Introduction

1. What is Java?
 Java technology is both general-purpose, class-based, object-oriented
programming language and a platform (a collection of programs that help
programmers to develop and run Java programming applications efficiently)
from Oracle Corporation.
 Java was originally developed by James Gosling with his colleagues at Sun
Microsystems during the early 1990s.
 Initially, it was called a project ‘Oak’ which had implementation similar to C
and C++.
 The name Java has later selected after enough brainstorming and is based on
the name of an espresso bean.
 Java 1.0, the first version was released in 1995 with the tagline of ‘write
once, run anywhere’. Later, Sun Microsystems was acquired by Oracle.
 The latest version of Java is Java SE15 released on 15th September 2020.

2. What are the important features of java?

1. Java is platform independent language. (One java program can be run in
different operating system)
 Unlike other programming languages such as C, C++ etc which are
compiled into platform specific machines. Java is guaranteed to be
compile-once, run-anywhere language.
 On compilation Java program is compiled into bytecode. This bytecode
is platform independent and can be run on any machine. Any machine
with Java Runtime Environment can run Java Programs.
2. It is open-source language. (Java source code, documentation and jdk
software are free available)
3. It is pure object-oriented programming language.
4. Java library (.class file) internal and external are very huge.

3. How java is platform independent?

Java program, once compiled, can be run on any platform without recompiling.
4. Which are the types in java?
1. Class
2. Interface
3. Enum
4. Annotation

5. What is class?
 Class is nothing but different type of entity.
 It is useful designing template or blueprint from which individual objects are
created.
Or
 A class in Java is a blueprint which includes all your data.
 A class contains fields (variables) and methods to describe the behaviour of
an object.
e.g., public class A
{

6. What is Object?
 Object is an instance of a class.
 Object it means separate copy of memory.
 An object is a real-world entity. Every object has 2 things.
1. State
2. Behaviour
 State can be change object to object but behaviour will always be same.

State

Behaviour

7. What is the difference between class and object?

Class Object
Class is a blueprint or template from Object is an instance of a class.
which objects are created.
Class is a group of similar objects. Object is a real world entity such as pen,
laptop, mobile, bed, keyboard, mouse,
chair etc.
Class is a logical entity. Object is a physical entity.
 Class is declared using class keyword e.g. Object is created through new keyword
mainly e.g.
class Student{} Student s1=new Student();
Class is declared once. Object is created many times as per
requirement.
Class doesn't allocated memory when it Object allocates memory when it is
is created. created.

8. What will be the initial value of an object reference which is defined as an instance
variable?
 All object references are initialized to null in Java.

9. What do you understand by JVM? What it does?

 Java Virtual Machine is a virtual machine (it doesn't physically exist) that
enables the computer to run the Java program.
 JVM acts like a run-time engine which calls the main method present in the
Java code.
 It is a specification that provides a runtime environment in which Java
bytecode can be executed.
 It can also run those programs which are written in other languages and
compiled to Java bytecode.
 The JVM performs following operation:
1. Loads code
2. Verifies code
3. Executes code
4. Provides runtime environment

10. What is the Difference between JDK, JRE and JVM?

1. JDK –
 Java Development Kit (in short JDK) is Kit which provides the environment to
develop and execute(run) the Java program. It physically exists.
 JDK is a kit (or package) which includes two things
1. Development Tools (to provide an environment to develop your java
programs)
2. JRE (to execute your java program).
  JDK is an implementation of any one of the below given Java Platforms
released by Oracle Corporation:
o Standard Edition Java Platform
o Enterprise Edition Java Platform
o Micro Edition Java Platform
 The Java Development Kit (JDK) is a software development environment used
for developing Java applications and applets. It is possible to install more than
one JDK version on the same computer.
 Why use JDK?
Here are the main reasons for using JDK:
 JDK contains tools required to write Java programs and JRE to execute
them.
 It includes a compiler, Java application launcher, Appletviewer, etc.
 Compiler converts code written in Java into byte code.
 Java application launcher opens a JRE, loads the necessary class, and
executes its main method.
Note: JDK is only used by Java Developers.

2. JRE –
 Java Runtime Environment (to say JRE) is an installation package which
provides environment to only run (not develop) the java program (or
application) onto your machine.
 It is also written as Java RTE. It is the implementation of JVM. It physically
exists. It contains a set of libraries + other files that JVM uses at runtime.
 JRE is only used by them who only wants to run the Java Programs i.e. end
users of your system.

 Why use JRE?

Here are the main reasons of using JRE:
 JRE contains class libraries, JVM, and other supporting files. It does not
include any tool for Java development like a debugger, compiler, etc.
 It uses important package classes like math, swing, util, lang, awt, and
runtime libraries.
 If you have to run Java applets, then JRE must be installed in your
system.
 3. JVM –
 Java Virtual machine (JVM) is a very important part of both JDK and JRE
because it is contained or inbuilt in both.
 Whatever Java program you run using JRE or JDK goes into JVM and JVM is
responsible for executing the java program line by line hence it is also known
as interpreter.
 Why JVM?
Here are the important reasons of using JVM:
 JVM provides a platform-independent way of executing Java source
code.
 It has numerous libraries, tools, and frameworks.
 Once you run a Java program, you can run on any platform and save
lots of time.
 JVM comes with JIT (Just-in-Time) compiler that converts Java source
code into low-level machine language. Hence, it runs faster than a
regular application.
Summary:
JDK JRE JVM
It stands for Java It stands for Java Runtime It stands for Java Virtual
Development Kit. Environment. Machine.
It is the tool necessary to JRE refers to a runtime It is an abstract machine.
compile, document and environment in which It is a specification that
package Java programs. Java bytecode can be provides a run-time
executed. environment in which
Java bytecode can be
executed.
It contains JRE + It’s an implementation of JVM follows three
development tools. the JVM which physically notations: Specification,
exists. Implementation and
Runtime Instance

11. How many reserved words in java?

 In java some identifiers are reserved to associate some functionality or
meaning such type of reserved identifiers are called reserved words.
 Reserved words for data Reserved words for flow Keywords for
types: (8) control:(11) modifiers:(11)
1) byte 1) if 1) public
2) short 2) else 2) private
3) int 3) switch 3) protected
4) long 4) case 4) static
5) float 5) default 5) final
6) double 6) for 6) abstract
7) char 7) do 7) synchronized
8) Boolean 8) while 8) native
9) break 9) strictfp(1.2
10) continue version)
11) return 10) transient
11) volatile

Keywords for exception Class related Object related

handling:(6) keywords:(6) keywords:(4)
1) try 1) class 1) new
2) catch 2) package 2) instanceof
3) finally 3) import 3) super
4) throw 4) extends 4) this
5) throws
5) implements
6) assert(1.4
version) 6) interface

Void return type Unused keywords:(2) Reserved literals: (3)

keyword:(1)
1) void 1) goto 1) true
2) const 2) false
3) null

Enum keyword: (1)

1) enum --introduced in 1.5v to define a group of named constants

Note: By mistake if we are using unused keywords in our program, we will get
compile time error.

Conclusion:
 All reserved words in java contain only lowercase alphabet symbols.
 New keywords in java are:
1. strictfp-----------1.2v
2. assert-------------1.4v
3. enum--------------1.5v

 In java we have only new keyword but not delete because destruction of useless
objects is the responsibility of Garbage Collection.

instanceof but not instanceOf extends but not extend
strictfp but not strictFp implements but not implement
const but not Constant import but not imports
syncronized but not syncronize int but not Int
12. Why Main Method is public?
 JVM call main method and it can be access from anywhere that’s why it is
public

13. Why Main Method is static?

 Main method is static because JVM can call through class name. (no need to
create object)
Or
 JVM need not create the object of class in which main function is defined.
Or
 If our main() method is not declared as static then the JVM has to create an
object first and call which causes the problem of having extra memory
allocation.
e.g., public class Test
{
Test.main() //JVM calls like this
}

14. What is return type of main method?

 Main method return type is void.

15. Why main method return type is void?

 Because JVM doesn’t wants any return value from main.

16. Why this method name is main?

 Everyone familiar with this name because it is used in previous programming
languages.

17. What is parameter of main method?

 A string type array is parameter of main method.

18. What is use of main method parameter?

 It is used to getting input from command line.

19. Why main method parameter is string array only? Why not other?
 String can hold any java type value in the format of stream.

20. Can we execute a program without main() method?

 No, It was possible before JDK 1.7 using the static block. Since JDK 1.7, it is not
possible.

A person says that he compiled a java class successfully without even having a main
method in it? Is it possible?
 Main method is an entry point of Java class and is required for execution of
the program however; a class gets compiled successfully even if it doesn't
have a main method. It can't be run though.
21. What if the static modifier is removed from the signature of the main method?
 Program compiles fine.
 However, at runtime, It throws an error "NoSuchMethodError."

22. Can we declare the main method of our class as private?

 In java, main method must be public static in order to run any application
correctly.
 If main method is declared as private, developer won't get any compilation
error however, it will not get executed and will give a runtime error.

23. Explain data members in java?

 The variables which are declared in any class by using any fundamental data
types (like int, char, float etc) or derived data type (like class, structure,
pointer etc.) are known as Data Members.
 There are 2 types of data member in java.
1. Primitive
2. Non-Primitive (User defined)
Primitive data types
 There are 8 primitive data members in java.

 Every primitive data member size is fixed.

 Every primitive data member has their own default value.
Data type Default value Data type Default value
Byte 0 double 0.0d
Short 0 char ‘\u0000’
Int 0 boolean false
Long 0L String null
Float 0.0f Any user defined object null

Non-primitive Data types

 Any java type either class type or interface type is called Non-primitive data
member.
 Every non primitive data member default value is null.
 Size will be changed dynamically it means it will change during runtime.
 E.g., all user defined classes & interfaces, List, Set, String, Arrays..etc.
24. What is variable? Types of variables in java?
 Variables are containers for storing data values.
 There are 3 types of variables in java.
1. Instance variables
2. Static variables
3. Local variables

1. Instance Variables
 Instance variables are those variables which are declared inside the class but
outside the method, constructor and block.
 If the value of a variable is varied from object to object such type of variables
are called instance variables.
 For every object a separate copy of instance variables will be created.
 Instance variables will be created at the time of object creation and destroyed
at the time of object destruction hence the scope of instance variables is
exactly same as scope of objects.
 Instance variables will be stored on the heap as the part of object.
 Instance variables should be declared with in the class directly but outside of
any method or block or constructor.
 Instance variables can be accessed directly from Instance area. But cannot be
accessed directly from static area.
 But by using object reference we can access instance variables from static
area.
Example:
class Test
{
int i=10;
public static void main(String[] args)
{
//System.out.println(i);
//C.E:non-static variable i cannot be referenced from a
static context(invalid)
Test t=new Test();
System.out.println(t.i);//10(valid)
t.methodOne();
}
public void methodOne()
{
System.out.println(i);//10(valid)
}
}
 For the instance variables it is not required to perform initialization JVM will
always provide default values.
Example:
class Test
{
boolean b;
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Test t=new Test();
System.out.println(t.b); //false
 }
}
 Instance variables also known as object level variables or attributes.

2.Static/Class Variables
 Static/Class variables are those variables which are declared inside the class
with static keyword.
 If the value of a variable is not varied from object to object such type of
variables is not recommended to declare as instance variables. We have to
declare such type of variables at class level by using static modifier.
 In the case of instance variables for every object a separate copy will be
created but in the case of static variables for entire class only one copy will be
created and shared by every object of that class.
 Static variables will be crated at the time of class loading and destroyed at the
time of class unloading hence the scope of the static variable is exactly same
as the scope of the .class file.
 Static variables will be stored in method area. Static variables should be
declared with in the class directly but outside of any method or block or
constructor.
 Static variables can be accessed from both instance and static areas directly.
 We can access static variables either by class name or by object reference but
usage of class name is recommended. But within the same class it is not
required to use class name we can access directly.
Example:
class Test
{
static int i=10;
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Test t=new Test();
System.out.println(t.i); //10
System.out.println(Test.i); //10
System.out.println(i); //10
}
}
 For the static variables it is not required to perform initialization explicitly,
JVM will always provide default values.
Example:
class Test
{
static String s;
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println(s);//null
}
}
 Static variables also known as class level variables or fields.

3.Local Variables
 Local variables are those variables which are declared inside method,
constructor and block to meet temporary requirements of the programmer.
  local variables are also called as automatic variables or temporary variables or
stack variables.
 The variable will be declared and initialized within the method and the
variable will be destroyed when the method has completed.
 The local variables will be stored on the stack.
 For the local variables JVM won't provide any default values compulsory we
should perform initialization explicitly before using that variable.
 It is highly recommended to perform initialization for the local variables at the
time of declaration at least with default values.

 In above program age is a local variable. This variable is defined under

putAge() method and its scope is limited to this method only.
 Access modifiers cannot be used for declaring local variables.
 Local Variables can also be defined inside statement blocks i.e. do, for, while
loop. These are only visible inside that block.
 For example:
for(int i=0;i<=5;i++){……}
 In above example int i=0 is a local variable declaration. Its scope is only
limited to the for loop.
Conclusion:
1. For the static and instance variables it is not required to perform initialization
explicitly JVM will provide default values. But for the local variables JVM won't
provide any default values compulsory we should perform initialization
explicitly before using that variable.
2. For every object a separate copy of instance variable will be created whereas
for entire class a single copy of static variable will be created. For every Thread
a separate copy of local variable will be created.
 3. Instance and static variables can be accessed by multiple Threads
simultaneously and hence these are not Thread safe but local variables can be
accessed by only one Thread at a time and hence local variables are Thread
safe.
4. If we are not declaring any modifier explicitly then it means default modifier
but this rule is applicable only for static and instance variables but not local
variable.

25. Java is pure object-oriented programming or not?

 Java is not considered as pure object-oriented programming language
because several oops features (like multiple inheritance, operator
overloading) are not supported by java moreover we are depending on
primitive data types such as int, byte, long which are not-objects.
 There are seven qualities to be satisfied for a programming language to be
pure Object Oriented. They are:
1. Encapsulation/Data Hiding
2. inheritance
3. Polymorphism
4. Abstraction
5. All predefined types are objects
6. All operations are performed by sending messages to objects
7. All user defined types are objects

26. How java is strong object oriented?

 Java is strongly object-oriented programming language because without class
and object it is impossible to write any Java program.
 Java does not allow global members. Everything (variables as well as methods)
must be defined inside the class.

27. Who invokes main() function?

 JVM invokes main() function.

28. Can we define more than one public class in a java source code? what is the rule of
public class and file name?
 No, we can’t define more than one public class in one source file.
 Name of the public class and the file name must match.

29. Explain public static void main(String args[]) in Java.

 main() in Java is the entry point for any Java program. It is always written as
public static void main(String[] args).
 public: Public is an access modifier, which is used to specify who can
access this method. Public means that this Method will be accessible
by any Class.
 static: It is a keyword in java which identifies it is class-based. main() is
made static in Java so that it can be accessed without creating the
instance of a Class. In case, main is not made static then the compiler
 will throw an error as main() is called by the JVM before any objects
are made and only static methods can be directly invoked via the class.
 void: It is the return type of the method. Void defines the method
which will not return any value.
 main: It is the name of the method which is searched by JVM as a
starting point for an application with a particular signature only. It is
the method where the main execution occurs.
 String args[]: It is the parameter passed to the main method.

30. What are wrapper classes in Java?

 Wrapper classes convert the Java primitives into the reference types (objects).
 Every primitive data type has a class dedicated to it. These are known as
wrapper classes because they “wrap” the primitive data type into an object of
that class.

31. What is singleton class in Java and how can we make a class singleton?
 Singleton class is a class whose only one instance can be created at any given
time, in one JVM.
 A class can be made singleton by making its constructor private.

32. How can we pass argument to a function by reference instead of pass by value?
 In java, we can pass argument to a function only by value and not by
reference.

33. Can we have two methods in a class with the same name?
 We can define two methods in a class with the same name but with different
number/type of parameters. Which method is to get invoked will depend
upon the parameters passed.
 For example in the class below we have two print methods with same name
but different parameters. Depending upon the parameters, appropriate one
will be called:
34. Can variables be used in Java without initialization?
 In Java, if a variable is used in a code without prior initialization by a valid
value, program doesn't compile and gives an error as no default value is
assigned to variables in Java.

35. Is JDK required on each machine to run a Java program?

 JDK is development Kit of Java and is required for development only and to
run a Java program on a machine, JDK isn't required.
 Only JRE is required.

36. If an application has multiple classes in it, is it okay to have a main method in more
than one class?
 If there is main method in more than one classes in a java application, it won't
cause any issue as entry point for any application will be a specific class and
code will start from the main method of that particular class only.

