Name VECTOR ADDITION - If 2 similar vectors point

-----------------------
in the SAME direction, add them.
Bkwk p141: 67,72,75,77,78,101,103,104,105,106
Example: A man walks 54.5 meters east, then
Chapter 5: Motion in two dimensions another 30 meters east. Calculate his
A__ is ANY quantity in physics that has displacement relative to where he started?

--------' , but a direction associated with it.

Magnitude - _

Examples _ VECTOR SUBTRACTION - If2 vectors are

going in opposite directions, you SUBTRACT.

Example: A man walks 54.5 meters east, then 30

A'-- is ANY quantity in physics that has
meters west. Calculate his displacement relative
----
MAGNITUDE and DIRECTION.
to where he started?

Polar notation defines a vector by designating the

Non-Collinear Vectors
vector's magnitude JAJ and angle e relative to the +x
axis. Using that notation the vector is written: When 2 vectors are perpendicular, you must use the

Scalar Multiplication BUT. .... what about the VALUE of the angle???

An effective and popular system used in

engineering is called . It is
used to denote vectors with an x-y Cartesian Just putting North of East on the answer is NOT
coordinate system. specific enough for the direction. We MUST find
the VALUE of the angle.
Unit Vector Notation
Example
_ is the vector of magnitude __ in the _
direction A boat moves with a velocity of 15 mis, N in a
river which flows with a velocity of 8.0 mis, west.
_ is the vector of magnitude __ in the _ Calculate the boat's resultant velocity with
direction respect to due north.
The hypotenuse is the _

The legs are the _

You add vectors

---------------------
You must keep and the If two vectors to be added are at an angle other than
same when moving vectors 90°, then you can use the or the
Unit Vector Notation
Law of Cosines:

Applications of Vectors
Law of Sines:
 Solve for the magnitude Two or more vectors (A, B, C, etc.) may be added
by first resolving each vector into its x- and y-
1) 55 m north + 97 m northeast components.

The x-components are added to form the x-

component of the resultant:
2) 39 m/s south + 45 m/s southeast + 62 m/s north

Problem Solving Steps Because R; and Ry are at a right angle (90°), the
magnitude of the resultant vector can be calculated
Step 1: _
using the Pythagorean theorem,
Sketch the two displacement vectors, A and B, and
the angle between them.
Step 2: _
Jeff moved 3 m due north, and then 4 m due west to
When the angle is 90°, use the Pythagorean theorem his friends house. What is the magnitude of Jeff s
to find the magnitude of the resultant vector. displacement?

When the angle does not equal 90°, use the law of
cosines to find the magnitude of the resultant
Calculate the resultant of three vectors A, B, C as
vector.
shown in the figure.
Step 3: _
(Ax = B; = C« = Ay = Cy = 1 units and By = 2 units)

Magnitude and direction c, -------------------~~~~:::"·l

~
,'," .
,
If the direction is not one of the cardinals
( )
·---------------~c7i
··
,
By B /./.... 1
·
Then you must describe it using an angle from one
·,
,
of the cardinal directions Ay -- :-.~_:.::,f:', ~l ,1
i,
t
,,,
, ,, ,,
A,
Question

How far east does one travel if they move 1356 m/s
67°NE?

Johnny and Susie push a box containing a tied up

physics teacher on ice towards the water's edge. If
the mass of teacher and box is 95 kg, and Susie
When the motion you are describing is confined to pushes with 150 N [N] while Johnny pushes with
the surface of Earth, it is often convenient to have 200 N 59° east of south, find:
the _
A) net force
When the motion involves an object moving
through the air, the positive B) acceleration

C) how far the box was pushed in 2 minutes

If the motion is on a hill, it's convenient to place the

What is the acceleration of an object whose initial Motion along an incline Plane
velocity is 20 mls [S] and final velocity is 30 mls
[E]. It took 2 seconds to change from initial to final A tilted surface is called an _
velocity. Objects accelerate down inclined planes because
of an
----------
The two forces acting upon a crate which is
positioned on an inclined plane (assumed to be
friction-free) are the force of gravity and the
by a scalar normal force.

