-PROJECT TITLE -

Emerging therapy for cancer

A Report on Practice School Submitted as a criterion for the partial fulfillment of the B
Pharma degree course

By
Nikita Sharma
Roll. NO. 27701918064.
Regd.No: 182770210049

Under the supervision of

Kunal gupta

NSHM College of Pharmaceutical Technology

NSHM Knowledge Campus, Kolkata-Group of Institutions
2021-22
 INTRODUCTION

what is cancer ?

• Cancer begins when  genetic chamge interfere with this orderly process. Cells start to grow uncontrollably. These
cells may form a mass called a tumor. A tumor can be cancerous or benign. A cancerous tumor is malignant,
meaning it can grow and spread to other parts of the body. A benign tumor means the tumor can
grow but will not spread.
• Some types of cancer do not form a tumor. These include leukemias, most types of lymphoma,
and myeloma.
How

Introduction
what is cancer ?
• Cancer begins when  genetic chamge interfere with this orderly process. Cells start to grow
uncontrollably. These cells may form a mass called a tumor. A tumor can be cancerous or benign.
tumor is malignant, meaning it can grow and spread to other parts of the body. A benign tumor
means the tumor can grow but will not spread.
• Some types of cancer do not form a tumor. These include leukemias, most types of lymphoma,
and myeloma.

Types of cancer therapy

There a different types of ways Through which cancer can be treated
The major and important are
• Surgery
• Radiation therapy
• Immunotherapy
• Target therapy
• Stem cell transplant
• Nano particle drug delivery system therapy
Theorytical aspect
1. Surgery
Cancer surgery is an operation or procedure to take out a tumor and possibly
some nearby tissue. It is the oldest kind of cancer treatment, and it still works
well to treat many types of cancer today

2.Chemotherapy
It is use of drug to kill the cancerous cell
It is toxic for healthy cells
Side effect are like hair loss , nausea , etc

3. Targeted therapy - Targeted cancer therapies are drugs

or other substances that block the growth and spread of cancer by interfering
with specific molecules (“molecular targets”) that are involved in the
growth, progression , and spread of cancer. Targeted cancer therapies are
sometimes called “molecularly targeted”.

Difference between targeted therapy and chemotherapy

• Targeted therapies differ from standard chemotherapy in several ways:
• Targeted therapies act on specific molecular targets that are associated
with cancer, whereas most standard chemotherapies act on all rapidly
dividing normal and cancerous cells.
• Targeted therapies are deliberately chosen or designed to interact with
their target, whereas many standard chemotherapies were identified
because they kill cells. 

4.Immunotherapy - Immunotherapy is a type of

cancer treatment that helps your immune system fight cancer. The immune
system helps your body fight infections and other diseases. Immunotherapy is a
type of biological therapy. Biological therapy is a type of treatment that uses
substances made from living organisms to treat cancer
• PROSTVAC is a vaccine designed to enable the immune system to
recognize and attack prostate cancer cells by triggering a specific and
targeted T cell immune response to cancer cells that express the tumor-
associated antigen prostate-specific antigen (PSA).

5.Radiation therapy - At high doses, radiation therapy

kills cancer cells or slows their growth by damaging their DNA. Cancer cells
whose DNA is damaged beyond repair stop dividing or die. When the damaged
cells die, they are broken down and removed by the body.
• Radiation therapy does not kill cancer cells right away. It takes days or
weeks of treatment before DNA is damaged enough for cancer cells to
die. Then, cancer cells keep dying for weeks or months after radiation
therapy ends.

6. Gene therapy - At high doses, radiation therapy kills cancer

cells or slows their growth by damaging their DNA. Cancer cells whose DNA is
damaged beyond repair stop dividing or die. When the damaged cells die, they
are broken down and removed by the body.
Radiation therapy does not kill cancer cells right away. It takes days or weeks of
treatment before DNA is damaged enough for cancer cells to die. Then, cancer
cells keep dying for weeks or months after radiation therapy ends. a game-
changer occurred in 2013, when several researchers showed that a gene-editing
tool called CRISPR could alter the DNA of human cells like a very precise and
easy-to-use pair of scissors. 