Constructor
1. What is constructor in java? How many types of Constructor, which they are?
 Constructor is a block of code that initializes the newly created object.
 Constructor has same name as the class and looks like this in a java code.

There are three types of constructors: Default, No-arg constructor and

Parameterized.

1. Default Constructor:
If you do not implement any constructor in your class, Java compiler inserts a
default constructor into your code on your behalf and initializes all member
variables to zero. This constructor is known as default constructor. You would
not find it in your source code (the java file) as it would be inserted into the
code during compilation and exists in .class file. This process is shown in the
diagram below:
 If you implement any constructor then you no longer receive a default
constructor from Java compiler.

2. no-arg constructor:
As the name specifies the no argument constructors of Java does not accept
any parameters instead, using these constructors the instance variables of a
method will be initialized with fixed values for all objects.
The signature is same as default constructor so some people claim that that
default and no-arg constructor is same but in fact they are not same.

3. Parameterized Constructor:
Constructor with arguments (or you can say parameters) is known as
Parameterized constructor.
Parameters are added to a constructor in the same way that they are added
to a method, just declare them inside the parentheses after the constructor's
name.

2. What is purpose of constructor and is constructor having return type or not?

 The purpose of Constructor is to initialize instance variable of class at the time
of object creation.
 A constructor in Java is syntactically similar to methods but it’s not a method
as it doesn’t have a return type.
 In short constructor and method are different. People often refer constructor
as special type of method in Java.
 You need not call a constructor it is invoked implicitly at the time of
instantiation.

3. Difference between Constructor and Method?

Constructor Method
A Constructor is a block of code that A Method is a collection of statements
initializes a newly created object. which returns a value upon its
execution.
The purpose of constructor is to The purpose of a method is to perform a
initialize the object of a class task by executing java code.
A Constructor is invoked implicitly by A Method is invoked explicitly by the
the system. programmer.
 A Constructor is invoked when an object A Method is invoked through method
is created using the new keyword. calls.
A Constructor doesn’t have a return A Method must have a return type.
type.
A Constructor’s name must be same as A Method’s name can be anything.
the class name.
A Constructor cannot be inherited by A Method can be inherited by
subclasses. subclasses.
In case constructor is not present, a In the case of a method, no default
default constructor is provided by java method is provided.
compiler.

4. How many Constructor we can write in a class?

 We can write as much Constructors as we can.

5. Difference between local variable and global variable?

Local Variable Global Variable
Scope will be within a class and outside
Scope will be within a block only.
the class.
Local variables we need to initialize Global variables by default initialize
compulsory before use. through JVM. No need to initialize.
Local variable can have only one modifier Global variable can have different
which is final. modifier such as public, static.

6. When does the compiler supply a default constructor for a class?

 The compiler supplies a default constructor for a class if no other constructors
are provided.

7. Can we declare a constructor as final?

 As we know, constructors are not inherited in java. Therefore, constructors
are not subject to hiding or overriding.
 When there is no chance of constructor overriding, there is no chance of
modification also.
 When there is no chance of modification, then no sense of restricting
modification there.
 We know that the final keyword restricts further modification. So, a java
constructor cannot be final because it inherently it cannot be modified.
 Also, a java constructor is internally final. So again, there is no need for final
declaration further.
Example:
class GFG {
//GFG() constructor is declared final
final GFG()
{
//This line cannot be executed as compile error will come
System.out.print{
"Hey you have declared constructor as final, it's error");
}
 }
class Main {
public static void main(String[] args)
{
// Object of GFG class created
// Automatically GFG() constructor called
GFG obj = new GFG();
}
}
Output
prog.java:1: error: modifier final not allowed here
final GFG( )
^
1 error

 From the above example also, it is clear that if we are defining constructor as
final the compiler will give an error as modifier final not allowed.

8. Why java doesn’t support static constructor?

 We know static keyword belongs to a class rather than the object of a class
for example static method cannot be inherited in the sub class because they
belong to the class in which they have been declared.
 Since each constructor is being called by its subclass during creation of the
object of its subclass, so if you mark constructor as static the subclass will not
be able to access the constructor of its parent class because it is marked static
and thus belong to the class only.
 This will violate the whole purpose of inheritance concept and that is reason
why a constructor cannot be static.
Example:
class GFG {
//GFG() constructor is declared final
static GFG()
{
//This line cannot be executed as compile error will come
System.out.print{
"Hey you have declared constructor as final, it's error");
}
}
class Main {
public static void main(String[] args)
{
// Object of GFG class created
// Automatically GFG() constructor called
GFG obj = new GFG();
}
}
Output
prog.java:2: error: modifier static not allowed here
static GFG( )
^
1 error
  From the above example also it is clear that if we are defining constructor as
static the compiler will give an error as modifier static not allowed.

9. When the constructor of a class is invoked?

 The constructor of a class is invoked every time an object is created with new
keyword.
 For example, in the following class two objects are created using new keyword
and hence, constructor is invoked two times.

10. How objects of a class are created if no constructor is defined in the class?
 Even if no explicit constructor is defined in a java class, objects get created
successfully as a default constructor is implicitly used for object creation. This
constructor has no parameters.

11. Can we call the constructor of a class more than once for an object?
 Constructor is called automatically when we create an object using new
keyword.
 It's called only once for an object at the time of object creation and hence, we
can't invoke the constructor again for an object after its creation.

12. Can we use a default constructor of a class even if an explicit constructor is defined?
 Java provides a default no argument constructor if no explicit constructor is
defined in a Java class.
  But if an explicit constructor has been defined, default constructor can't be
invoked and developer can use only those constructors which are defined in
the class.

13. Can a constructor have different name than a Class name in Java?
 Constructor in Java must have same name as the class name and if the name
is different, it doesn't act as a constructor and compiler thinks of it as a normal
method.

Quick Recap of Constructor

 Every class has a constructor whether it’s a normal class or an abstract class.
 Constructors are not methods and they don’t have any return type.
 Constructor name should match with class name.
 Constructor can use any access specifier; they can be declared as private also.
Private constructors are possible in java but their scope is within the class only.
 Like constructor’s method can also have name same as class name, but still,
they have return type, though which we can identify them that they are
methods not constructors.
 If you don’t implement any constructor within the class, compiler will do it for.
 this() and super() should be the first statement in the constructor code. If you
don’t mention them, compiler does it for you accordingly.
 Constructor overloading is possible but overriding is not possible. Which
means we can have overloaded constructor in our class but we can’t override
a constructor.
 Constructors cannot be inherited.
 If Super class doesn’t have a no-arg(default) constructor then compiler would
not insert a default constructor in child class as it does in normal scenario.
 Interfaces do not have constructors.
 Abstract class can have constructor and it gets invoked when a class, which
implements interface, is instantiated. (i.e., object creation of concrete class).
 A constructor can also invoke another constructor of the same class – By using
this(). If you want to invoke a parameterized constructor then do it like this:
this(parameter list).

Package
1. What is package?
 Package is nothing but folder.
 It is used for representing group of similar purpose .class file.
 The main advantage of package is to overcome name conflict problem.

2. How to write package in our java source file?

 By using package keyword, we can write package in our java source file.
 It should be the first line of any java source file.
 Every dot (.) represents a subfolder
e.g. package com.inheritance.practice;
3. How to compile package java source file?
javac -d . A.java
javac – compiler
-d :- Make directory / make a folder
. :- Current location
A.java :- source file

 If u want to compile more than 1 .java files then use following

command
javac -d . *.java

4. How to run package compile file?

 By using fully qualified name of the class.
Java com.inheritance.practice.A

5. How to communicate two different package class?

 By using import keyword, we can communicate two different package class.
Import com.inheritance.task.*;

6. Does Importing a package imports its sub-packages as well in Java?

 In java, when a package is imported, its sub-packages aren't imported and
developer needs to import them separately if required.
 For example, if a developer imports a package university.*, all classes in the
package named university are loaded but no classes from the sub-package are
loaded.
 To load the classes from its sub-package ( say department), developer has to
import it explicitly as follows:
Import university.department.*

Static Concept
1. Why we use static keyword in java?
 Static keyword is mainly used for memory management.
 Static means single copy of memory or it is also called as class level memory.

2. What is Static Block?

 A static block is a block of code inside a Java class that will be executed when
a class is first loaded into the JVM. Mostly the static block will be used for
initializing the variables.
 The static block will be called only once while loading and it cannot have any
return type, or any keywords (this or super).
 Static block is used to access static members.
 Static block will be executed before main method, at the time of class loading.
 You cannot write any method inside static block but you can write variables
and print statement inside static block.
  You can define more than one static block inside the class. They will get
executed in the same order in which they are written.
 If you want to print some important instructions before main method
execution then static block can be used.
 if you want any logic that needs to be executed at the time of class loading
that logic need to place inside the static block so that it will be executed at the
time of class loading.
class test
{
static int val;
static
{
val = 100;
}
}

3. Can a static block exist without a main() method?

 You cannot have a static block alone in the class without a main method.

4. Can we Overload static methods in Java?

 Yes, you can overload a static method in Java.

5. Can we Override static methods in Java?

 No, you cannot override a static method in Java as there will not be any Run-
time Polymorphism happening.
 When we declare a method with same signature and static in both Parent and
Child class then it is not considered as Method Overriding as there will not be
any Run-time Polymorphism happening.
 When the Child class also has defined the same static method like Parent class,
then the method in the Child class hides the method in the Parent class.
class Parent
{
public static void display()
{
System.out.println("Welcome to Parent Class");
}
}
public class Child extends Parent
{
public static void display()
{
System.out.println("Welcome to Child class");
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
//Assign Child class object to Parent reference
Parent pc = new Child();
pc.display();
}
}
Output:
Welcome to Parent Class
6. What is non-static block?
 If we have many constructors inside a class and those constructors need to
have some common statements. Instead of repeating those statements in
each constructor, we place those statements in non-static block.
 For non-static block to execute compulsory you need to create an object in
main method.
 If object is not created in main method then non static block will not execute.

7. Can static member function access non-static data?

 No. because static member function can be called without creating object.
 When object is not created, non-static member is not allocated memory.

8. Can non-static member function access static data?

 Yes. Because in order to invoke non-static member function u need to create
object and by that time static members are already allocated memory.

9. What is a static method?

 A static method belongs to the class rather than an object. It can be called
directly by using the class name “<<ClassName>>.<<MethodName>>”
 A static method can access static variables directly and it cannot access non-
static variables and can only call a static method directly and it cannot call a
non-static method from it.
 Only the main() method which is static will be called by the JVM automatically,
Not all the static method will be called automatically.

10. What are the restrictions that are applied to the Java static methods?
 Two main restrictions are applied to the static methods.
1. The static method cannot use non-static data member or call the non-
static method directly.
2. this and super cannot be used in static context as they are non-static.

11. What is the difference between static and non-static member?

 Static members are common for all the instances(objects) of the class but non-
static members are separate for each instance(object) of class.

12. Can you access non static variable in static context?

 A static variable in Java belongs to its class and its value remains the same for
all its instances.
 A static variable is initialized when the class is loaded by the JVM.
 If your code tries to access a non-static variable, without any instance, the
compiler will complain, because those variables are not created yet and they
are not associated with any instance.

13. Can a variable be local and static at the same time?

 No. a variable can't be static as well as local at the same time. Defining a
local variable as static gives compilation error.
14. What's the purpose of Static methods and static variables?
 When there is a requirement to share a method or a variable between
multiple objects of a class instead of creating separate copies for each
object, we use static keyword to make a method or variable shared for all
objects.

15. Differentiate between static and non-static methods in Java.

Static Method Non-Static Method
1. The static keyword must be used 1. No need to use the static keyword
before the method name before the method name
2. It is called using the class 2. It is can be called like any general
(className.methodName) method
3. It can access any static method and any
3. They can’t access any non-static
static variable without creating an
instance variables or methods
instance of the class

16. Can we have static methods in an Interface?

 Static methods can't be overridden in any class while any methods in an
interface are by default abstract and are supposed to be implemented in the
classes being implementing the interface. So, it makes no sense to have static
methods in an interface in Java.

17. In a class implementing an interface, can we change the value of any variable defined
in the interface?
 No, we can't change the value of any variable of an interface in the
implementing class as all variables defined in the interface are by default
public, static and Final and final variables are like constants which can't be
changed later.

Array
1. What is an Array?
 Array is used to store homogeneous data types values in a single variable
instead of declaring separate variables for each value.
 Arrays are fixed in size.
 Array indexing/position starts from 0th index.
 Arrays only can store Homogeneous data type.

2. In case of an array which variable is created automatically? Can u modify it? If no,
why?
 In java whenever u create array, u get “length” variable by default which is
nothing but size of array.
 No u can’t modify it because it is final.
3. Is there a way to increase the size of an array after its declaration?
 Arrays are static and once we have specified its size, we can't change it.
 If we want to use such collections where we may require a change of size (no
of items), we should prefer vector over array.

String Concept
1. What is String?
 String is the sequence of characters or say string is an array of characters.

2. Is String a keyword in java?

 No. String is not a keyword in java.
 String is a final class in java.lang package which is used to represent the set of
characters in java.

3. In how many ways you can create string objects in java?

 There are two ways to create string objects in java.
1. By using new keyword
2. By using String literals.

By using new keyword:

String s1 = new String("abc");

 In this case 2 objects are created.
 With new keyword one object is created and that object is stored in heap area
and with literal “abc” one more object created and that object is stored in
String Constant Pool (SCP).
 S1 will pointing to the object created in heap area and JVM internally pointing
(providing reference) to the object created in SCP.

By using String literal:

String s2 = "xyz";
 In this case only 1 object is created and stored in SCP.
 This way is recommended because objects created are less.

4. What is string constant pool?

 String Constant Pool is the memory space in heap memory specially allocated
to store the string objects created using string literals.
 In String Constant Pool, there will be no two string objects having the same
content.
 Whenever you create a string object using string literal, JVM first checks the
content of the object to be created.
 If there exist an object in the string constant pool with the same content, then
it returns the reference of that object. It doesn’t create a new object.
 If the content is different from the existing objects then only it creates new
object.
5. Is garbage collector deletes the object created in SCP?
 No. The string object present in SCP are not applicable for garbage collection
because a reference variable internally is maintained by JVM.
 The object which is not pointing by any variable are applicable for garbage
collection or that object is deleted by garbage collector.

6. What is special about string objects as compared to objects of other derived types?
 One special thing about string objects is that you can create string objects
without using new operator i.e using string literals. This is not possible with
other derived types (except wrapper classes).
 One more special thing about strings is that you can concatenate two string
objects using ‘+’. This is the relaxation java gives to string objects as they will
be used most of the time while coding. And also java provides string constant
pool to store the string objects

7. What do you mean by mutable and immutable objects?

 Immutable objects are like constants. You can’t modify them once they are
created. They are final in nature.
 Whereas mutable objects are concerned, you can perform modifications to
them.

8. Which is the final class in these three classes – String, StringBuffer and StringBuilder?
 All three are final. (Interviewer will ask this type of questions to confuse you)

9. Why StringBuffer and StringBuilder classes are introduced in java when there already
exist String class to represent the set of characters?
 The objects of String class are immutable in nature. i.e you can’t modify them
once they are created.
 If you try to modify them, a new object will be created with modified content.
This may cause memory and performance issues if you are performing lots of
string modifications in your code.
 To overcome these issues, StringBuffer and StringBuilder classes are
introduced in java.

10. How do you create mutable string objects?

 Using StringBuffer and StringBuilder classes.
 These classes provide mutable string objects.

11. Which one will you prefer among “==” and equals() method to compare two string
objects?
 prefer equals() method because it compares two string objects based on their
content and returns true if the two have same value. That provides more
logical comparison of two string objects.
 If you use “==” operator, it checks only references of two objects are equal or
not. It may not be suitable in all situations.
 So, rather stick to equals() method to compare two string objects.
12. Which class will you recommend among String, StringBuffer and StringBuilder classes
if I want mutable and thread safe objects?
 StringBuffer

13. Why strings have been made immutable in java?

a) Immutable strings increase security. As they can’t be modified once they are
created, so we can use them to store sensitive data like username, password
etc.
b) Immutable strings are thread safe. So, we can use them in a multi threaded
code without synchronization.
c) String objects are used in class loading. If strings are mutable, it is possible
that wrong class is being loaded as mutable objects are modifiable.

14. What do you think about string constant pool? Why they have provided this pool as
we can store string objects in the heap memory itself?
 String constant pool increases the reusability of existing string objects.
 When you are creating a string object using string literal, JVM first checks
string constant pool. If that object is available, it returns reference of that
object rather creating a new object.
 This will also speed up your application as only reference is returned and also
saves the memory as no two objects with same content are created.