Example: The force of gravity (weight) acts in a

------
direction; yet the normal force
acts in a direction perpendicular to the surface.
The Scalar Dot Product

Example
The force of gravity can be resolved into two
components. Together, these two components
can replace the effect of the force of gravity.

The significance of the dot product

\F.w;'m. For Objects on Inclines
\ (with no friction)

Cross Products (see slides) Describe the right hand

rule
!~'~\I>'/
L\,\.~
\. ,.,./ ~I
F..L = ~orm

is the net force

IiW~lV

The significance of the dot product in physics

Components of Weight for an Object on an incline.

An object is in when the net force on
it is zero. When in equilibrium the object is A trunk weighing 562 N is resting on a plane
motionless or move with constant velocity. inclined 30.0° above the horizontal. Find the
components of the weight force parallel and
Equilibrium also occurs when the resultant of three
perpendicular to the plane.
or more forces = a net force of zero.

The force is equal in magnitude

but opposite in direction to the resultant vector.

Creating Equilibrium Skiing Downhill

A 168-N sign is supported in a motionless position A 62-kg person on skis is going down a hill sloped
by two ropes that each make 22.5° angles with the at 37 0. The coefficient of kinetic friction between
horizontal. What is the tension in the ropes? the skis and the snow is 0.15. How fast is the skier
going 5.0 s after starting from rest?
Force is a ------- On an inclined plane, the magnitude of the
_____ between the object and the plane
Vectors have -------- will usually to the object's
weight.
Components are of each other
Problem 1

If the skier has a mass of 50 kg and the angle of the

Section 1: Breakdown F can be broken into _
slope is 30 degrees from horizontal, find
Fx= _
1) What is the angle of inclination?
Fy= _

Section 2: Two forces into one

2) What is the amount of force pushing object
into ground? (force perp?)

Section 3: One force into two 3) What is the amount offorce pulling the skier
down the hill? (force parallel)

Problem #2

Skier from problem moves down 45 °hill.

Part 1) What is their acceleration, if hill was

Section 4: Forces involving gravity considered smooth?

Part 2) What is their acceleration if hill has a

coefficient of friction of 0.21 ?

Draw a free body diagram of a skier moving down

an inclined slope

Part 3) How far down the hill will the skier travel in
33 seconds in part 2
Force of gravity, Normal force

What force is making the skier move down the

slope?

What force is pushing the skier into the ground?

What direction is the normal force?

Problem 3 What force is dragging suitcase across floor?

What minimum coefficient of friction value would

be needed on the slope for the skier from problem
#2 to be stuck (not accelerate down the slope?) What forces effect normal force on suitcase?

Determining Normal Force

Friction

Frictional force depends on the

The _
also matters. The harder one object is pushed
against the other, the greater the force of friction Extra Note Space
that results.

The coefficients of friction are ---------------

of the area of contact

The force of ------- acts when the

object is in motion

Equation: _

______ acts to keep the object from moving

IfF increases, so does Is

If F decreases, so does Is
Equation: _

Calculation of friction

Equation: _

= Force of friction
= Coefficient of friction

= Normal force

Only the determines the

amount of frictional force applied to a moving
object

Generally, the normal force equals the weight of

sliding object except _
then
---------------
Law of Sines and Cosines Practice 1
Use the Law of Sines and the Law of Cosines to find the missing sides and angles of each
triangle. (Hint: Draw the Triangle for a visual picture)

1. a= 16, B = 32°, and C= 50° 2. a = 21, c = 30, and B = 42° 3. a = 5, b = 8, and c = 10

4. a = 12, b = 7.8, and B = 35° 5. a = 123, b = 155, and A = 55.2° 6. b = 110, C = 180, and B = 40°

7. For each triangle below, fill in all of the angles:

8. Use the Law of Sines to find x.

9. Complete each triangle.

12
ZOo
23° / 9
1000 3
9 / 10/
~o

10. Use the Law of Cosines to find X

..r

I
to
 VECTOR ADDITION

tF Sketch a diagram for each problem, then solve it.

