection point is 33 KV and above, and where PPA was not yet
been signed as on 03.05.2011
• Maximum of 8revisions per day for each 3hour time slot starting
from 00:00 hours during the day, which shall become effect from 6th
time block, the first being the time block in which notice was given.
• The schedule of solar generation shall be given by the generator
based on availability of the generator, weather forecasting, solar
insolation, season and normal solar generation curve and shall be
vetted by the RLDC in which the generator is located and
incorporated in the inter-state schedule.
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11. Curtailment of schedule

• When ever there is a system requirement for curtailment of power
flow in a corridor, RLDC may do so including for the transactions
that were already scheduled. While doing so, in the priority order of
STOA, Collective Transactions, MTOA, LTOA will be followed on
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prorate basis.
• RLDCs would curtail a Transaction at the periphery of the Regional
Entities. SLDC(s) shall further incorporate the inter-se curtailment of
intra-State Entities to implement the curtailment
12. Correctness & resolution of Schedule
• The final implemented schedule prepared by RLDC is made
available open for 5 days for rectification of error if any, detected.
• The schedules shall have a resolution of 1MW for declared capacity
of ISGS and 0.01MW & 0.01MWh for other.
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 13. Reactive Power & Voltage Control
28-Jun-21

• Regional entities (except generating stations) pays for VAr drawal at

voltage below 97% and for VAr injection at voltage above 103%
• Regional entities (except generating stations) get paid for VAr
injection at voltage below 97% and for VAr drawal at voltage above
103%
• The charge for VArh shall be at the rate of 10 paise / kVArh w.e.f.
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1.4.2010, with annual escalation of 0.5paise / kVArh thereafter.

• RLDC may direct beneficiary regional entity to curtail VAr drawal /
injection
• RLDC may direct changing of ICT tap position at a reasonable
intervals
• ISGS shall inject / absorb Var within machine capability without
compromising MW generation. NO charges payable / receivable on
this account.
• The charge for VAr exchange through an interconnected line
between two regional entities may be mutually fixed between them,
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14. Commission’s power to overrule

• Commission has the powers to review / relax / modify / over rule /
amend any provisions of IEGC and give such directions as deemed
fit beyond the provisions of IEGC
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