15. String Class Methods

16. Differences between final and immutability
 final: In Java, final is a modifier which is used for class, method and variable
also. When a variable is declared with final keyword, it’s value can’t be
modified, essentially, a constant.
 Immutability: In simple terms, immutability means unchanging over time or
unable to be changed. In Java, we know that String objects are immutable
means we can’t change anything to the existing String objects.

Differences
 final means that you can’t change the object’s reference to point to another
reference or another object, but you can still mutate its state (using setter
methods e.g). Whereas immutable means that the object’s actual value can’t
be changed, but you can change its reference to another one.
 final modifier is applicable for variable but not for objects, Whereas
immutability applicable for an object but not for variables.
 By declaring a reference variable as final, we won’t get any immutability
nature, even though reference variable is final. We can perform any type of
 change in the corresponding Object. But we can’t perform reassignment for
that variable.
 final ensures that the address of the object remains the same whereas the
Immutable suggests that we can’t change the state of the object once created.

17. What are two different ways to call garbage collector?

1. System.gc() OR
2. Runtime.getRuntime().gc().

18. Difference between String, StringBuilder, and StringBuffer.

Factor String StringBuilder StringBuffer
Storage Area Constant String Heap Area Heap Area
Pool
Mutability Immutable Mutable Mutable
Thread Safety Yes No Yes
Performance Fast More efficient Less efficient

OOPs-Inheritance
1. What is OOPs? Which are Main Pillars of OOPS?
 OOPs is objected oriented programming Concept.
 As the name suggests, Object-Oriented Programming or OOPs refers to
languages that uses objects in programming.
 Object-Oriented Programming (OOPs) is a type of programming that is based
on objects rather than just functions and procedures. Individual objects are
grouped into classes. OOPs implements real-world entities like inheritance,
polymorphism, hiding, etc into programming. It also allows binding data and
code together.
 One of the Language java also uses this concept that’s why we call java as OOP
language.
 This concept is totally dealing with class and objects and designed from our
day-to-day life.
 The main purpose of this concept- make readability and understanding should
be easy.

The main Pillars of OOPs-

1. Inheritance- When one object acquires all the properties and behaviours of a
parent object, it is known as inheritance. It provides code reusability. It is used
to achieve runtime polymorphism.

2. Polymorphism- If one task is performed in different ways, it is known as

polymorphism. For example: to convince the customer differently.
In Java, we use method overloading and method overriding to achieve
polymorphism.

3. Encapsulation- Binding (or wrapping) code and data together into a single unit
are known as encapsulation.
 A java class is the example of encapsulation. Java bean is the fully
encapsulated class because all the data members are private here.

4. Abstraction- Hiding internal details and showing functionality is known as

abstraction. For example, phone call, we don't know the internal processing.
In Java, we use abstract class and interface to achieve abstraction.

Why use OOPs?

 OOPs allows clarity in programming thereby allowing simplicity in solving
complex problems.
 Code can be reused through inheritance thereby reducing redundancy.
 Data and code are bound together by encapsulation.
 OOPs allows data hiding, therefore, private data is kept confidential.
 Problems can be divided into different parts making it simple to solve.
 The concept of polymorphism gives flexibility to the program by allowing the
entities to have multiple forms.

What are the limitations of OOPs?

 Usually not suitable for small problems
 Requires intensive testing
 Takes more time to solve the problem
 Requires proper planning
 The programmer should think of solving a problem in terms of objects

2. What is inheritance and how we can achieve?

 The process by which one class acquires the properties (data members) and
functionalities (methods) of another class is called inheritance.
 Inheritance is an important pillar of OOP (Object-Oriented Programming). The
aim of inheritance is to provide the reusability of code.
 Inheritance represents the IS-A relationship which is also known as a parent-
child relationship.
 The class which inherits the properties of other class is known as subclass
(derived class, child class).
 The class whose properties are inherited is known as superclass (base class,
parent class).
 Inheritance in java can be achieved by a keyword called "extends."

Inheritance in java is used for

1. For Method Overriding (so runtime polymorphism can be achieved).
2. For Code Reusability.
3. How many types of inheritance explain with diagram?

.
1. Single inheritance consists of one parent class and one child class. The child
class inherits parent class methods and data members.
2. Multi-level inheritance is like a parent-child inheritance relationship—the
difference is that a child class inherits another child class.
3. When two or more child classes inherits a single parent class, it is known as
hierarchical inheritance.
4. Hybrid inheritance can be a combination of any of the three types of
inheritances supported in Java.
5. There is also a fifth type of Inheritance, but it is not supported in Java, as
multiple class inheritance causes ambiguities. Multiple inheritance is also
called a diamond problem. Hence, Java does not support multiple class
inheritance.

4. Which type of inheritance java supports and which are not?

 Java supports only single, multilevel, and hierarchical type of inheritance using
classes.
 Java does not support multiple and hybrid inheritance with classes. In java
programming, multiple and hybrid inheritance is supported through interface
only.
 To reduce the complexity and simplify the language, multiple inheritance is
not supported in java.
 Consider a scenario where A, B, and C are three classes. The C class inherits A
and B classes. If A and B classes have the same method and you call it from
child class object, there will be ambiguity to call the method of A or B class.
 Since compile-time errors are better than runtime errors, Java renders
compile-time error if you inherit 2 classes. So, whether you have same method
or different, there will be compile time error.
5. What is type casting? Explain types of type casting?
 In Java, type casting is a method or process that converts a data type into
another data type in both ways manually and automatically.
 The automatic conversion is done by the compiler and manual conversion
performed by the programmer.

There are two types of type casting:

1. Widening Type Casting
2. Narrowing Type Casting

Widening Type Casting

 Converting a lower data type into a higher one is called widening type casting.
 It is also known as implicit conversion or casting down. It is done
automatically.
 It is safe because there is no chance to lose data.
 It takes place when:
1. Both data types must be compatible with each other.
2. The target type must be larger than the source type.

Narrowing Type Casting

 Converting a higher data type into a lower one is called narrowing type
casting.
 It is also known as explicit conversion or casting up. It is done manually by the
programmer. If we do not perform casting then the compiler reports a
compile-time error.

6. Does a class inherit the constructors of its superclass?

 A class does not inherit constructors from any of its super classes.

7. Difference between IS-A relationship & HAS-A relationship?

IS-A relationship HAS-A relationship
It is also known as inheritance; it is It is acquiring class properties by
acquiring parent class properties. creating instance of that class.
It is achieved by “extends” keyword. It is achieved by “new” keyword.
Method with same name, signature Method with same name and
but different return types can’t be different return type can be created.
created in parent-child class.
8. What is constructor chaining in Java?
 In Java, constructor chaining is the process of calling one constructor from
another with respect to the current object.
 Constructor chaining is possible only through legacy where a subclass
constructor is responsible for invoking the superclass’ constructor first.
 There could be any number of classes in the constructor chain. Constructor
chaining can be achieved in two ways:
1. Within the same class using this()
2. From base class using super()

9. Can a class in Java be inherited from more than one class?

 In Java, a class can be derived from only one class and not from multiple
classes. Multiple inheritances is not supported by Java.

10. What are the limitations of inheritance?

 Increases the time and effort required to execute a program as it requires
jumping back and forth between different classes.
 The parent class and the child class get tightly coupled.
 Any modifications to the program would require changes both in the parent
as well as the child class.
 Needs careful implementation else would lead to incorrect results.

11. What is the meaning of “IS-A” and “HAS-A” relationship?

 “IS-A” relationship implies inheritance. A sub class object is said to have “IS-
A” relationship with the super class or interface. If class A extends B then A
“IS-A” B. It is transitive, that is, if class A extends B and class B extends C then
A “IS-A” C. The “instanceof” operator in java determines the “IS-A”
relationship.

 When a class A has a member reference variable of type B then A “HAS-A” B.

It is also known as Aggregation.

super and this

1. Difference between super() and this()?

Key super() this()

super() - refers
this() - refers current
Definition immediate parent class
class instance.
instance.
Can be used to invoke
Can be used to invoke
Invoke immediate parent class
current class method.
method.
 super() acts as
this() acts as current class
immediate parent class
constructor and can be
Constructor constructor and should
used in parametrized
be first line in child class
constructors.
constructor.
When invoking a When invoking a current
superclass version of an version of an overridden
Override
overridden method the method the this keyword
super keyword is used is used.

2. Difference between super and this?

Key Super this

super keyword represents This keyword mainly
Represent and
the current instance of a represents the current
Reference
parent class instance of a class.
super keyword used to call this keyword used to call
Interaction with class
default constructor of the default constructor of the
constructor
parent class. same class.
this keyword used to
One can access the method
access methods of the
Method accessibility of parent class with the
current class as it has
help of super keyword.
reference of current class.
On other hand super this keyword can be
keyword can't be referred referred from static
from static context i.e can't context i.e can be invoked
be invoked from static from static instance. For
Static context instance. For instance, we instance, we can write
cannot write System.out.println(this.x)
System.out.println(super.x) which will print value of x
this will leads to compile without any compilation
time error. or runtime error.

3. Difference between super(), this() and super, this?

super(), this() super, this
These are constructor calls, to call super These are keywords to refer super class
class and current class constructor. and current class instance members.
We should use only inside constructors We can use anywhere (i.e., instance
as first line only, if we are using outside area) except static area, otherwise we
of constructor, we will get compile time will get compile time error.
error.
We can use either super() (or) this() but We can use any number of times.
not both simultaneously.

4. Can we use “this” with static member?

 No. “this” and “static” both are contradictory. i.e. this is a reference to
invoking object and static is not at all related to object.
5. What are the main uses of this keyword?
 There are the following uses of this keyword.
 this can be used to refer to the current class instance variable.
 this can be used to invoke current class method (implicitly)
 this() can be used to invoke the current class constructor.
 this can be passed as an argument in the method call.
 this can be passed as an argument in the constructor call.
 this can be used to return the current class instance from the method.

6. What are the main uses of the super keyword?

 There are the following uses of super keyword.
 super can be used to refer to the immediate parent class instance
variable.
 super can be used to invoke the immediate parent class method.
 super() can be used to invoke immediate parent class constructor.

7. What's the order of call of constructors in inheritiance?

 In case of inheritance, when a new object of a derived class is created, first
the constructor of the super class is invoked and then the constructor of the
derived class is invoked.

Polymorphism-Overloading
1. What is Polymorphism and how we can achieve it?
 Polymorphism in Java is a concept by which we can perform a single action in
different ways.
 Polymorphism is derived from 2 Greek words: poly and morphs.
 The word "poly" means many and "morphs" means forms. So, polymorphism
means many forms.
 There are two types of polymorphism in Java: compile-time polymorphism
and runtime polymorphism.
 We can perform polymorphism in java by Method Overloading(Static
Binding) and Method Overriding(Dynamic Binding).

Real life example of polymorphism:

A person at the same time can have different characteristic. Like a man at the same
time is a father, a husband, an employee. So the same person posses different
behavior in different situations. This is called polymorphism

2. Define Overloading. What are advantages and example of overloading?

 When a class has two or more methods by the same name but different
parameters, it is known as method overloading.
 Advantages of method overloading in java
1. Overloading in Java is the ability to create multiple methods of the same
name, but with different parameters.
2. The main advantage of this is cleanliness of code.
3. Method overloading increases the readability of the program.
4. Overloaded methods give programmers the flexibility to call a similar method
for different types of data.
5. Overloading is also used on constructors to create new objects given different
amounts of data.

Real-life Example
Assume, you are supposed just perform the function of talking. Say, you have to tell
the story of your day, to a total stranger. Your function will get over pretty quickly.
Say, now you are telling the same to your beloved. You will go through more details
as compared to the previous one. What has happened here, is, you have performed
the same function, but based on the parameter, stranger/beloved, your way of
implementing the function changed!

Java Programming perspective Example

void func() { ... }
void func(int a) { ... }
float func(double a) { ... }
float func(int a, float b) { ... }

Here, the func() method is overloaded. These methods have the same name but
accept different arguments.
Notice that, the return type of these methods is not the same. Overloaded methods
may or may not have different return types, but they must differ in parameters they
accept.

 Method overloading is achieved by either:

o changing the number of arguments.
o or changing the datatype of arguments.
 Method overloading is not possible by changing the return type of methods.

3. Explain the rules and also syntax rules of overloading.

 Rules: -
 We can overload method and constructor both.
 We can overload static, private, final method.
 We can overload main method also.

 Syntax Rules: -
1. Method name must be same.
2. Method parameter or signature must be different.
3. Access modifier and return type doesn’t matter.
4. Can we overload main method in java?
 Yes, we can overload the main() method.
 The main() method is the starting point of any Java program.
 The JVM starts the execution of any Java program form the main() method.
Without the main() method, JVM will not execute the program.
 It is a default signature that is predefined in the JVM.
 It is called by JVM to execute a program line by line and ends the execution
after completion of the method.

Note:
 The JVM always calls the original main() method. It does not call the
overloaded main() method.

5. Why we call overloading as a compile time polymorphism?

 Every decision will happen at compile time only, is there method is present or
not and which method will be executed at runtime.

6. Can we achieve method overloading by changing the return type of method only?
 No, in java method overloading is not possible by changing the return type of
method only because of ambiguity.

7. Can we override a method that throws runtime exception without throws clause?
 Yes, there is no restriction on unchecked exceptions while overriding.
 On the other hand, in the case of checked exception, an overriding exception
cannot throw a checked exception which comes higher in type hierarchy.
 e.g. if the original method is throwing IOException than the overriding method
cannot throw java.lang.Exception or java.lang.Throwable.
 Polymorphism-Overriding
1. Define Overriding. What are advantages and example of overriding?
 If child class is not satisfied with parent class method implementation then
child class rewrite their own implementation that is called method
overriding.
 In this case the method in parent class is called overridden method and the
method in child class is called overriding method.
Advantages of method overriding in java
1. Main purpose of overriding is to provide additional meaning of existing
functionality.
2. Method Overriding is used for Runtime Polymorphism.
Real life example
you learnt driving from you dad! But you both drive the same vehicle differently! (Dad
drives cautiously and you drive rash) That is overriding.
Programming perspective example
public class Parent public class Child extends Parent
{ {
void display() @Override
{ public void display()
System.out.println("parent_display_method"); { System.out.println("child_display_method");
} }
} }

2. Explain the rules and also syntax rules of overriding.

Rules –
1. We can override method only. We cannot override constructor.
2. We cannot override static, private or final method.
3. We cannot override main method.
4. Overriding always be happen in parent and child class only.
Syntax Rules –
1. Method name must be same.
2. Method parameter or signature must be same.
3. Method return type if void or primitive then it must be same.
4. If method return type is user defined data type then it should be same or
their child class.
5. Access modifier should be same or greater but it should not be weaker.

3. Write the difference between method Overloading and method Overriding in java.
Method Overloading Method Overriding
Method Overriding is used to provide
Method overloading is used to increase
additional meaning of existing
the readability of the program.
functionality.
Method overloading is performed Method overriding occurs in two classes
within class. that have IS-A (inheritance) relationship.
Inheritance is not involved. Inheritance is involved.
In case of method overloading, In case of method overriding, parameter
parameter must be different. must be same.
 Leads to static binding and static Leads to dynamic binding and dynamic
polymorphism. polymorphism.
In java, method overloading can't be
performed by changing return type of
the method only. Return type can be Return type must be same or covariant
same or different in method in method overriding.
overloading. But you must have to
change the parameter.
Subclass overridden method hides
One overloaded method does not hide
super class method from access by
the other method.
subclass object.
We can overload Static, private, final We cannot override Static, private, final
method method
equals() of object class and equals() of
println() of printstream class is example
string class are example of method
of method overloading.
overriding.

4. Can we override main method in java?

 No, we cannot override main method in java.
 Reason:
We cannot override static methods since main method [public static void
main(String[] args)] is static, we cannot override it.

5. Can we override the overloaded method?

 Yes we can override the overloaded method.

6. Can we override a method by using same method name and arguments but different
return types?
 The basic condition of method overriding is that method name, arguments as
well as return type must be exactly same as is that of the method being
overridden. Hence using a different return type doesn't override a method.

7. What is object class? How many methods are present in object class?
 The Object class is the parent class of all the classes in java by default. In other
words, it is the topmost class of java.
 There are total 11 methods present in object class.
1. getClass(): Class<?> 2.hashCode(): int 3.equals(Object): boolean
4.clone(): Object 5.toString(): String 6.notify(): void
7.notifyAll(): void 8.wait(): void 9.wait(long): void
10.wait(long, int): void 11.finalize(): void
 hashcode: It returns hash value of the object
 equals: It compares the object references
 wait: It causes current thread to wait until notify or notifyAll is not called
 notify: Wakes up single thread which is waiting for lock
 notifyAll: Wakes up all threads which is waiting for lock
 toString: Provides String representation of the object
  clone: This method is used to clone the object
 finalize: This method is called when object is being garbage collected.