.
7 . Stem cell transplant – It aims and try to cures
different types of blood cancers like Leukemia , myeloma
lymphoma . It replaces the damaged or affected blood cells with healthy
stem cells
These stem cells are capable of giving rise to Healthy blood cells . Before
the incorporation of the stem cells in the patient .. body all the Damaged
cells are removed by radiation or chemotherapy . And then the stem are
incorporated into the patient. body

.
 8. Drug delivery system

According to an estimate, more than 90% cancer drugs exhibit poor

bioavailability and pharmacokinetics . Therefore, there is a prerequisite to
develop appropriate drug delivery systems, which can improve the
bioavailability, pharmacokinetic properties and can deliver the active drug
molecules to the site of action, without affecting the healthy cells.
• To overcome the limitations of conventional chemotherapy, a number of
nanocarrier delivery systems have been developed and extensively used
for drug delivery to cancer cells .
The long-term use of conventional drug delivery systems for cancer
chemotherapy leads to fatal damage of normal proliferate cells and this is
particularly used for the management of solid tumors, where utmost tumor cells
are not invaded quickly. A targeted drug delivery system (TDDS) is a system,
which releases the drug at a preselected biosite in a controlled manner.
Nanotechnology based delivery systems are making a significant impact on
cancer treatment and the polymers play key role in the development of
nanopraticlulate carriers for cancer therapy. Some important technological
advantages of nanotherapeutic drug delivery systems (NDDS) include
prolonged half-life, improved bio-distribution, increased circulation time of the
drug, controlled and sustained release of the drug, versatility of route of
administration, increased intercellular concentration of drug and many more.
This review covers the current research on polymer based anticancer agents, the
rationale for development of these polymer therapeutical systems and discusses
the benefits and challenges of cancer nanomedicines including polymer-drug
conjugates, micelles, dendrimers, immunoconjugates, liposomes, nanoparticles.
Prevention of cancer
1. Don't use tobacco
Using any type of tobacco puts you on a collision course with cancer. Smoking
has been linked to various types of cancer — including cancer of the lung,
mouth, throat, larynx, pancreas, bladder, cervix and kidney. Chewing tobacco
has been linked to cancer of the oral cavity and pancreas. Even if you don't use
tobacco, exposure to secondhand smoke might increase your risk of lung
cancer.
Avoiding tobacco — or deciding to stop using it — is an important part of
cancer prevention. If you need help quitting tobacco, ask your doctor about
stop-smoking products and other strategies for quitting.
2. Eat a healthy diet
Although making healthy selections at the grocery store and at mealtime can't
guarantee cancer prevention, it might reduce your risk. Consider these
guidelines:

 Eat plenty of fruits and vegetables. Base your diet on fruits,

vegetables and other foods from plant sources — such as whole grains
and beans.
 Maintain a healthy weight. Eat lighter and leaner by choosing fewer
high-calorie foods, including refined sugars and fat from animal
sources.
 If you choose to drink alcohol, do so only in moderation The risk of
various types of cancer — including cancer of the breast, colon, lung,
kidney and liver — increases with the amount of alcohol you drink
and the length of time you've been drinking regularly.
 Limit processed meats. A report from the International Agency for
Research on Cancer, the cancer agency of the World Health
Organization, concluded that eating large amounts of processed meat
can slightly increase the risk of certain types of cancer.
In addition, women who eat a Mediterranean diet supplemented with extra-
virgin olive oil and mixed nuts might have a reduced risk of breast cancer. The
Mediterranean diet focuses mostly on plant-based foods, such as fruits and
vegetables, whole grains, legumes, and nuts. People who follow the
Mediterranean diet choose healthy fats, such as olive oil, over butter and fish
instead of red meat.
3. Maintain a healthy weight and be physically active
Maintaining a healthy weight might lower the risk of various types of cancer,
including cancer of the breast, prostate, lung, colon and kidney.
Physical activity counts, too. In addition to helping you control your weight,
physical activity on its own might lower the risk of breast cancer and colon
cancer.
Adults who participate in any amount of physical activity gain some health
benefits. But for substantial health benefits, strive to get at least 150 minutes a
week of moderate aerobic activity or 75 minutes a week of vigorous aerobic
activity. You can also do a combination of moderate and vigorous activity. As a
general goal, include at least 30 minutes of physical activity in your daily
routine — and if you can do more, even better.
4. Protect yourself from the sun
Skin cancer is one of the most common kinds of cancer — and one of the most
preventable. Try these tips:

 Avoid midday sun. Stay out of the sun between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m.,
when the sun's rays are strongest.
 Stay in the shade. When you're outdoors, stay in the shade as much as
possible. Sunglasses and a broad-brimmed hat help, too.
 Cover exposed areas. Wear tightly woven, loose fitting clothing that
covers as much of your skin as possible. Opt for bright or dark colors,
which reflect more ultraviolet radiation than do pastels or bleached
cotton.
 Don't skimp on sunscreen. Use a broad-spectrum sunscreen with an
SPF of at least 30, even on cloudy days. Apply sunscreen generously,
and reapply every two hours — or more often if you're swimming or
perspiring.
 Avoid tanning beds and sunlamps. These are just as damaging as
natural sunlight.
5. Get vaccinated
Cancer prevention includes protection from certain viral infections. Talk to your
doctor about vaccination against:

 Hepatitis B. Hepatitis B can increase the risk of developing liver

cancer. The hepatitis B vaccine is recommended for certain adults at
high risk — such as adults who are sexually active but not in a
 mutually monogamous relationship, people with sexually transmitted
infections, people who use intravenous drugs, men who have sex with
men, and health care or public safety workers who might be exposed
to infected blood or body fluids.
 Human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV is a sexually transmitted virus
that can lead to cervical and other genital cancers as well as squamous
cell cancers of the head and neck. The HPV vaccine is recommended
for girls and boys ages 11 and 12. The U.S. Food and Drug
Administration recently approved the use of vaccine Gardasil 9 for
males and females ages 9 to 45.
6. Avoid risky behaviors
Another effective cancer prevention tactic is to avoid risky behaviors that can
lead to infections that, in turn, might increase the risk of cancer. For example:

 Practice safe sex. Limit your number of sexual partners and use a

condom when you have sex. The more sexual partners you have in
your lifetime, the more likely you are to contract a sexually
transmitted infection — such as HIV or HPV. People who have HIV
or AIDS have a higher risk of cancer of the anus, liver and lung. HPV
is most often associated with cervical cancer, but it might also
increase the risk of cancer of the anus, penis, throat, vulva and vagina.
 Don't share needles. Sharing needles with people who use
intravenous drugs can lead to HIV, as well as hepatitis B and hepatitis
C — which can increase the risk of liver cancer. If you're concerned
about drug misuse or addiction, seek professional help.
7. Get regular medical care
Regular self-exams and screenings for various types of cancers — such as
cancer of the skin, colon, cervix and breast — can increase your chances of
discovering cancer early, when treatment is most likely to be successful. Ask
your doctor about the best cancer screening schedule for you.
Conclusion

A plan for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer is a key component of any
overall cancer control plan. Its main goal is to cure cancer patients or prolong
their life considerably, ensuring a good quality of life. In order for a diagnosis
and treatment programme to be effective, it must never be developed in
isolation. It needs to be linked to an early detection programme so that cases are
detected at an early stage, when treatment is more effective and there is a
greater chance of cure. It also needs to be integrated with a palliative care
programme, so that patients with advanced cancers, who can no longer benefit
from treatment, will get adequate relief from their physical, psychosocial and
spiritual suffering. Furthermore, programmes should include a awareness-
raising component, to educate patients, family and community members about
the cancer risk factors and the need for taking preventive measures to avoid
developing cancer.
Where resources are limited, diagnosis and treatment services should initially
target all patients presenting with curable cancers, such as breast, cervical and
oral cancers that can be detected early. They could also include childhood acute
lymphatic leukaemia, which has a high potential for cure although it cannot be
detected early. Above all, services need to be provided in an equitable and
sustainable manner. As and when more resources become available, the
programme can be extended to include other curable cancers as well as cancers
for which treatment can prolong survival considerably.