1. Two people are pushing a disabled car. One exerts a force of 200 N east, the other a force of 150 N east.
What is the net force exerted on the car? (Assume friction to be negligible.)

2. Two soccer players kick a ball simultaneously from opposite sides. Red #3 kicks with 50 N of force while
Blue #5 kicks with 63 N of force. What is the net force on the ball?

3. An airplane flies due north at 100 m/s through a 30 m/s cross wind blowing from the east to the west.
Determine the resultant velocity of the airplane.

4. A mountain climbing expedition establishes a base camp and two intermediate camps, A and B. Camp A is
11,200 m east of and 3200 m above base camp. Camp B is 8400 m east of and 1700 m higher than
Camp A. Determine the displacement between base camp and Camp B.

5. A plane flies with a velocity of 52 m/s east through a 12 m/s cross wind blowing the plane south. Find the
magnitude and direction (relative to due east) of the resultant velocity at which it travels.

6. An ambitious hiker walks 25 km west and then 35 km south in a day. Find the magnitude and direction
(relative to due west) of her resultant displacement.

7. A boat heads directly across a river with a velocity of 12 m/s. If the river flows at 6.0 m/s find the
magnitude and direction (with respect to the shore) of the boat's resultant velocity.

8. I went for a walk the other day. I went four avenues east (0.80 miles), then twenty-four streets south
(1.20 miles), then one avenue west (0.20 miles), and finally eight streets north (OAO miles).
a. What distance did I travel? I
b. What's my resultant displacement?

9. A plane intends to fly north with a speed of 250 m/s relative to the ground through a high altitude cross
wind of 50 m/s coming from the east. Determine ...
a. the bearing that the plane should take (relative to due north) and
b. the plane's speed with respect to tie air.

10. At a particular instant, a stationary observer on the ground sees a package falling from a moving airplane
with a speed vobserver at an angle 8 to the vertical. To the pilot flying horizontally at a constant speed
relative to the ground the package appears to be falling vertically with a speed vpilot at that same instant.
What is the speed of the pilot relative to the ground in terms of the given quantities?

physics info
 Vector Addition
Given the following vector:

A= 9i+6j+8k B= 7i+5j C= 13j+2k D=7i - 8j+2k F=12i - 7k

Calculate Dot product of:

A+B AandB

A-C

B+C B andC

B-D

B+F C and D

Y2C+V4A

DandF

2A+9B+5D

AandD

8B-2F+C

Cross Product of

6C-4F+8A B andD

3D - 8F + 7B

AandD

MAGNITUDES OF A,B,C,D,F

CandF
 Name _

Date Pd

UNIT IV: Worksheet 3

For each of the problems below, carefully draw a force diagram of the system before attempting
to solve the problem.

1. Determine the tension in each cable in case A and case B.

Case A Case B

....................................
""""""""'"
""""""""',.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:

2. Determine tension in each cable. (Hint: There is more than one way to define the system.

3. The object hung from the cable has a weight of25 N. Write the equation for the sum of the
forces in the y-direction. What is the tension in the cable?

30· 30·
- - - - -~- -----

Repeat the problem above with a 5 j angle. How does the tension compare?

'Modeling Workshop Project 2002 Unit IV ws3 v2.0

4. The cable at left exerts a -30 N force.

a. Write the equation for the sum of the forces in the x-direction.
What is the val ue of T 2?

b. Write the equation for the sum of the forces in the y-direction.
What is the force of gravity acting on the ball?

5. The box on the frictionless ramp is held at rest by the tension force. The mass of the box is
20 kg. What is the value of the tension force?

------------------
30° ----------....

What is the value of the normal force?

6. In the system below the pulley and ramp are Fiction less and the block is in static equilibrium.
What is the mass of the block on the ramp?

20kg

'Modeling Workshop Project 2002 2 Unit IV ws3 v2.0

7. A man pulls a 50 kg box at constant speed across the floor. He applies a 200 N force at an angle
of30i·

a. Sum the forces in the x-direction. What is the value of the frictional force opposing the
motion?

b. Sum the forces in the y-direction. What is the value of the normal force?