Encapsulation
1. What is Encapsulation? Explain with example.
 Wrapping of methods and variables in class is called Encapsulation.
 Every java class is example of Encapsulation.
 Setter-Getter class (POJO) is best example of proper Encapsulation.

2. How to achieve or implement Encapsulation in java?

 With the help of Access Modifiers (public, protected, default, private) we
achieve encapsulation.
 To achieve encapsulation in Java −
 Declare the variables of a class as private.
 Provide public setter and getter methods to modify and view the
variables values.

3. Why Encapsulation is known as Data Hiding?

 The whole idea behind encapsulation is to hide the implementation details
from users.
 If a data member is private it means it can only be accessed within the same
class. No outside class can access private data member (variable) of other
class.
 However, if we setup public getter and setter methods to update and read the
private data fields then the outside class can access those private data fields
via public methods.
 This way data can only be accessed by public methods thus making the private
fields and their implementation hidden for outside classes. That’s why
encapsulation is known as data hiding.

4. Explain accessibility modifiers in java.

 As the name suggests access modifiers in Java helps to restrict the scope of a
class, constructor, variable, method, or data member.
 In Java, access modifiers are used to set the accessibility (visibility) of classes,
interfaces, variables, methods, constructors, data members, and the setter
methods.
 Access modifiers can be specified separately for a class, its constructors, fields
and methods. Java access modifiers are also sometimes referred to in daily
speech as Java access specifiers, but the correct name is Java access modifiers.
 There are four types of access modifiers available in java:
1. Private - declarations are visible within the class only
2. Default (No keyword required) –declarations are visible only within
the package (package private)
3. Protected - declarations are visible within the package or all subclasses
4. Public- declarations are visible everywhere
Note- You cannot set the access modifier of getters methods.

1. private Access Modifier

 If a method or variable is marked as private (has the private access modifier
assigned to it), then only code inside the same class can access the variable,
or call the method. Code inside subclasses cannot access the variable or
method, nor can code from any external class.
 Classes cannot be marked with the private access modifier. Marking a class
with the private access modifier would mean that no other class could access
it, which means that you could not really use the class at all. Therefore, the
private access modifier is not allowed for classes.
 Here is an example of assigning the private access modifier to a field:
public class Clock {
private long time = 0;
}
 The member variable time has been marked as private. It means, that the
member variable time inside the Clock class cannot be accessed from code
outside the Clock class.

2.default (package) Access Modifier

 The default Java access modifier is declared by not writing any access modifier
at all.
 The default access modifier means that code inside the class itself as well as
code inside classes in the same package as this class, can access the class, field,
constructor or method which the default access modifier is assigned to.
Therefore, the default access modifier is also sometimes referred to as the
package access modifier.
 Subclasses cannot access methods and member variables (fields) in the
superclass, if these methods and fields are marked with the default access
modifier, unless the subclass is located in the same package as the superclass.
 Here is default / package access modifier example:
public class Clock {
long time = 0;
}
public class ClockReader {
Clock clock = new Clock();

public long readClock{

return clock.time;
}
}

 The time field in the Clock class has no access modifier, which means that it is
implicitly assigned the default / package access modifier. Therefore, the
ClockReader class can read the time member variable of the Clock object,
provided that ClockReader and Clock are located in the same Java package.
3.protected Access Modifier
 The protected access modifier provides the same access as the default access
modifier, with the addition that subclasses can access protected methods and
member variables (fields) of the superclass. This is true even if the subclass is
not located in the same package as the superclass.
 Here is a protected access modifier example:
public class Clock {
protected long time = 0; // time in milliseconds
}

public class SmartClock() extends Clock{

public long getTimeInSeconds() {

return this.time / 1000;
}
}
 In the above example the subclass SmartClock has a method called
getTimeInSeconds() which accesses the time variable of the superclass Clock.
This is possible even if Clock and SmartClock are not located in the same
package, because the time field is marked with the protected Java access
modifier.

4.public Access Modifier

 The Java access modifier public means that all code can access the class, field,
constructor or method, regardless of where the accessing code is located. The
accessing code can be in a different class and different package.
 Here is a public access modifier example:
public class Clock {
public long time = 0;
}

public class ClockReader {

Clock clock = new Clock();

public long readClock{

return clock.time;
}
}
 The time field in the Clock class is marked with the public Java access modifier.
Therefore, the ClockReader class can access the time field in the Clock no
matter what package the ClockReader is located in.

private default protected public

Class No Yes No Yes
Constructor Yes Yes Yes Yes
Method Yes Yes Yes Yes
Variable Yes Yes Yes Yes
 Different Different
Sub class in Sub class in
Accessibility Same class in class in
same different
modifiers class same different
package package
package package
Private Yes No No No No
default Yes Yes Yes No No
Protected Yes Yes Yes Yes No
Public Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

5. Which OOPS concept exposes only the necessary information to the calling functions?
 Encapsulation

Abstraction
1. What is Abstraction?
 Abstraction is the process of hiding certain details and showing only essential
information to the user. i.e., we have to highlight set of services what we are
offering and we have to hide internal implementation details.
 E.g., By using ATM GUI screen bank people are highlighting the set of services
what they are offering without highlighting internal implementation.
 In java we achieve abstraction by using Interface and abstract class.
 We can achieve 100% abstraction using “Interface” and partial by using
“Abstract Class”.

The main advantages of Abstraction are:

1. We can achieve security as we are not highlighting our internal
implementation. (i.e., outside person doesn't aware our internal
implementation.)
2. Enhancement will become very easy because without effecting end user we
can able to perform any type of changes in our internal system.
3. It provides more flexibility to the end user to use system very easily.
4. It improves maintainability of the application.
5. It improves modularity of the application.
6. It improves easiness to use our system.

2. What is the main purpose of designing interface and abstract class?

 To provide same protocol or rules and guidelines.

3. Tell the examples where we need to use abstractions?

1. While development of project structure and layout.
2. For creating API or learning API. (Application Programming Interface)
3. For third party communication.
e.g., IRCTC & Bank- both are communicating each other because of
abstraction.
4. What is API? Explain API types with example.
 API is the acronym for Application Programming Interface, which is a software
intermediary that allows two applications to talk to each other.
 Each time you use an app like Facebook, send an instant message, or check
the weather on your phone, you’re using an API.
 API is bunch of rules and guidelines. Through API, uniform of application will
maintain.
 There are 3 types of API
1. Inbuilt API
2. Open-specification API
3. Third party API

1. Inbuilt API: -
Their rules & guidelines are written by sun microsystem and their
implementation are also written by them.
E.g., Multithreading API
2. Open-Specification API: -
Their rules & guidelines are written by sun microsystem but their
implementation are written by some other vendors.
E.g., Jdbc API, jsp API, servlet API
3. Third Party API: -
Their rules & guidelines are written by another person and their
implementation are also written by other.
E.g., hibernate API, spring API

5. What is Interface?
 An interface in Java is a blueprint of a class. It has static constants and abstract
methods.
 Interface is set of rules and guidelines.
 We can provide same protocol for class through interface.
e.g., RBI and All banks.
 The interface in Java is a mechanism to achieve abstraction and multiple
inheritance.
 Interfaces can have abstract methods and variables. It cannot have a method
body.

6. How to design interface?

 By using interface keyword, we can design interface.
e.g., public interface I
{

7. What modifiers may be used with an interface declaration?

 An interface may be declared as public or abstract.
8. Write the rules of Interface?
 There are some rules that need to be followed by Interface.
 All interface Methods are implicitly public and abstract (method compulsory
ends with ;). Even if you use public abstract keyword it will not create the
problem.
 Interfaces can declare only Constant. Instance variables are not allowed. This
means all variables inside the Interface must be public, static, final (variable
we need to initialize compulsory). Variables inside Interface are by default=>
public static final.
 Interface Methods cannot be static.
 Interface Methods cannot be final, strictfp or native.
 We cannot create object of interface.
 We can create reference of interface by using their implemented class.
 The Interface can extend one or more other Interface. Note: The Interface can
only extend another interface.

9. Can we declare an interface as final?

 No, we can’t do this.
 An interface can’t be final because the interface should be implemented by
some class according to its definition.
 However, if you try to do so, the compiler will show an error.

10. What is Marker Interface? What is use of marker interface and How many marker
interfaces available in Java?
 Interface which has blank body (there is no method, no variable) is called
marker or tag interface or null interface.
 Marker interface is used for decision making purpose.
 JVM will take decision through marker interface.
 In java we have the following major marker interfaces as under:
1. Serializable interface
2. Cloneable interface
3. Remote interface
4. ThreadSafe interface

11. Define abstract class. Write the rules of abstract class.

 A class that is declared using “abstract” keyword is known as abstract class.
 It can have abstract methods/unimplemented (methods without body) as well
as concrete/implemented methods (regular methods with body).

Rules of abstract class: -

1. An abstract class can have both abstract and non-abstract (or concrete)
method.
2. An abstract class can have one or more abstract methods.
3. It cannot be instantiated. (we cannot create object of abstract class)
4. It can have constructors and static methods also.
5. Child class must implement all abstract methods of abstract class.
 6. If child class is unable to implement all methods of abstract class then make
that child class as abstract.
7. A class can be marked as abstract without containing any abstract method.
But if a class has even one abstract method, then the class has to be an
abstract class.
8. If an abstract class contains multiple methods, it is not necessary that all the
methods of the abstract class are implemented in the immediate sub-class.
Few of them can be implemented in sub-sub-classes or anywhere else in the
sub-class hierarchy. But for a class to be concrete, all the abstract methods in
its super-class must be implemented.
9. It is not necessary to add the abstract methods only in the super most class,
we can add more abstract methods in the sub-classes.

12. Difference between normal class and abstract class.

Abstract class Normal (Concrete) class
A class that is declared with abstract In Java, A simple class (Without abstract
keyword is known as an abstract class. keyword) is considered a concrete class.
An abstract class can have abstract
A concrete class can only have concrete
methods (Method without body) and
methods. Even a single abstract method
concrete/non-abstract methods
makes the class abstract.
(Methods with the body) also.
abstract classes are incomplete classes Concrete classes are considered a
because they have an abstract method. complete class.
An abstract class may or may not have Concrete class cannot have an abstract
abstract methods method.
We can’t create an object of an abstract We can create an object of the concrete
class. class.
An Abstract class can’t be declared as a
final class because the final and abstract
are opposite terms in JAVA.
Reason: An abstract class must be
inherited by any derived class because a
A concrete class can be declared as a
derived class is responsible to provide
final class. We can make any concrete
the implementation of abstract
class as final according to use.
methods of an abstract class. But on
another hand, if a class is a final class,
then it can’t be extended(inherited). So,
both concepts are opposite to each
other.

13. Difference between abstract class and interface.

Abstract class Interface
Abstract class can have abstract and Interface can have only abstract
non-abstract methods. methods.
 In interfaces, the keyword ‘abstract’ is
In abstract class, the keyword ‘abstract’
optional to declare a method as an
is mandatory to declare a method as an
abstract because all the methods are
abstract
abstract by default
Abstract class doesn't support multiple
Interface supports multiple inheritance.
inheritance.
An abstract class can have instance An interface cannot have instance
variables. variables.
An interface cannot contain a
Abstract class contains constructor.
constructor.
Abstract class can provide the Interface can't provide the
implementation of interface. implementation of abstract class.
The abstract keyword is used to declare The interface keyword is used to declare
abstract class. interface.
An abstract class can extend another
An interface can extend another Java
Java class and implement multiple Java
interface only.
interfaces.
An abstract class can be extended using An interface can be implemented using
keyword "extends". keyword "implements".
Abstract class can have protected and Interface can have only public abstract
public abstract methods. methods.
abstract class achieves partial interface achieves fully abstraction.
abstraction. (0 to 100%) (100%)
An abstract class can have any visibility: An Interface visibility must be public (or)
public, private, protected none
Interfaces are slow as it requires extra
Abstract classes are fast indirection to find the corresponding
method in the actual class

14. Why And When to Use Abstract Classes and Methods?

 To achieve security - hide certain details and only show the important details
of an object.

15. Why And When to Use Interfaces?

1. To achieve security - hide certain details and only show the important details
of an object (interface).
2. Java does not support "multiple inheritance" (a class can only inherit from one
superclass). However, it can be achieved with interfaces, because the class
can implement multiple interfaces.
Note: To implement multiple interfaces, separate them with a comma.

16. What is the relationship between classes and interfaces?

 As shown in the figure given below, a class extends another class, an interface
extends another interface, but a class implements an interface.
17. Why can’t we create the object of an abstract class?
 Because these classes are incomplete, they have abstract methods that have
no body.
 If we tried to access the methods of the abstract class by using the object then
the compiler will give errors because it would not be able to execute an
abstract method.
 To avoid this problem, java prohibits the creation of instances of abstract
classes.

18. Why java class does not support multiple inheritance?

 In Java, a class cannot extend more than one class.
 There are chances of ambiguity while extending multiple class.
 Consider a case where class C extends class A and Class B and both class A and
B have the same method display().
 Now java compiler cannot decide, which display method it should inherit.
 To prevent such situation, multiple inheritances is not allowed in java.

19. Why we make a class as abstract if class have no abstract method?

 We want to restrict a class, no one can create object of that class.

20. Why we can restrict a class which has all implemented methods?
 We can make that class abstract.

21. How we can call abstract class implemented method?

 By using their child class.

22. How we can create child class of abstract class which has both types of methods
implemented and non-implemented?
 Rule 1: -
Child class must implement all abstract methods of abstract class.

 Rule 2: -
If child class is unable to implement all methods of abstract class then make
child class as abstract.
23. Is there any constructor inside abstract class? If yes then what is the use of abstract
class constructor?
 Yes, there is constructor inside abstract class.
 It is used to initialize instance variable of class.

24. Is there any constructor inside Interface?

 No, interface cannot have constructors.
 An Interface in Java doesn't have a constructor because all data members in
interfaces are public static final by default, they are constants (assign the
values at the time of declaration).
 There are no data members in an interface to initialize them through the
constructor.
 In order to call a method, we need an object, since the methods in the
interface don’t have a body there is no need for calling the methods in an
interface.
 Since we cannot call the methods in the interface, there is no need of creating
an object for an interface and there is no need of having a constructor in it.

25. Can a class be defined a both final and abstract?

 No, because final and abstract are contradictory. i.e. abstract encourages
inheritance whereas final stops inheritance.

26. Differences between Abstraction and Encapsulation

 The major difference between abstraction and encapsulation is that
abstraction hides the code complexity while encapsulation hides the internal
working from the outside world.

Abstraction Encapsulation
Abstraction is a feature of OOPs that Encapsulation is also a feature of OOPs.
hides the unnecessary detail but shows It hides the code and data into a single
the essential information. entity or unit so that the data can be
protected from the outside world.
It is the process or method of gaining It is the process or method of containing
information. the information.
It solves an issue at the design or It solves an issue at implementation
Interface level. level.
It can be implemented using abstract It can be implemented by using the
classes and interfaces. access modifiers (private, public,
protected).
In abstraction, we use abstract classes We use the getters and setters methods
and interfaces to hide the code to hide the data.
complexities
The objects that help to perform Whereas the objects that result in
abstraction are encapsulated. encapsulation need not be abstracted.
27. What are the performance implications of Interfaces over abstract classes?
 Interfaces are slower in performance as compared to abstract classes as extra
indirections are required for interfaces.
 Another key factor for developers to take into consideration is that any class
can extend only one abstract class while a class can implement many
interfaces.
 Use of interfaces also puts an extra burden on the developers as any time an
interface is implemented in a class; developer is forced to implement each
and every method of interface.

28. Can we have static method in the interface?

 Yes, we can have static method in the interface from Java 8.

Quick Recap of Interface

 An interface is 100% abstract class (Implicitly). After Java 8 it doesn’t hold true.
 Interfaces can be implemented by any class from any inheritance tree.
 All methods in Interfaces are abstract. (In Java 8 either abstract/ static /
default).
 A class implementing an interface can also be an abstract class.
 An abstract class which is implementing an interface need not implement all
abstract method.
 A class can Implement more than one Interface.
 Interfaces cannot extend a class or implement an Interface.
 An interface can extend another Interface.
 Like abstract classes, interfaces cannot be used to create objects.
 Interface methods do not have a body - the body is provided by the
"implement" class
 On implementation of an interface, you must override all of its methods
 Interface methods are by default abstract and public
 Interface attributes are by default public, static and final
 An interface cannot contain a constructor (as it cannot be used to create
objects)
 We can’t instantiate an interface in java. That means we cannot create the
object of an interface
 Class that implements any interface must implement all the methods of that
interface; else the class should be declared abstract.
 Interface cannot be declared as private, protected or transient.
 A class cannot implement two interfaces that have methods with same name
but different return type.

28. What is an association?

 Association is a relationship where all object have their own lifecycle and
there is no owner.
  Let’s take the example of Teacher and Student. Multiple students can
associate with a single teacher and a single student can associate with
multiple teachers but there is no ownership between the objects and both
have their own lifecycle.
 These relationships can be one to one, one to many, many to one and many
to many.

29. What do you mean by aggregation?

 An aggregation is a specialized form of Association where all object has their
own lifecycle but there is ownership and child object cannot belong to another
parent object.
 Let’s take an example of Department and teacher. A single teacher cannot
belong to multiple departments, but if we delete the department teacher
object will not destroy.

30. What is composition in Java?

 Composition is again a specialized form of Aggregation and we can call this as
a “death” relationship. It is a strong type of Aggregation.
 Child object does not have their lifecycle and if parent object deletes all child
object will also be deleted.
 Let’s take again an example of a relationship between House and rooms.
House can contain multiple rooms there is no independent life of room and
any room cannot belongs to two different houses if we delete the house room
will automatically delete.

Exception Handling
1. What is exception? Draw the hierarchy.
 Exception is an abnormal condition or unwanted situation which occurs
during the execution of a program and disrupts normal flow of the program.
 It is an object which is thrown at runtime.
 When exception occurs then the program/Application terminates abnormally,
which is not recommended, therefore, these exceptions are to be handled.

Hierarchy of Java Exception classes

 The java.lang.Throwable class is the root class of Java Exception hierarchy
which is inherited by two subclasses:
1. Exception and
2. Error.
 A hierarchy of Java Exception classes are given below:
2. What is exception handling?
 The Exception Handling in Java is one of the powerful mechanism to handle
the runtime errors caused by exceptions so that normal flow of the application
can be maintained.

3. Write the reasons why exceptions will occur?

 An exception can occur for many different reasons. Following are some
scenarios where an exception occurs.
1. Wrong input provided by end user.
2. Sometimes we developer make logical mistakes.
3. A file that needs to be opened cannot be found i.e., file is misplaced
from existing location.
4. A network connection has been lost in the middle of communications
or the JVM has run out of memory.
 Some of these exceptions are caused by user error, others by programmer
error, and others by physical resources that have failed in some manner.

4. How the exceptions are handled in java? OR Explain exception handling mechanism
in java?
 Exceptions in java are handled using try, catch and finally blocks.

 try block: The code or set of statements which are to be monitored for
exception are kept in this block.

 catch block: This block catches the exceptions occurred in the try block.

 finally block: This block is always executed whether exception is occurred in

the try block or not and occurred exception is caught in the catch block or not.
5. Write the difference between exception and error?
Key Exception Error
Exception is an abnormal
condition or unwanted situation These are not exceptions at all,
which occurs during the but problems that arise beyond
Definition
execution of a program and the control of the user or the
disrupts normal flow of the programmer.
program.
Exceptions can occur at compile
time or runtime, depending on
the type of exception occurred.
Errors occur only at runtime.
Time of For example,
They are not known to the
occurrence NullPointerException is a
compiler.
runtime exception on the other
hand IOException is a compile-
time exception
Programs can recover from Programs cannot recover from
Exceptions by handling them Errors once they occur. Errors
Recovery
appropriately using a try-catch will definitely cause termination
block or throw keyword in java. of the program.
Exceptions are defined in Errors are defined in
Package
java.lang.Exception package. java.lang.Error package.
Exceptions can be Checked
Checked/U (compile-time exceptions) or Errors are a part of Unchecked
nchecked Unchecked exceptions (runtime exceptions in java.
exceptions).
Errors are caused by the
Exceptions are caused by the
Cause environment in which the
program/application itself.
program runs.
Checked Exception examples are
IOException, SQLException, etc. Errors examples are
Unchecked Exception examples java.lang.OutOfMemoryError,
Examples
are NullPointerException, java.lang.StackOverflowError
ArrayIndexOutOfBoundExceptio etc.
n etc.

6. What are checked exception and unchecked exception?

Checked exceptions –
 A checked exception is an exception that is checked (notified) by the compiler
at compilation-time to see whether the programmer has handled them or not.
 These are also called as compile time exceptions.
 These exceptions cannot simply be ignored, the programmer should take care
of (handle) these exceptions.
 If these exceptions are not handled/declared in the program, you will get
compilation error.
 Unchecked exceptions –
 An unchecked exception is an exception that occurs at the time of execution.
 These are also called as Runtime Exceptions.
 These exceptions are not checked at compile-time so compiler does not check
whether the programmer has handled them or not but it’s the responsibility
of the programmer to handle these exceptions and provide a safe exit.
 These include programming bugs, such as logic errors or improper use of an
API.
 Runtime exceptions are ignored at the time of compilation.

7. Write the difference between checked and unchecked exception?

Checked Exception Unchecked Exception
Exceptions that are checked and Exceptions that are checked and
handled at compile time are checked handled at run time are unchecked
exception. (Compile time exception) exception. (Runtime exception)
They are direct subclasses of exception
They are direct subclass of
but do not inherit from
RuntimeException class.
RuntimeExcption.
The program gives a compilation error if The program compiles fine because the
a method throws a checked exception exceptions escape the notice of
and the compiler is not able to handle compiler. Exceptions occur due to errors
the exception on its own. in programming logic.
A checked exception occurs when the Unchecked exception occurs mostly due
chances of failure are too high. to programming mistakes.
Common unchecked exceptions include
Common checked exceptions include
ArithmeticException,
IOException, ClassNotFoundException,
NullPointerException,
SQLException, FileNotFoundException
ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
etc.
NumberFormatException

8. Write the JVM steps for exception? (Default Exception Handling)

1. Code Analyse
2. Find out problem
3. Find out the class of the problem
4. Creating object
5. Throw object
6. JVM will catch
7. JVM will display message

9. Which class is the super class for all types of errors and exceptions in java?
 java.lang.Throwable is the super class for all types of errors and exceptions in
java.

10. What is OutOfMemoryError in Java?

 OutOfMemoryError is the subclass of java.lang.Error which generally occurs
when our JVM runs out of memory.
11. Keywords used in Exception Handling?
There are 5 keywords which are used in handling exceptions in Java.
Keyword Description
 The "try" keyword is used to specify a block where we should
place exception code.
 If an exception occurs within the try block, that exception is
handled by an exception handler associated with it.
 The try block must be followed by either catch or finally. It
means, we can't use try block alone.
The syntax of java try-catch The syntax of a try-finally
try block
Try try
{ {
//code that may throw exception //code that may throw exception
} }
catch(Exception_class_Name ref) finally
{ {
}
}

 The "catch" block is used to handle the exception.

 It must be used after the try block only means we can't use
catch block alone.
 You can use multiple catch block with a single try. It can be
followed by finally block later.

Syntax
catch try
{
//code that cause exception;
}
catch(Exception_type e)
{
//exception handling code
}
 The "finally" block is used to execute the important code of
the program.
 It is executed whether an exception is handled or not.
 Java finally block follows try or catch block.
finally  For each try block, there can be zero or more catch blocks,
but only one finally block.
 The finally block will not be executed if program exits
(either by calling System.exit() or by causing a fatal error
that causes the process to abort).
throw  The "throw" keyword is used to throw an exception.
  The flow of execution stops immediately after the throw
statement; any subsequent statements are not executed.
The nearest enclosing try block is inspected to see if it has a
catch statement that matches the type of exception. If it
does find a match, control is transferred to that statement.
If not, then the next enclosing try statement is inspected,
and so on. If no matching catch is found, then the default
exception handler halts the program and prints the stack
trace.
 The "throws" keyword is used to declare exceptions. It
doesn't throw an exception.
 It gives an information to the programmer that there may
occur an exception so it is better for the programmer to
provide the exception handling code so that normal flow can
be maintained.
 It is always used with method signature.
 We declare only checked exception using a throws keyword.
throws  If there occurs any unchecked exception such as
NullPointerException, it is programmers fault that he is not
performing checkup before the code is used.

The syntax of java throws

return_type method_name() throws exception_class_name
{
//method code
}

12. Can an exception be rethrown?

 Yes, an exception can be rethrown.

13. Can we write only try block without catch and finally blocks?
 No, it shows compilation error.
 The try block must be followed by either catch or finally block.
 You can remove either catch block or finally block but not both.

14. There are three statements in a try block – statement1, statement2 and statement3.
After that there is a catch block to catch the exceptions occurred in the try block.
Assume that exception has occurred in statement2. Does statement3 get executed or
not?
 No. Once a try block throws an exception, remaining statements will not be
executed. control comes directly to catch block.

15. Why use java finally?

 Finally block in java can be used to put "cleanup" code such as closing a file,
closing connection etc.
16. Can we keep other statements in between try, catch and finally blocks?
 No. We shouldn’t write any other statements in between try, catch and finally
blocks. They form a one unit.
try
{
// Statements to be monitored for exceptions
}

//You can't keep statements here

catch(Exception ex)
{
//Cathcing the exceptions here
}

//You can't keep statements here

finally
{
// This block is always executed
}

17. What are the legal combinations of try, catch and finally blocks?
try try try
{ { {
//try block //try block //try block
} } }
catch(Exception ex) finally catch(Exception ex)
{ { {
//catch block //finally block //catch block
} } }
finally
{
//finally block
}

 A try block should associate with at least a catch or a finally block.

 The sequence of try, catch and finally matters a lot. If you modify the order of
these then the code won’t compile.
 Adding to this there can be multiple catch blocks associated with a try block.
 The final concept is there should be a single try, multiple catch blocks and a
single finally block in a try-catch-finally block.

18. What is unreachable catch block error?

 When you are keeping multiple catch blocks, the order of catch blocks must
be from most specific to most general ones. i.e sub classes of Exception must
come first and super classes later.
 If you keep super classes first and sub classes later, compiler will show
unreachable catch block error.
 public class ExceptionHandling
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
try
{
int i = Integer.parseInt("abc"); //This statement
throws NumberFormatException
}

catch(Exception ex)
{
System.out.println("This block handles all exception
types");
}

catch(NumberFormatException ex)
{
//Compile time error
//This block becomes unreachable as
//exception is already caught by above catch block
}
}
}

19. What is the purpose of finally block?

 Java finally block is a block that is used to execute important code such as
resource release code, closing connection, stream etc.
e.g.,
1. If file is open inside try block then file should be close inside finally
block.
2. If database connection is open inside try block then connection should
be close inside finally block.
 Java finally block is always executed whether exception is handled or not
(either there is problem inside try block or there is no problem inside try
block).
 Java finally block follows try or catch block.

try
{
//Statements that may cause an exception
}
catch
{
//Handling exception
}
finally
{
//Statements to be executed
}
20. Is it compulsory to use the finally block?
 It is always a good practice to use the finally block.
 The reason for using the finally block is, any unreleased resources can be
released and the memory can be freed.
 For example, while closing a connection object an exception has occurred. In
finally block we can close that object.
 Coming to the question, you can omit the finally block when there is a catch
block associated with that try block.
 A try block should have at least a catch or a finally block.

21. Can we keep the statements after finally block If the control is returning from the
finally block itself?
 No, it gives unreachable code error. Because, control is returning from the
finally block itself.
 Compiler will not see the statements after it. That’s why it shows unreachable
code error.

22. Why it is always recommended that clean-up operations like closing the DB resources
to keep inside a finally block?
 Because finally block is always executed whether exceptions are raised in the
try block or not and raised exceptions are caught in the catch block or not.
 By keeping the clean-up operations in finally block, you will ensure that those
operations will be always executed irrespective of whether exception is
occurred or not.

23. What is purpose of throw keyword?

 The Java throw keyword is used to explicitly throw an exception.
 We can throw either checked or uncheked exception in java by throw
keyword.
 The throw keyword is mainly used to throw custom exception.

24. Write the Difference between throw and throws?

throw Throws
throw keyword is used to throw an throws keyword is used for propagating
exception explicitly. or delegating the exception.
throw is followed by an instance of
Exception class. throws is followed by exception class
throw new ArithmeticException();
names.
or throws ArithmeticException;
ArithmeticException e=new ArithmeticException();
throw e;
Throws is used with the method
Throw is used within the method.
signature.
e.g.,
public void m1() e.g.,
{ public void m1() throws ClassNotFoundException
Throw new ArithmeticException(); {
} Class.forName(“A”);
}
 You can throw one exception at a time. you can handle multiple exceptions by
You cannot throw multiple exceptions. declaring them using throws keyword.
e.g., e.g.,
public void m1() throws IOException,
public void m1()
ClassNotFoundException
{
{
Throw new ArithmeticException();
Class.forName(“A”);
}
}

25. What is customized exception explain with example.

 In java we can create our own exception class and throw that exception using
throw keyword. These exceptions are known as user-defined or custom
exceptions.
 By the help of custom exception, you can have your own exception and
message.
 E.g.,

public class AgeInvalidException extends Exception {

public AgeInvalidException(String msg)

{
super(msg);
}
}

26. Throws keyword with method overriding

Unchecked Exception Checked Exception
Parent Class Child Class Parent Class Child Class
Method Method Method Method
We cannot throws Does not throws We cannot throws
any exception any exception any exception
Can throws any Can throws same
unchecked exception class or
Does not throws
exception their child
any exception throws Partial
Partial exception class but
exception
exception/checke cannot throws
d exception not parent exception
allowed class
No need to throws No need to throws
exception exception
Can throws any Can throws same
unchecked exception class or
throws unchecked throws checked
exception their child
exception exception
Partial exception class but
exception/checke cannot throws
d exception not parent exception
allowed class
27. Throws keyword with superclass and subclass constructor.
Unchecked Exception Checked Exception
Parent Class Child Class Parent Class Child Class
Constructor Constructor Constructor Constructor
No need to throws
exception
Does not throws Can throws any of Does not throws We cannot throws
any exception the exception class any exception any exception
(Partial also
accepted)
No need to throws Can throws same
exception exception class or
their parent
throws unchecked Can throws any of throws checked
exception class but
exception the exception class exception
cannot throws
(Partial also
child exception
accepted)
class

28. Can we override a super class method which is throwing an unchecked exception with
checked exception in the sub class?
 No. If a super class method is throwing an unchecked exception, then it can
be overridden in the sub class with same exception or any other unchecked
exceptions but cannot be overridden with checked exceptions.

29. What is the use of printStackTrace() method?

 printStackTrace() method is used to print the detailed information about the
exception occurred.

30. When do you get NullPointerException?

 Any reference variable other than Primitive, may have null value and if we call
any method of java class with that null reference then in that case, we will get
NullPointerException.
 When reference variable containing null, used to invoke member, we will get
NullPointerException.
Example:
public class A { public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int x; // Case 1:
A a= null;
} //System.out.println(a.getClass()); //NullPointer
// Case 2:
String s=null;
//System.out.println(s.length()); //NullPointer
// Case 3:
A aa[]= new A[2];
 aa[0]=null;
//System.out.println(aa[0].getClass());//NullPointer
// Case 4:
A a1= new A();
System.out.println(a1.x); //0
a1.x=100;
System.out.println(a1.x); //100
// Case 5:
try
{
Class.forName("com.cjc.A"); //Full Qualified
Path Required
}
catch (ClassNotFoundException e)
{
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}

31. What is “ClassCastException”?

 When u try to cast the classes out of hierarchy, you get ClassCastException.
 The java.lang.ClassCastException is one of the unchecked exception in Java.
 It can occur in our program when we tried to convert an object of one class
type into an object of another class type.

public class ClassCastExceptionDemo

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Object o = new String();
Integer i = (Integer) o;
}
}

 We all know that every class in java is a sub class of java.lang.Object class.
String is also a subclass of Obeject class and Integer is also a subclass of Object
class.
 In the above example, String object is created and it is automatically up casted
to Object type.
 Further, this object is explicitly downcasted to Integer type. This causes
ClassCastException, because, String object is not an Integer type.

32. What are methods in Exception class?

 public String getMessage()
Returns a detailed message about the exception that has occurred.
 public Throwable getCause()
Returns the cause of the exception.
  public String toString()
Returns the name of the class concatenated with the result of getMessage().
 public void printStackTrace()
Prints the result of toString() along with the stack trace, the error output
stream.
 public StackTraceElement [] getStackTrace()
Returns an array containing each element on the stack trace.
 public Throwable fillInStackTrace()
Fills the stack trace of this Throwable object with the current stack trace,
adding to any previous information in the stack trace.

33. What is final, finally, finalized?

 The final keyword in java is used to restrict the user. The java final keyword
can be used in many contexts. Final can be used for variables, methods, class.
 Final variable once assigned can’t be changed after.
 Final method can’t be rewritten, can’t be inherited.
 Final class can’t be accessed by creating child of it.