8. A man pushes a 2.0 kg broom at constant speed across the floor. The broom handle makes a 50i
angle with the floor. He pushes the broom with a 5.0 N force.

a. Sum the forces in the y-direction. What is the value of the normal force?

b. Sum of the forces in the x-direction. What is the value of the frictional force opposing the
motion?

c. If the frictional force were suddenly reduced to zero, what would happen to the broom?

'Modeling Workshop Project 2002 3 Unit IV ws3 v2.0

Worksheet: Inclined Planes Name, _

Complete the diagram, labeling vectors and angles:

1. A cart weighing 420 N rests on a 23° incline. Calculate the component of its
weight that presses the cart to the hill.

2. Calculate the parallel force component of the weight (6.1 X 105 N) of a car
resting on a hill which is 35° above horizontal.

3. A crate having a mass of 114 kg rests on a ramp with an angle of incline of

15.2°. What force does the crate exert perpendicular to the ramp?

4. What is the weight of a box that exerts a parallel force component of 330 N
and a perpendicular component of 390 N?

What is the angle of incline of the hill?

PHYSICSFundamentals
e 2004, GPB
5-09
 PHYSICS CHAPTER 4 SECTION 3 Worksheet 1
Name _

Block _
I. A block weighs 2000 Newton's. I f a horizontal force of 100 Newton's is required to keep it in motion with a constant speed
on a horizontal surface what is the coefficient offriction? (Answer .05)
Fa=IOON
Ff

~ 2000 N
2. In a coefficient of friction experiment, a horizontal force of 45 Newton's is needed to keep an object weighing 125 Newton's
sliding at a constant speed over a horizontal surface. Calculate the coefficient of friction. (Answer .36)

<F' ~45N

3. A crate weighing 1250 Newton's slides down an inclined plane at a constant speed. The plane is 6 meters long. Its height is
3 meters. What is the coefficient offriction between the crate and the incline plane? (Answer .577)
Fn

6m

19 sine
4. The coefficient offriction between a metal block and the inclined surface over which it will slide is .2. If the surface makes
and angle of20 degrees with the horizontal and the block has a mass of80 kilograms, what force is required to slide the
block at constant speed up the plane? (Answer 415.5 Newton's)

mg sine
5. A crate weighing 400 Newton's is pulled along a horizontal sidewalk at constant speed by a rope that makes an angle of 45
degrees with the sidewalk. If a force of 150 Newton's is applied to the rope, what is the coefficient offriction? (Answer
.361 )

F\

Ff

6. A box have a mass of 50 Ki lograms is dragged across a horizontal floor by means of a rope tied on the front of it. The
coefficient offriction between the box and the floor is .3. If the angle between the rope and the floor is 30 degrees, what
force must be exerted on the rope to move the box at a constant speed? (Answer 144.69 Newton's)

Fy
Ff
Ff
 PHYSICS CHAPTER 4 SECTION 3 Worksheet 1
7. If a crate slides down a 10-degree incline at constant speed, what is the coefficient of friction between the crate and the
incline? What IS the coefficient offriction when a crate slides down a 20-degree incline at a constant speed? What is the
coefficient of sliding friction for a crate moving at constant speed down and incline of X degree?
(Answer .176, .364, Jl == tan x)

g sin
8. The coefficient offriction between a metal block and the inclined surface over which it will slide is .42. If the surface makes
and angle of33 degrees with the horizontal and the block has a mass of 100 kilograms, what force is required to slide the
block at constant speed up the plane? (Answer 878.9 Newton's)

9. A crate weighing 137 Newton's is pulled along a horizontal sidewalk at constant speed by a rope that makes an angle of 65
degrees with the sidewalk. If a force of 50 Newton's is applied to the rope, what is the coefficient offriction? (Answer .23)

10. A box have a mass of 68 Kilograms is dragged across a horizontal floor by means of a rope tied on the front of it. The
coefficient of friction between the box and the floor is .6. If the angle between the rope and the floor is 20 degrees, what
force must be exerted on the rope to move the box at a constant speed? (Answer 349.23 Newton's)
 Practice Set with Vector Applications: Forces
YOU MUST SHOW ALL WORK!!!! Please do these problems on a separate piece of paper.