 The finally is a block that always be executed either there is exception occur
inside “try” block or there is no exception occur inside “try” block. In both
situations, “finally” block code will be executed.

 The finalize() is called by the garbage collector on an object when garbage

collection determines that there are no more references to the object, it is
used to perform clean-up activity.

34. Can we Create Custom Checked Exception in Java?

 Yes. we can create Custom Checked Exception in java.
 The only way of doing it is to extend Exception (or a subclass thereof) for a
checked exception, and extending RuntimeException (or a subclass thereof)
for an unchecked exception.

35. How to decide that the custom exceptions are checked or unchecked?
 If you extend Exception then it is “checked “, i.e., if you throw it, it must be
caught or declared in the method signature.
 Unchecked exceptions extend RuntimeException and do not need to be
declared or caught.

36. New Exception related feature in JDK 1.7 version?

1. Multiple exceptions handling in only one catch block.
2. Finally out of scope. Try-Catch with resources is new feature.

37. Which type of statements can be written in try with resources?

 We can write those classes/interfaces which have implemented/extended
Autoclosable interface only.
  For user-defined class/interface, we need to implement/extend Autoclosable
interface explicitly. So that we can write that class in try with resources
context.

38. Difference between ClassCasteException and NoClassDefFound Error?

ClassCasteException NoClassDefFound Error
It occurs when we are trying to type It occurs when it is unable to find
cast parent object to Child. required .class file at runtime.
It can be avoided by correcting type It can be avoided by providing required
while type casting, by changing in .class file.
code.
It is child class of Runtime Exception. It is child class Error.

39. How do you handled Exception in your project?

 We created separate package for Exception classes needed in project where
handling code was written, then at a time of exception handling scenario in
project used throws keyword.

Collection Framework
1. What do you mean by collection in java? Draw the hierarchy of collection
 The Collection in Java is a framework that provides an architecture to store
and manipulate the group of objects.
 Collection represents group of objects: Homogeneous or Heterogeneous.
 Java Collections can achieve all the operations that you perform on a data
such as searching, sorting, insertion, manipulation, and deletion.
 Java Collection means a single unit of objects.
 Java Collection framework provides many interfaces (Set, List, Queue, Deque)
and classes (ArrayList, Vector, LinkedList, PriorityQueue, HashSet,
LinkedHashSet, TreeSet)
2. What is List?
 List in Java provides the facility to maintain the ordered collection.
 It contains the index-based methods to insert, update, delete and search the
elements.
 It can have the duplicate elements also. We can also store the null elements
in the list.

3. What is Set?
 A Set is a Collection that cannot contain duplicate elements.
 It models the mathematical set abstraction.
 The Set interface contains only methods inherited from Collection and adds
the restriction that duplicate elements are prohibited.

4. Difference between List and Set

List Set
List is an ordered collection it maintains Set is an unordered collection; it doesn’t
the insertion order, which means upon maintain any order. There are few
displaying the list content it will display implementations of Set which maintains
the elements in the same order in which the order such as LinkedHashSet.
they got inserted into the list.
List allows duplicate elements. Set doesn’t allow duplicate elements.
List implementations: ArrayList, Set implementations: HashSet,
LinkedList etc. LinkedHashSet, TreeSet etc.
List allows any number of null values. Set can have only a single null value at
most.
ListIterator can be used to traverse a List ListIterator cannot be used to traverse a
in both the directions (forward and Set. We can use Iterator (It works with
backward). List too) to traverse a Set.
List interface has one legacy class called Set interface does not have any legacy
Vector class.

5. Difference between Array and ArrayList

Array ArrayList
An array is basic functionality provided ArrayList is class of collection framework
by Java; therefore, array members are in Java. ArrayList has a set of methods to
accessed using []. access elements and modify them.
Array is a fixed length data structure. ArrayList is a variable length Collection
We cannot change length of array once class. Length of ArrayList can be
created. changed.
It is mandatory to provide the size of an We can create an instance of ArrayList
array while initializing it directly or without specifying its size. Java creates
indirectly. ArrayList of default size.
array can store both primitives and We cannot store primitives in ArrayList,
objects in Java. it can only store objects.
It performs fast in comparison to The resize operation in ArrayList slows
ArrayList because of fixed size. down the performance.
 We use for loop or for each loop to We use an iterator to iterate over
iterate over an array ArrayList.

6. Why ArrayList is better than Array?

 ArrayList is a variable-length data structure. It can be resized itself when
needed.
 We can create an instance of ArrayList without specifying its size. Java creates
ArrayList of default size.

7. What is difference between Collections and Arrays?

Arrays Collections
Arrays are Fixed in Size that is Once we Collections are Growable in Nature. That
created an Array there is No Chance of is based on Our Requirement we can
Increasing OR Decreasing Size based on Increase OR Decrease the Size.
Our Requirement.
With Respect to Memory Arrays are Not With Respect to Memory Collections are
Recommended to Use. Recommended to Use.
With Respect to Performance Arrays are With Respect to Performance
Recommended to Use. Collections are not Recommended to
Use.
Arrays can Hold Only Homogeneous Collections can Hold Both
Data Elements. Homogeneous and Heterogeneous
Elements.
Arrays can hold both object and Collections can hold only object types
primitive type data. but not the primitive type of data.
Arrays Concept is Not implemented For every Collection class underlying
based on Some Standard Data Structure. Data Structure is Available Hence
Hence Readymade Method Support is Readymade Method Support is
Not Available. Available for Every Requirement

8. Write the difference between List and ArrayList?

Key List ArrayList
General It is an interface. It is a class.
It creates a list of objects that
It creates a dynamic array
Work can be accessed by the that can be expanded when
individual index number. needed.
List <data-type> list1= newArrayList myList = new
Implementation
ArrayList(); ArrayList();
It extends AbstractList class
It extends the collection
Extend/Implement and implements the List
framework.
interface.
It provides slow
It provides faster
Performance manipulation on objects
manipulation of objects.
compared to List.
Instantiation It cannot be instantiated. It can be instantiated.
9. What is generic in java? Explain with example.
 Java Generics is a set of related methods or a set of similar types.
 Generics allow types Integer, String, or even user-defined types to be passed
as a parameter to classes, methods, or interfaces.
 Generics are mostly used by classes like HashSet or HashMap.
 Generic feature comes from jdk 1.5 version.
Example:
List<Integer> l=new ArrayList<>(); //main purpose is to provide type safety
l.add(5);
l.add(20);
l.add(30);
//l.add("abc");
int x=l.get(0); //no need to typecast
System.out.println(x);
//String s=(String)l.get(0); //cannot cast from integer to
string-->it will overcome class cast exception problem

10. Explain advantage of generic?

 There are mainly 3 advantages of generics. They are as follows:
1. Type-safety:
We can hold only a single type of objects in generics. It doesn’t allow
to store other objects.
Without Generics, we can store any type of objects.
E.g.: -
List list = new ArrayList();
list.add(10);
list.add("10");
With Generics, it is required to specify the type of object we need to
store.
List<Integer> list = new ArrayList<Integer>();
list.add(10);
list.add("10");// compile-time error

2. Type casting is not required:

There is no need to typecast the object.
Before Generics, we need to type cast.
E.g.:
List list = new ArrayList();
list.add("hello");
String s = (String) list.get(0);//typecasting
After Generics, we don't need to typecast the object.
List<String> list = new ArrayList<String>();
list.add("hello");
String s = list.get(0);
3. Compile-Time Checking:
It is checked at compile time so problem will not occur at runtime.
 The good programming strategy says it is far better to handle the
problem at compile time than runtime.
E.g:
List<String> list = new ArrayList<String>();
list.add("hello");
list.add(32); //Compile Time Error

11. Is Iterator a Class or Interface? What is its use?

Iterator is an interface which is used to step through the elements of a Collection.

12. What is difference between Collection(I) and Collections(C)?

Collection(I) Collections(C)
Collection is an Interface which can be Whereas Collections is an Utility Class
used to Represent a Group of Individual Present in java.util Package to Define
Objects as a Single Entity. Several Utility Methods for Collection
Objects.
It is the root interface of the Collection It is a utility class.
framework.

13. What are legacy classes and interfaces present in Collections framework?
 Early version of java did not include the Collections framework. In the early
version of Java, we have several classes and interfaces which allow us to store
objects.
 After adding the Collection framework in JSE 1.2, for supporting the
collections framework, these classes were re-engineered.
 So, classes and interfaces that formed the collections framework in the older
version of Java are known as Legacy classes.
 For supporting generic in JDK5, these classes were re-engineered.
 All the legacy classes are synchronized.
 The java.util package defines the following legacy classes:
1. HashTable
2. Stack
3. Dictionary
4. Properties
5. Vector
 There is only one legacy interface called Enumeration.

14. What are the basic interfaces of Java Collections Framework?

 The most basic interfaces that reside in the Java Collections Framework are:
1. Collection, which represents a group of objects known as its elements.
2. Set, which is an unordered collection that cannot contain duplicate
elements.
3. List, which is an ordered collection and can contain duplicate
elements.
4. Map, which is an object that maps keys to values and cannot contain
duplicate keys.
15. What is an Iterator?
 In Java, Iterator is an interface available in Collection framework in java.util
package.
 It is a Java Cursor used to iterate a collection of objects.
 Iterators are used in Collection framework in Java to retrieve elements one by
one.
 Iterator object can be created by calling iterator() method present in
Collection interface.

16. Why Iterator is called as Universal Java Cursor?

 We can apply Iterator to any Collection object or classes that’s why it is called
as universal cursor.
 By using Iterator, we can perform both read and remove operations.
 Compare to Enumeration interface, Iterator method names are simple and
easy to use
 Iterator must be used whenever we want to enumerate elements in all
Collection framework implemented interfaces like Set, List, Queue, Deque and
also in all implemented classes of Map interface.
 Iterator is the only cursor available for entire collection framework.

17. What differences exist between Iterator and ListIterator?

Iterator ListIterator
An Iterator can be used to traverse the The ListIterator can be used to iterate
Set, List and Map collections. over only Lists.
The Iterator can traverse a collection The ListIterator can traverse a List in
only in forward direction. both directions.
Using Iterator, you cannot add any Using ListIterator you can add elements
element to a collection. to a collection.
Using Iterator, you cannot remove an You can remove an element from a
element in a collection. collection using ListIterator.
Methods of Iterator: Methods of ListIterator:
 hasNext()  add(E e)  remove()
 next()  hasNext()  previous()
 remove()  hasPrevio  previousIn
us() dex()
 next()  set(E e)
 nextIndex()

Difference Between Iterable and Iterator.

Iterable Iterator
Iterable is an interface Iterator is an interface
Belongs to java.lang package Belongs to java.util package
Provides one single abstract method Provides two abstract methods called
called iterator() hasNext() and next()
 It is a representation of a series of It represents the object with iteration
elements that can be traversed state

18. How to make ArrayList synchronized?

List<String> l=new ArrayList<>();
l.add(“aaa”);
l.add(“bbb”);
l.add(“ccc”);

collections.synchronizedList(l); //Synchronized
for(String nm:l)
{
System.out.println(nm);
}

19. How to make list as read only?

List<String> l=new ArrayList<>();
l.add(“aaa”);
l.add(“bbb”);

collections.unmodifiableList(l); //cannot modify

l.add(“ccc”); //Runtime error

20. Which Collection object you have used in your Project?

 List - ArrayList for getting lists of objects from Database.
 Set – HashSet for mapping POJOs using hibernate. (One-to-Many & Many-to-
One)

21. How Arraylist works?

 When we create object of Arraylist, it create Arraylist instance with default
capacity 10.
 Arraylist capacity increases with formula –
New Capacity = ((3/2) x Old Capacity)+1
 When Arraylist increments with new capacity then data from old Arraylist is
copied into new instance and old instance is destroyed.
 When we add or delete data into the Arraylist then multiple data shift
operations are performed.
 Arraylist follows Indexing.

22. Why Arraylist is fast for retrieval operation?

 It implements RandomAccess Interface, hence Arraylist is fast for retrieval
operation.

23. Which API is provided by Java for operations on set of objects?

 Java provides a Collection API which provides many useful methods which can
be applied on a set of objects.
  Some of the important classes provided by Collection API include ArrayList,
HashMap, TreeSet and TreeMap.

24. Difference between ArrayList and LinkedList

Parameter ArrayList LinkedList
Internal data It uses dynamic array to store It uses doubly Linked List to
structure elements internally store elements internally
If We need to insert or delete If We need to insert or delete
element in ArrayList, it may element in LinkedList, it will
take O(n), as it internally uses take O(1), as it internally uses
Manipulation
array and we may have to doubly LinkedList
shift elements in case of
insertion or deletion
Search is faster in ArrayList as Search is slower in LinkedList
uses array internally which is as uses doubly Linked List
Search
index based. So here time internally So here time
complexity is O(1) complexity is O(n)
ArrayList implements List LinkedList implements List,
Interfaces interface only, so it can be Deque interfaces, so it can be
used as List only used as List, Stack or Queue

25. When to use ArrayList or LinkedList?

 It actually depends on our need.
 If we have more insertion or deletion then we should use LinkedList.
 If we have less insertion or deletion and more search operations then
we should use ArrayList.

26. How will you reverse a List?

 ArrayList can be reversed using the reverse() method of the Collections class.
27. Differences Between HashSet, LinkedHashSet, and TreeSet
Features HashSet LinkedHashSet TreeSet
HashSet internally LinkedHashSet TreeSet uses TreeMap
uses HashMap for uses internally to store
Internal
storing objects LinkedHashMap objects
Working
internally to
store objects
If you don’t want to If you want to If you want to sort the
maintain insertion maintain the elements according to
order but want to insertion order of some Comparator then
When To Use store unique elements then use TreeSet
objects you can use
LinkedHashSet

HashSet does not LinkedHashSet While TreeSet orders

maintain insertion maintains the the elements according
order insertion order of to supplied
objects Comparator. By default,
Order
objects will be placed
according to their
natural ascending
order.
HashSet gives O(1) LinkedHashSet While TreeSet gives the
complexity for gives insertion, performance of order
Complexity insertion, removing, and O(log(n)) for insertion,
of removing, and retrieving removing, and
Operations retrieving objects operations retrieving operations.
performance in
order O(1).
The performance The performance TreeSet performance is
of HashSet is better of LinkedHashSet better than
when compared to is slower than LinkedHashSet except
LinkedHashSet and TreeSet. It is for insertion and
TreeSet. almost similar to removal operations
HashSet but because it has to sort
Performance
slower because the elements after each
LinkedHashSet insertion and removal
internally operation.
maintains
LinkedList to
maintain the
insertion order of
elements
 HashSet uses LinkedHashSet TreeSet uses compare()
equals() and uses equals() and and compareTo()
hashCode() hashCode() methods to compare
Compare methods to methods to the objects
compare the compare it’s
objects objects
HashSet allows LinkedHashSet TreeSet does not permit
only one null value. allows only one null value. If you insert
Null
null value. null value into TreeSet,
Elements
it will throw
NullPointerException.
HashSet obj = new LinkedHashSet TreeSet obj = new
Syntax HashSet(); obj = new TreeSet();
LinkedHashSet();

28. Why set doesn’t allow duplicates?

 Set internally uses HashMap.
 HashMap object is created in every Set implemented class.
 Here HashMap stores key as all inserted elements and value as a dummy
object created with new keyword.
 As HashMap doesn’t accept duplicate keys, so set don’t allow duplicate
values.

29. How Linkedlist works? (Why insertion & deletion is fast in Linkedlist?)
 When we create an object of Linkedlist and add an element to it then it stores
element as a node in which previous & next node address is also stored.
 Node format = ||prev. node addr.| (value) |next node addr.||
 Due to previous & next node address is stored, hence while updation or
insertion & deletion operation data shift operation need not to perform and
it makes Linkedlist fast.

Map
1. Draw the hierarchy of map in java?
2. Write the difference between HashMap and Hashtable.
HashMap Hashtable(Legacy Class)
Not synchronized (Not Threadsafe) Synchronized (Threadsafe)
Every method present in HashMap is not Every method present in Hashtable is
synchronized. synchronized.
At a time, Multiple Threads are allowed At a time, Only One Thread is allowed to
to Operate on HashMap Object Operate on the Hashtable Object and
simultaneously and Hence it is Not Hence it is Thread Safe.
ThreadSafe.
Relatively Performance is High because Relatively Performance is low because
threads are not required to wait to threads are required to wait to operate
operate on HashMap object. on Hashtable object.
null is allowed for Both Key and Value. null is not allowed for Both Keys and
Values otherwise we will get
NullPointerException.
Retrieval of elements can be achieved Retrieval of elements can be achieved
through Iterator through Enumeration (Legacy Interface)
Introduced in jdk 1.2 version and it is not Introduced in jdk 1.0 version and it is
legacy. legacy.

Difference Between HashMap and HashSet

Parameter HashMap HashSet
This is core difference HashSet implement Set
Interface among them. HashMap interface
implements Map interface
It stores data in a form of It uses add(value) method for
Method for storing key->value pair. So, it uses storing data
data put(key,value) method for
storing data
HashMap allows duplicate HashSet does not allow
Duplicates value but not duplicate duplicate values.
keys
It is faster than hashset as It is slower than HashMap
Performance values are stored with
unique keys
In HashMap hashcode In this, hashcode is calculated
value is calculated using on the basis of value object.
key object Hashcode can be same for
HashCode two value object so we have
Calculation to implement equals()
method. If equals() method
return false then two objects
are different.
3. How to get Synchronized Version of HashMap?
 By default, HashMap is non-Synchronized. But we can get Synchronized
Version of HashMap by using synchronizedMap() of Collections Class.
E.g.,
HashMap m=new HashMap();
Map m1=Collections.synchronizedMap(m);
In above example, m is not synchronized but m1 is synchronized.

4. Write the difference between HashMap and LinkedHashMap.

HashMap LinkedHashMap
The Underlying Data Structure is The Underlying Data Structure is
Hashtable. Combination of Hashtable and
LinkedList.
Insertion order is Not Preserved and it is Insertion order is Preserved.
based on hashCode of keys.
Introduced in jdk 1.2 version Introduced in jdk 1.4 version

5. Write the difference between HashMap and IdentityHashMap.

HashMap IdentityHashMap
HashMap differentiate key by value. IdentityHashMap differentiate key by
reference.
In HashMap JVM will Use .equals() to In IdentityHashMap JVM will Use ==
Identify Duplicate Keys, which is Meant Operator to Identify Duplicate Keys,
for Content Comparison. which is Meant for Reference
Comparison.
Map m=new HashMap(); Map m=new IdentityHashMap();
Integer i1=new Integer(5); Integer i1=new Integer(5);
Integer i2=new Integer(5); Integer i2=new Integer(5);

m.put(i1, "Java"); m.put(i1, "Java");

m.put(i2, "CJC"); m.put(i2, "CJC");

System.out.println(m);//5=CJC System.out.println(m);//5=Java, 5=CJC

6. Write the difference between ArrayList and Vector

ArrayList Vector
Not synchronized (Not Threadsafe) Synchronized (Threadsafe)
Every method present in ArrayList is not Every method present in Vector is
synchronized. synchronized.
At a time, Multiple Threads are allowed At a time, Only One Thread is allowed to
to Operate on ArrayList Object Operate on the Vector Object and
simultaneously and Hence it is Not Hence it is Thread Safe.
ThreadSafe.
 Relatively Performance is High because Relatively Performance is low because
threads are not required to wait to threads are required to wait to operate
operate on ArrayList object. on Vector object.
Default capacity=10 Default capacity=10
New capacity=75% increment of old New capacity=100% increment of old
capacity capacity
We can use Iterator, ListIterator only in We can use Iterator, ListIterator,
ArrayList. Enumeration in Vector.
Introduced in jdk 1.2 version and it is not Introduced in jdk 1.0 version and it is
legacy. legacy.

7. Why map doesn’t extend the Collection Interface?

 The map Interface in java follows a key-value pair structure whereas the
Collection Interface is a collection of objects which are stored in a structured
manner with a specified access mechanism.
 The main reason Map doesn’t extend the Collection interface is that the add(E
e) method of the Collection Interface doesn’t support the key-value pair like
Map Interface’s put(K, V) method.
 It might not extend the Collection Interface but still is an integral part of the
java Collection Framework.

8. What happens when we put same keys in Map?

 If we add a key-value pair where the key exists already, put method replaces
the existing value of the key with the new value.

9. Which two methods should you override while putting the custom object as Key in
HashMap?
 You need to override hashcode and equals method in custom class while
putting objects of custom class in HashMap.

10. How HashMap internally works?

 What is HashMap?
 HashMap is a part of the Java collection framework. It uses a technique
called Hashing.
 Hashing: It is the process of converting an object into an integer value.
The integer value helps in indexing and faster searches.
 This HashMap class extends AbstractMap class that implements the
Map interface. It stores the data in the pair of Key and Value.
 HashMap contains an array of the nodes, and the node is represented
as a class having following objects.
 It uses an array and LinkedList data structure internally for storing
Key and Value.
 HashMap internally uses HashTable implementation.
  Few important points to about HashMap:
 HashMap uses its static inner class Node<K,V> for storing the entries
into the map.
 HashMap allows at most one null key and multiple null values.
 The HashMap class does not preserve the order of insertion of entries
into the map.
 HashMap has multiple buckets or bins which contain a head reference
to a singly linked list. That means there would be as many linked lists
as there are buckets. Initially, it has a bucket size of 16 which grows to
32 when the number of entries in the map crosses the 75%. (That
means after inserting in 12 buckets bucket size becomes 32)
 HashMap is almost similar to Hashtable except that it’s
unsynchronized and allows at max one null key and multiple null
values.
 HashMap uses hashCode() and equals() methods on keys for the get
and put operations. So HashMap key objects should provide a good
implementation of these methods.
 That’s why the Wrapper classes like Integer and String classes are a
good choice for keys for HashMap as they are immutable and their
object state won’t change over the course of the execution of the
program.
Note: Java HashMap is not thread-safe and hence it should not be used
in multithreaded application. For the multi-threaded application, we
should use ConcurrentHashMap class.

Before understanding the internal working of HashMap, you must be aware of

hashCode() and equals() method.
 equals(): It checks the equality of two objects. It compares the Key, whether
they are equal or not. It is a method of the Object class. It can be overridden.
If you override the equals() method, then it is mandatory to override the
hashCode() method.
 hashCode(): This is the method of the object class. It returns the memory
reference of the object in integer form. The value received from the method
is used as the bucket number. The bucket number is the address of the
element inside the map. In HashMap, hashCode() is used to calculate the
bucket and therefore calculate the index. Hash code of null Key is 0.
 Buckets: A bucket is one element of HashMap array. It is used to store nodes.
Two or more nodes can have the same bucket. In that case LinkedList
structure is used to connect the nodes. Buckets are different in capacity.
Insert Key, Value pair in HashMap
 We use put() method to insert the Key and Value pair in the HashMap.
 The default size of HashMap is 16 (0 to 15).
 In the following example, we want to insert three (Key, Value) pair in the
HashMap.

HashMap<String, Integer> map = new HashMap<>();

map.put("Aman", 19);
map.put("Sunny", 29);
map.put("Ritesh", 39);

 Let's see at which index the Key, value pair will be saved into HashMap. When
we call the put() method, then it calculates the hash code of the Key "Aman."
 Hash code of key may be large enough to create an array. hash code
generated may be in the range of integer and if we create arrays for such a
range, then it will easily cause outOfMemoryException. So, we generate index
to minimize the size of array.
 Suppose the hash code of "Aman" is 2657860. To store the Key in memory,
we have to calculate the index.
 Basically, following operation is performed to calculate index.
index = hashCode(key) & (n-1)
where n is number of buckets or the size of array.
Index = 2657860 & (16-1) = 4
 The value 4 is the computed index value where the Key and value will store
in HashMap.
  If the key is null, the value is stored in table[0] position, because hashcode
for null is always 0.
Hash Collision
 This is the case when the calculated index value is the same for two or more
Keys.
 Let's calculate the hash code for another Key "Sunny." Suppose the hash code
for "Sunny" is 63281940. To store the Key in the memory, we have to calculate
index by using the index formula.
Index=63281940 & (16-1) = 4
 Place this object at index 4 if no other object is presented there.
 In this case a node object is found at the index 4 – this is a case of collision.
 In this case, equals() method check that both Keys are equal or not. If Keys are
same, replace the value with the current value. Otherwise, connect this node
object to the existing node object through the LinkedList. Hence both Keys will
be stored at index 4.
 In case of collision, i.e. index of two or more nodes are same, nodes are joined
by link list i.e. second node is referenced by first node and third by second and
so on.

 Similarly, we will store the Key "Ritesh." Suppose hash code for the Key is
2349873. The index value will be 1. Hence this Key will be stored at index 1.
get() method in HashMap
 get() method is used to get the value by its Key. It will not fetch the value if
you don't know the Key. When get(K Key) method is called, it calculates the
hash code of the Key.
 Suppose we have to fetch the Key "Aman." The following method will be
called.
map.get(new Key("Aman"));
 It generates the hash code as 2657860. Now calculate the index value of
2657860 by using index formula. The index value will be 4, as we have
calculated above.
 get() method search for the index value 4. It compares the first element Key
with the given Key. If both keys are equal, then it returns the value else check
for the next element in the node if it exists.
 In our scenario, it is found as the first element of the node and return the
value 19.
 Let's fetch another Key "Sunny." The hash code of the Key "Sunny" is
63281940. The calculated index value of 63281940 is 4, as we have calculated
for put() method.
 Go to index 4 of array and compare first element’s key with given key. If both
are equals then return the value, otherwise check for next element if it exists.
 In our case it is not found as first element and next of node object is not null.
 If next of node is not null traverse to the second element and repeat the
process until key is not found or next is not null. It compares the second
element Key with the specified Key and returns the value 29.
 If next of node is null then return null.
Re-Hashing:
 Whenever the number of entries in the hashmap crosses the threshold value
then the bucket size of the hashmap is doubled and rehashing is performed
and all the already existing entries of the map are copied and new entries are
added to this increased hashmap.
Threshold value = Bucket size * Load factor
 Eg. If bucket size is 16 and the load factor is 0.75 then the threshold value is
12.
Time complexity
 Time complexity is almost constant for put and get method until rehashing is
not done.
 In a fairly distributed hashMap where the entries go to all the buckets in such
a scenario, the hashMap has O(1) time for search, insertion, and deletion
operations.
 In the worst case, where all the entries go to the same bucket and the singly
linked list stores these entries, O(n) time is required for operations like search,
insert, and delete.
 In a case where the threshold for converting this linked list to a self-balancing
binary search tree(i.e. AVL/Red black) is used then for the operations, search,
insert and delete O(logN) is required as AVL/Red Black tree has a max length
of logN in the worst case.
 Answer in Short:
 HashMap uses its static inner class Node<K,V> for storing map entries. That
means each entry in hashMap is a Node.
 Internally HashMap uses a hashCode of the key Object and this hashCode is
further used by the hash function to find the index of the bucket where the
new entry can be added.
 HashMap uses multiple buckets and each bucket points to a Singly Linked List
where the entries (nodes) are stored.
 Once the bucket is identified by the hash function using hashcode, then
hashCode is used to check if there is already a key with the same hashCode or
not in the bucket(singly linked list).
 If there already exists a key with the same hashCode, then the equals()
method is used on the keys. If the equals method returns true, that means
there is already a node with the same key and hence the value against that
key is overwritten in the entry(node), otherwise, a new node is created and
added to this Singly Linked List of that bucket.
 If there is no key with the same hashCode in the bucket found by the hash
function then the new Node is added into the bucket found.
Or
 When we create HashMap object, HashMap instance as per default capacity
16 buckets is created.
 When we perform add (put ( )) operation, it accepts data in key & value
format.
 Internally hashing technique is used, that generates hashcode for key and also
calculate index to find bucket location for inserting data in HashMap instance.
 It will store element at that location as a node format.
||previous node address| (Key) | (Value) |next node address||
 Now when we perform retrieval (get ( )) operation, it asks for key.
 Again hashing technique is used and bucket location is identified, then equals
( ) method is used to compare key content and if it returns true then value is
retrieved.

11. How Collisions Are Resolved?

 If two unequal objects can have the same hash code value, then how those
two different objects will be stored in the same array location called a bucket.
 The answer is LinkedList.
 The Entry class has an attribute "next." This attribute always points to the next
object in the chain. This is exactly the behavior of the LinkedList.

12. hashcode() and equals() contracts

 Some principles of equals() method of Object class :
If some other object is equal to a given object, then it follows these rules:
1. Reflexive: for any non-null reference value a, a.equals(a) should return
true.
 2. Symmetric: for any non-null reference values a and b, if a.equals(b) should
return true then b.equals(a) must return true.
3. Transitive: for any non-null reference values a, b, and c, if a.equals(b)
returns true and b.equals(c) returns true, then a.equals(c) should return
true.
4. Consistent: Multiple calling of a.equals(b) should consistently return true
or consistently return false If the value of the object is not modified for
either object.
Note: For any non-null reference value a, a.equals(null) should return
false.

 The general contract of hashCode is:

1. During the execution of the application, if hashCode() is invoked more
than once on the same Object then it must consistently return the same
Integer value, provided no information used in equals(Object) comparison
on the Object is modified. It is not necessary that this Integer value to be
remained same from one execution of the application to another
execution of the same application.
2. If two Objects are equal, according to the equals(Object) method, then
hashCode() method must produce the same Integer on each of the two
Objects.
3. If two Objects are unequal, according to the equals(Object) method, It is
not necessary the Integer value produced by hashCode() method on each
of the two Objects will be distinct. It can be same but producing the
distinct Integer on each of the two Objects is better for improving the
performance of hashing-based Collections like HashMap, HashTable…etc.
Note: Equal objects must produce the same hash code as long as they are
equal, however unequal objects need not produce distinct hash codes.

Key points to remember:

 If you are overriding equals method then you should override hashcode()
also.
 If two objects are equal then they must have same hashcode.
 If two objects have same hashcode then they may or may not be equal.
 Always use same attributes to generate equals and hashcode.
 Overriding equals() alone will make your business fail with hashing data
structures like: HashSet, HashMap, HashTable ... etc.
 Overriding hashcode() alone doesn't force Java to ignore memory addresses
when comparing two objects.

13. Why String, Integer and other wrapper classes are considered good keys for
HashMap?
 String, Integer and other wrapper classes are natural candidates of HashMap
key, and String is most frequently used key as well because String is immutable
and final, and overrides equals and hashcode() method.
 Other wrapper class also shares similar property.
  Immutability is required, in order to prevent changes on fields used to
calculate hashCode() because if key object returns different hashCode during
insertion and retrieval than it won't be possible to get an object from
HashMap.

14. Can we use any custom object as a key in HashMap?

 Yes, we can use any Object as key in Java HashMap provided it follows equals
and hashCode contract and its hashCode should not vary once the object is
inserted into Map.

15. Difference between HashMap and ConcurrentHashMap?

HashMap ConcurrentHashMap
HashMap is not synchronized internally ConcurrentHashMap is internally
and it is not thread safe. You can make synchronized and hence it is thread safe.
HashMap synchronized externally using
Collections.synchronizedMap() method.
HashMap performance is relatively high ConcurrentHashMap performance is
because it is non-synchronized in nature low sometimes because sometimes
and any number of threads can perform Threads are required to wait on
simultaneously. ConcurrentHashMap.
HashMap is the part of Java collection ConcurrentHashMap is introduced in
framework since JDK 1.2. JDK 1.5 as an alternative to HashTable.
HashMap allows maximum one null key ConcurrentHashMap doesn’t allow even
and any number of null values. a single null key and a null value.
While one thread is Iterating the In ConcurrentHashMap we won’t get
HashMap object, if other thread tries to any exception while performing any
add/modify the contents of Object then modification at the time of Iteration.
we will get Run-time exception saying i.e., Iterators returned by
ConcurrentModificationException. ConcurrentHashMap are fail-safe in
i.e., Iterators returned by HashMap are nature.
fail-fast in nature.
HashMap is not synchronized internally ConcurrentHashMap is internally
and it is most suitable for single synchronized and hence it is most
threaded applications. suitable for multi-threaded applications.

Comparable & Comparator

1. Explain Comparable with its method
 Comparable interface is mainly used to sort the arrays (or lists) of custom
objects.
 Lists (and arrays) of objects that implement Comparable interface can be
sorted automatically by Collections.sort (and Arrays.sort).
 This interface is found in java.lang package and contains only one method
named compareTo(Object).
 It provides a single sorting sequence only, i.e., you can sort the elements on
the basis of single data member only. For example, it may be rollno, name,
age or anything else.
 compareTo(Object obj) method

public int compareTo(Object obj): It is used to compare the current object with the
specified object.
It returns
 positive integer, if the current object is greater than the specified object.
 negative integer, if the current object is less than the specified object.
 zero, if the current object is equal to the specified object.

We can sort the elements of:

1. String objects
2. Wrapper class objects
3. User-defined class objects

2. Explain Comparator with its method

 Java Comparator interface is used to order the objects of a user-defined class.
 This interface is found in java.util package and contains 2 methods
compare(Object obj1,Object obj2) and equals(Object element).
 It provides multiple sorting sequences, i.e., you can sort the elements on the
basis of any data member, for example, rollno, name, age or anything else.