1. The following picture is hanging in the White House. Determine the weight of the picture.
(42.4N)

2. Consider the symmetrical hanging of a sign. If the sign is known to have a mass of 15 kg and
if the angle between the two cables is 120 degrees, then what is the tension in the
cable? (150 N)

3. The sign to the right hangs outside the physics classroom, advertising the most
important truth to be found inside. If the sign has a mass of 50 kg, then determine
the tension in the single cable which supports its weight. (1000- N)

4. The Strongman below pulls with two large forces (F\ and F2) in order to lift the I-kg book by two cables. If
the cables make a l-degree angle with the horizontal, then what is the tension in the
cable? (286.5N)

5. The following sign can be found in Glenview. The sign has a mass of 50 kg.
Determine the tension in the cables. (352 N)

6. After its most recent delivery, the infamous stork announces the good news. If the sign has
a mass of 10 kg, then what is the tensional force in each cable? Use trigonometric functions
and a sketch to assist in the solution. (57.5 N)

7. A ski lift will tow a 100 kg skier up a 20° incline with an increasing speed at a rate of 1
m/s2. A 100 N Friction force between snow and skis opposes the skier. What tension must
the rope exert? (T = 542 N)

8. A 500 kg cart is pulled along a level surface by a rope angled at 37° above the horizontal. lfthe cart's speed
increases at a rate of2 m/s2, what is the tension in the cable? Assume no friction. (T = 1252-N)

9. A 200 kg cart is pulled along a level surface by a rope angled at 15° above the horizontal. If the cart's speed
increases at a rate of 1.6 m/s-', what is the tension in the cable? Assume friction is a constant 325N. What is
the coefficient of friction between the cart and the surface? (T = 672-N, u= 0.18)

10. A 60 kg bicyclist (including bike) coasts up a 37° incline, decreasing speed at a rate of7.8 m/s2. What is
the friction force of the incline on the bicycle? Assume she is not pedaling. What is the coefficient of
friction between the incline and the bike tires? (/= 114-N, ~= 0.27)

11. A woman pushes a 100-kg block along the floor. The 500-N force of the woman on the block is directed
37° below the horizontal. There is a coefficient of friction of 0.23 between the block and the floor. What is
the acceleration of the block? (a = 1.05 m/s2)

12. CHALLENGE: A woman pushes a 100-kg block along the floor. The force of the woman on the block is
directed 42° below the horizontal. There is a coefficient of friction of 0.46 between the block and the floor.
If the acceleration of the block is 2 m/s", what is the force with which the woman pushes the block? (N =
1497 N)
Vector Appl ications _Forces
 7: The Laws of Motion Name ---------------------
Worksheet C: PROBLEMS AP Physics B

Show your work on all problems, including a FREE-BODY DIAGRAM and the equations of force analysis. Assume
9 = - 9.80 m/s" and that air resistance is negligible. Show all units and express final answers with the proper number
of significant figures.

1. A cord passing over a pulley with negligible friction and mass has a 4.00 kg object tied to one
end and an 8.00 kg object tied to the other as shown at right. Compute the magnitude of the
acceleration of the masses.
4.00 kg
This device is called an Atwood's machine. Draw a separate FBD for each mass, using them
to write an equation for each mass, and then solve those two equations simultaneously. When 8.00 kg
the tension accelerates one mass one direction, it accelerates the other mass in the opposite
direction, so we arbitrarily designate one of the accelerations as negative, yielding these
equations:

T + Fg4 = m4(a) andT + FgS = ms(-a)

A computer simulation of this problem is available to check your answer.

2. A girl pulls a struggling 12.0 kg dog using a horizontal leash. The leash can sustain a maximum of 38.0 N of force before
breaking. At one point, the dog is pulling with a force of 40.0 N opposite her pull. What is the minimum acceleration with
which she must follow the dog in order to keep the leash from breaking?