The compare Method The equals Method

 int compare(Object  boolean equals(Object
obj1, Object obj2) obj)
 It compares the first object with  It is used to compare the current
the second object. object with the specified object.
 This method returns zero if the  The method returns true if obj
objects are equal. and the invoking object are both
 It returns a positive value if obj1 Comparator objects and use the
is greater than obj2. Otherwise, same ordering. Otherwise, it
a negative value is returned. returns false.
 By overriding compare(), you can  Overriding equals() is
alter the way that objects are unnecessary, and most simple
ordered. comparators will not do so.
 For example, to sort in a reverse
order, you can create a
comparator that reverses the
outcome of a comparison.

3. Write the difference between comparable and comparator.

Comparable Comparator
Comparable meant for default natural Comparator meant for customized
sorting order. sorting order.
 Comparable provides a single sorting The Comparator provides multiple
sequence. In other words, we can sortsorting sequences. In other words, we
the collection on the basis of a single
can sort the collection on the basis of
element such as id, name, and price multiple elements such as id, name, and
price etc.
Comparable present in java.lang Comparator present in java.util
package. package.
It contains only one method I.e. It contain two methods I.e. compare()
compareTo(). and equals().
All wrapper classes and String class The only implemented classes of
implements comparable interface. comparator are
i. Collator
ii. RuleBasedCollator

4. Difference between compareTo() and compare().

compareTo() compare()
The Comparable interface provides a The Comparator interface provides a
compareTo() method for the ordering of compare() method for the ordering of
objects. objects.
public int compareTo(Object int compare(Object obj1,
obj) Object obj2)
It is used to compare the current object It compares the first object with the
with the specified object and returns an second object and returns an integer.
integer.
It returns –ve number if & only if current It returns –ve number if & only if obj1 is
object is less than obj. less than obj2
It returns +ve number if & only if current It returns +ve number if & only if obj1 is
object is greater than obj. greater than obj2
It returns 0 if & only if current object is It returns 0 if & only if obj1 is equal to
equal to obj. obj2

5. While implementing comparator interface only implementation is provided for

compare() but not for equals(). Why?
 Whenever we are implementing comparator interface compulsory we should
provide implementation only for compare() and we are not required to
provide implementation for equals() because it is already available to our class
from object class through inheritance. equlas() is the dummy.

6. How the Collection objects are sorted in Java?

 Sorting in Java Collections is implemented via Comparable and Comparator
interfaces.
 When Collections.sort() method is used the elements get sorted based on the
natural order that is specified in the compareTo() method.
 On the other hand when Collections.sort(Comparator) method is used it sorts
the objects based on compare() method of the Comparator interface.
 Multithreading
1. What is Thread?
 Thread is small part of execution. It is light weight process.

2. What is Multithreading?
 The process of executing multiple threads simultaneously is known as
multithreading.
 Multithreading in java is process of execution of two or more parts of a
program to maximum utilize the CPU time.
 A multithreaded program contains two or more parts that can run
concurrently.
 Each such part of a program called thread.’
 Threads are lightweight sub-processes, they share the common memory
space.
 Java Multithreading is mostly used in games, animation, etc.
Advantages of Java Multithreading
1. It doesn't block the user because threads are independent and you can
perform multiple operations at the same time.
2. You can perform many operations together, so it saves time.
3. Threads are independent, so it doesn't affect other threads if an exception
occurs in a single thread.

3. How the Thread implementation in java can be achieved?

Thread implementation in java can be achieved in two ways:
1. Extending the java.lang.Thread class
2. Implementing the java.lang.Runnable Interface
Note: The Thread and Runnable are available in the java.lang.* package

1)By extending thread class

 The class should extend Java Thread class.
 The class should override the run() method.
 The functionality that is expected by the Thread to be executed is written in
the run() method.

void start(): Creates a new thread and makes it runnable.

void run(): The new thread begins its life inside this method.
Example
public class MyThread extends Thread {
public void run(){
System.out.println("thread is running...");
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
MyThread obj = new MyThread();
obj.start();
}

2) By Implementing Runnable interface

 The class should implement the Runnable interface
  The class should implement the run() method in the Runnable interface
 The functionality that is expected by the Thread to be executed is put in the
run() method
Example
public class MyThread implements Runnable {
public void run(){
System.out.println("thread is running..");
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Thread t = new Thread(new MyThread());
t.start();
}

4. Can we start a Thread twice in Java?

 No, once a thread is started, it can never be started again.
 Doing so will throw an IllegalThreadStateException.

5. What is lock?
 Every object in java has a unique lock.
 Whenever we are using Synchronized keyword the only lock concept will
come into the picture.

6. Why we need to apply lock? How many types of lock explain with example?

7. Explain Thread class methods?

Method Description
public void run() Used to perform action for a thread
public void start() Starts the execution of the thread by
calling run() method
public void sleep(long miliseconds) Causes the currently executing thread to
sleep (temporarily cease/suspend
execution) for the specified number of
milliseconds.
public void join() Waits for a thread to end/ die.
public void join(long miliseconds) Waits for a thread to die for the
specified miliseconds.
public void setName(String name) To give thread a name
public String getName() Returns the name of the thread.
public Thread currentThread() Returns the reference of currently
executing thread
public void yield() Causes the currently executing thread
object to temporarily pause and allow
other threads to execute.
public int setPriority(int priority) Changes the priority of the thread.
public int getPriority() Returns the priority of the thread.
8. Difference between Thread.start() and Thread.run() in Java
start() run()
When a program calls the start() If we directly call the run() method then
method, a new thread is created and no new thread will be created and run()
then the run() method is executed. method will be executed as a normal
method call on the current calling
thread itself and no multi-threading will
take place.
class MyThread extends Thread { class MyThread extends Thread {

public void run() { public void run() {

System.out.println("Current System.out.println("Current
thread name: "+ thread name: "+
Thread.currentThread().getName( Thread.currentThread().getName(
)); ));

System.out.println("run() System.out.println("run()
method called"); method called");
} }
} }

class Test { class Test {

public static void public static void
main(String[] args) main(String[] args)
{ {
MyThread t = new MyThread(); MyThread t = new MyThread();
t.start(); t.run();
} }
} }

Output: Output:
Current thread name: Thread-0 Current thread name: main
run() method called run() method called
in the above program, when we call the in the above example, when we called
start() method of our thread class the run() method of our MyThread class,
instance, a new thread is created with no new thread is created and the run()
default name Thread-0 and then run() method is executed on the current
method is called and everything inside it
thread i.e. main thread. Hence, no
is executed on the newly created multi-threading took place. The run()
thread. method is called as a normal function
call.
we can’t call the start() method twice run() method can be called multiple
otherwise it will throw an times as it is just a normal method
IllegalThreadStateException calling.
Defined in java.lang.Thread class and Defined in java.lang.Runnable interface
we should not override start() and must be overriden in the
implementing class.
9. Write difference between sleep() and wait() method.
sleep() wait()
Through sleep() lock will be hold. Through wait() lock will be released.
Through sleep() running thread will wait Through wait() running thread will wait
only for time interval. for time interval as well as till the
notify() or notifyAll() will get call.
sleep is static method of Thread class. wait is non-static method of Object
class.
sleep() we can call inside any of the wait() we can call only inside
context. synchronized context (Synchronized
Method/ Block).

10. Explain about synchronized keyword? What are its advantages and disadvantages?
 If a multiple thread wants to operate on a same object simultaneously, there
may be problem of data inconsistency (Race Condition).
 To overcome this problem, we need to apply lock and for applying lock we can
use synchronized keyword.
 Synchronized keyword is only applicable to methods & blocks and not to
variables & class.
 If a method or block declared as the Synchronized then at a time one Thread
is allow to execute that methods of block on the given object.
Advantages:
The main advantage of synchronization is that by using the synchronized keyword we
can resolve the data inconsistency problem.

Disadvantages:
It increases waiting time of thread. At a time only one thread can operate on object
so other threads have to wait. So it affects performance of the system.

11. What is object level lock? Explain with example.

 Object level locking means when we want to synchronize non static method
or no static code block so that it can be accessed by only one thread at a time
for that instance.
 It is used if you want to protect non static data.
public class A1 public class Hello1 public class Test1
extends Thread { { {

Hello1 h; public synchronized public static void

String msg; void display(String main(String[] args)
msg) {
public A1(Hello1 h, {
String msg) System.out.println( Hello1 h=new
{ "["); Hello1();
this.h=h; System.out.println(
this.msg=msg; msg); A1 t1=new
} A1(h,"Java");
 System.out.println( A1 t2=new
public void run() "]"); A1(h,"Classes");
{ }
h.display(msg); //Synchronized Hello1 h1=new
} Block-Object Level Hello1();
} Lock
A1 t3=new
/*public void A1(h1,"CJC");
display(String msg) A1 t4=new
{ A1(h1,"Pune");
synchronized(this)
{ t1.start();
System.out.println( t2.start();
"["); t3.start();
System.out.println( t4.start();
msg); }
System.out.println( }
"]");
}
}*/
}
 In above program thread t1 & t2 are of same object (h) and thread t3 & t4 are
of same object (h1).
 Any one thread from each object will come inside the method/block and
executes parallelly. For example, thread t1 of h object and thread t3 of h1
object will execute method/block parallelly and at the same time remaining
threads from each object i.e., thread t2 and thread t4 will wait outside the
method.
 When thread t1 and t3 performs their operation completely then and then
only thread t2 and t4 will enter inside method and executes parallelly.

12. What is Class level lock? Explain with example.

 Class level locking means you want to synchronize static method or block so
that it can be accessed by only one thread for whole class.
 If you have 10 instances of class, only one thread will be able to access only
one method or block of any one instance at a time.
 It is used if you want to protect static data.
 Every class in java has a unique lock. If a Thread wants to execute a static
synchronized method then it required class level lock.
 Once a Thread got class level lock then it is allowed to execute any static
synchronized method of that class.
 While a Thread executing any static synchronized method, the remaining
Threads are not allowed to execute any static synchronized method of that
class simultaneously.
 But remaining Threads are allowed to execute normal synchronized methods,
normal static methods, and normal instance methods simultaneously.
  Class level lock and object lock both are different and there is no relationship
between these two.
public class A2 public class Hello2 public class Test2
extends Thread { { {
public static public static void
Hello2 h; synchronized void main(String[] args)
String msg; display(String msg) {
{
public A2(Hello2 h, System.out.println( Hello2 h=new
String msg) "["); Hello2();
{ System.out.println(
this.h=h; msg); A2 t1=new
this.msg=msg; System.out.println( A2(h,"Java");
} "]"); A2 t2=new
} A2(h,"Classes");
public void run()
{ //Synchronized Hello2 h1=new
h.display(msg); Block-Class Level Hello2();
} Lock
} A2 t3=new
/*public void A2(h1,"CJC");
display(String msg) A2 t4=new
{ A2(h1,"Pune");
synchronized(Hello2 t1.start();
.class) t2.start();
{ t3.start();
System.out.println( t4.start();
"["); }
System.out.println(
msg); }
System.out.println(
"]");
}
}*/
}

 In above program any 1 thread from each object comes for execution inside
the method/block at a time then it will be decided which thread will execute
method/block first. After complete execution of method/block 2nd thread will
execute the method/block
 Remaining threads of each objects will wait outside the method until 1st set of
threads performs their operation completely.

13. What is difference between object level lock and class level lock?
Key Object Level Lock Class Level Lock
It can be used when you Class level locking means
Basic want non-static method you want to synchronize
or non-static block of the static method or block so
 code should be accessed that it can be accessed by
by only one thread only one thread for whole
class.
It should always be used It should always be used
Static/Non Static to make non-static data to make static data thread
thread safe safe.
Multiple objects of class
Every object in the class may exist but there is
Number of Locks
may have their own lock always one class’s class
object lock available

14. What is synchronized block? Explain its declaration.

 If very few lines of the code required synchronization then it's never
recommended to declare entire method as synchronized we have to enclose
those few lines of the code with in synchronized block.
 Suppose you have 50 lines of code in your method, but you want to
synchronize only 5 lines, you can use synchronized block.
 If you put all the codes of the method in the synchronized block, it will work
same as the synchronized method.
Note:
 Synchronized block is used to lock an object for any shared resource.
 Scope of synchronized block is smaller than the method.

Syntax:
synchronized (object reference expression)
{
//code block
}

Example 1: To get lock of current object we can declare synchronized block as follows.
If Thread got lock of current object then only it is allowed to execute this block.
synchronized(this)
{
}

Example 2: To get the lock of a particular object 'b' we have to declare a synchronized
block as follows.
If thread got lock of 'b' object then only it is allowed to execute this block.
synchronized(b)
{
}

Example 3: To get class level lock we have to declare synchronized block as follows.
If thread got class level lock of Display then only it allowed to execute this block.
synchronized(Display.class)
{
}
 Note: As the argument to the synchronized block, we can pass either object reference
or ".class file" and we can't pass primitive values as argument because lock concept
is dependent only for objects and classes but not for primitives.
Example: Output:
Int x=b; Compile time error.
Synchronized(x) Unexpected type.
{ Found: int
} Required: reference

15. What is advantage of synchronize block over synchronize method? (Which is more
preffered?)
 The main advantage of synchronized block over synchronized method is it
reduces waiting time of Thread and improves performance of the system.
 Synchronized method locks the entire object. This means no other thread can
use any synchronized method in the whole object while the method is being
run by one thread.
 Synchronized block just locks the code within the block. This means no other
thread can acquire a lock on the locked object until the synchronized block
exits.

16. Write the difference between Runnable Interface and Callable Interface.
Runnable Interface Callable Interface
Runnable Interface have run(). Callable Interface have call().
run() does not return any value. call() returns object.
run() does not throws any exception. call() throws exception.
It simply belongs to Java.lang. It simply belongs to java.util.concurrent.

17. While a Thread executing a synchronized method on the given object is the remaining
Threads are allowed to execute other synchronized methods simultaneously on the
same object?
 No

18. What is synchronized statement?

 The statements which present inside synchronized method and synchronized
block are called synchronized statements. [Interview people created
terminology].

19. Why wait(), notify() and notifyAll() methods are available in Object class but not in
Thread class ?
 Because Thread can call these methods on any common object.

20. Every java program contains by default how many Threads and which Thread by
default runs?
 Only 1 Thread and that is main thread and by default main Thread runs in
every java program.
21. Which method is executed by any Thread?
 A Thread executes only public void run() method.

22. In multi-threading how can we ensure that a resource isn't used by multiple threads
simultaneously?
 In multi-threading, access to the resources which are shared among multiple
threads can be controlled by using the concept of synchronization.
 Using synchronized keyword, we can ensure that only one thread can use
shared resource at a time and others can get control of the resource only once
it has become free from the other one using it.

23. I want to control database connections in my program and want that only one thread
should be able to make database connection at a time. How can I implement this
logic?
 This can be implemented by use of the concept of synchronization. Database
related code can be placed in a method which has synchronized keyword so
that only one thread can access it at a time.

24. What is the Difference between thread and a process?

Process Thread
A process is a single application or A thread is a subprocess within that
program. application or program.
Processes are quite heavyweight and Thread is light weight and have less
have more overhead. overhead.
Each process has its own address space Multiple threads share same address
in memory. space of process.
You do not require synchronization in Threads require synchronization to
case of process. avoid unexpected scenarios.

25. How can we pause the execution of a Thread for specific time?
 We can use Thread class sleep() method to pause the execution of thread for
certain time.

26. How does thread communicate with each other?

 Threads can communicate using three methods i.e., wait(), notify(), and
notifyAll().

27. Thread vs Runnable which is better approach to create a thread?

 Implementing Runnable interface is considered to be better approach than
Extending Thread because Java does not support multiple inheritance so if you
extend Thread class and you cannot extend any other class which is needed in
most of the cases.

28. How can we achieve thread safety in java?

 By Synchronized keyword.
29. How to make a main thread wait until all other threads finished execution?
 You can make use of join method to achieve above scenario.

30. What are the states in the lifecycle of a Thread?

 A thread can have one of the following states during its lifetime:
1. New: In this state, a Thread class object is created using a new operator,
but the thread is not alive. Thread doesn't start until we call the start()
method.
2. Runnable: In this state, the thread is ready to run after calling the start()
method. However, the thread is not yet selected by the thread scheduler.
3. Running: In this state, the thread scheduler picks the thread from the
ready state, and the thread is running.
4. Waiting/Blocked: In this state, a thread is not running but still alive, or it
is waiting for the other thread to finish.
5. Dead/Terminated: A thread is in terminated or dead state when the run()
method exits.