3. A 15.0 kg block slides up a 20.0° incline with an acceleration of 25.0 cm/s! when a
horizontal force is applied as shown. If the frictional force on the block is l34 N, what
is the magnitude of the horizontal force?
Frictional forces are always directly opposite the motion or attempted motion of a
body. Since the block slides up the incline, friction will act down the incline's slope.
A computer simulation of this problem is available to check your answer.

4. At launch, the space shuttle's engines provide a thrust of 29.0 x 106 N, and it
accelerates upward at 1.75 m/s'. What is the shuttle's mass?

5. A 175 kg crate is being lifted upward by a pulley system as shown at right. A

375 kg mass is sliding down the rough 35.0° incline. There is 1OQN of frictional
force on the sliding mass. Calculate the magnitude of the acceleration of the crate.
Again draw separate FBD 'sfor each object. Then either follow the procedure
given for problem 1 or combine the masses into one and only use the external
forces on the system of masses tofind the answer.

6. Mr. M was dragging his reluctant cat out for a walk. Fluffy's leash was angled at
40.0° degrees to the horizontal and had a tension of 20.0 N (see diagram). If
Fluffy's mass was 4.00 kg and she accelerated forward at 1.75 rn/s", what was the
size and direction of the frictional force on her?

7. Following a minor accident with Fluffy, Mr. M is using crutches to hobble about. He weighs
70Q N and is supporting half of his weight with his feet. The two crutches are supporting the
remaining half of his weight as depicted at right. Draw a free-body diagram of Mr. M and
then calculate the magnitude of the overall force one of the crutches must provide in this
situation.

8. A jet plane weighing 60Q,000 N started from rest down a runway and accelerated for takeoff
at 2.00 rn/s'. How much horizontal thrust did its engines provide?
A computer simulation of this problem is available to check your answer.

Unit 7: Laws of Motion, Worksheet C: Problems ©2008 by G. Meador - www.inguiryphysicsorg

Inclined Plane Problems

For each problem, a) tell me what type a/inclined plane problem it is and b) draw afree body diagram showing
allforces acting on the object and c) calculate the answer.

1. A 3.0 m long board has one end raised to a height of60. ern to form an incline. A 4.0 kg mass is
allowed to slide without friction down the entire length of the board. A) What is the final speed of the
mass when it reaches the bottom? [3.5 m/s], b) lfthe mass is replaced with an 8.0 kg mass, what would
be the new speed when it reaches the bottom? [3.5 m/s]

2. A wooden block slides directly down an inclined plane, at a constant velocity of 6.0 m/s. a) How large
is the coefficient of kinetic friction if the plane makes an angle of25 degrees with the horizontal? [0.47]
b) If the angle of incline is changed to 10. ° and the initial velocity is 6.0 mis, how far will the block
slide before coming to a stop? [6.4 m]

3. A 10.0 kg box accelerates at 2.00 m/s ' as it slides down a ramp that makes an angle of25.0 degrees with
the horizontal. Find the coefficient of friction. [0.241]

4. A 10.0 kg box is pulled up a 45 degree ramp at a constant velocity by a force of 90.0 N acting parallel to
the ramp. Find the coefficient of friction. [0.30]

5. A 10. kg block is placed on top of an inclined plane 10. m long. The coefficient of kinetic friction is
0.20. The inclined plane is 30. degrees from the horizontal. a) What is the acceleration of the block?
[3.2 m/s"] b) How long will it take to hit the ground? [2.5 s] c) What is its impact velocity? [8.0 m/s]

6. An object is being pulled up a 15.0° incline against a frictional coefficient of 0.150, and requires a force
of 835 N parallel to the surface of the ramp to move it at a constant speed. What is the mass of the
object? [211 kg]

7. The coefficient of static friction between a box and an inclined plane is 0.35. What is the minimum
angle required for the box to begin sliding down the incline? [19°]

8. A block is at rest on a sloped surface. Suppose that the angle the slope makes with the horizontal is 38°,
and that the frictional force on the block is 27 N. Find the weight of the block. [44 N]

9. A 135 m long ramp with no friction is to be built for a ski jump. If a skier starting from rest at the top is
to have a speed no faster than 19 mls at the bottom, what should be the maximum angle of inclination?
[7.6°]