Page: 395

Thermodynamics
(Previous GATE Questions with Solutions)
Chapter 1 Zeroth Law & Basic Concepts
LV VSHFL¿F YROXPH 7 LV WHPSHUDWXUH DQG 5 LV
One Mark Questions
characteristic gas constant. The SI unit of a is
(GATE –15 –Set 2)
01. A body of weight 100 N falls freely a vertical  D-NJ. EP /kg (c) m /kg-s2 (d) Pa/kg
3 5

distance of 50 m The atmospheric drag force is 0.5

N. For the body, the work interaction is 06. The internal energy of an ideal gas is a function of
(GATE-ME-93) (GATE–16–SET–2)
(a) + 5000 J (b) – 5000 J (c) – 25 J (d) + 25 J (a) temperature and pressure
(b) volume and pressure
02. An insulated rigid vessel contains a mixture of fuel (c) entropy and pressure
and air. The mixture is ignited by a minute spark. (d) temperature only
The contents of the vessel experience.
(GATE-ME-93)  7KH PRODU VSHFL¿F KHDW DW FRQVWDQW YROXPH RI DQ
(a) Increase in temperature, pressure and energy ideal gas is equal to 2.5 times the universal gas
(b) Decrease in temperature, pressure and energy FRQVWDQW  -PRO.  :KHQ WKH WHPSHUDWXUH
(c) Increase in temperature and pressure but no LQFUHDVHV E\  . WKH FKDQJH LQ PRODU VSHFL¿F
change in energy enthalpy is ________ J/mol. (GATE–17–SET–1)
(d) Increase in temperature and pressure but
decrease in energy
Two Marks Questions
 7KH GH¿QLWLRQ RI . DV SHU WKH LQWHUQDWLRQDOO\
accepted temperature scale is (GATE-ME-94) 01. Match List I with List – II (GATE-ME-96)
(a) 1/100 the difference between normal boiling
th List – I
point and normal freezing point of water A. Cetane number
(b) 1/273.15th the normal freezing point of water B. Approach and range
(c) 100 times the difference between the triple GT
C. c m !0
point of water and the normal freezing point of GP h
water D. dh = cp dT, even when pressure varies
(d) 1/273.16th of the triple point of water List – II
1. Ideal gas
 7KHVSHFL¿FKHDWVRIDQLGHDOJDVGHSHQGRQLWV 9DQGHU:DDOVJDV
(a) Temperature (GATE-ME-96) 3. S. I. engine
(b) Pressure 4. C. I. engine
(c) Volume 5. Cooling towers
(d) Molecular weight and structure 6. Heat exchangers

05. The Vander-waals equation of state is 02. An isolated thermodynamic system executes a
cP + m^v − bh = RT, process. Choose the correct statement (s) from the
a
where P is pressure, v
v2 following (GATE-ME-99)

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad  Delhi  Pune  Bengaluru Lucknow  Chennai  Vijayawada  Vizag  Tirupati  Kolkata  Ahmedabad
 397 Zeroth Law & Basic Concepts

(a) No heat is transferred 06. A certain amount of an ideal gas is initially at a

(b) No work is done pressure p1 and temperature T1. First, it undergoes a
F 1R PDVV ÀRZV DFURVV WKH ERXQGDU\ RI WKH constant pressure process 1-2 such that T2 = 3T1/4.
system Then, it undergoes a constant volume process 2-3
(d) No chemical reaction takes place within the such that T3 = T17KHUDWLRRIWKH¿QDOYROXPHWR
system the initial volume of the ideal gas is
(GATE-ME-14-SET-3)
03. Match items from groups, I, II, III, IV and V (a) 0.25 (b) 0.75 (c) 1.0 (d) 1.5
(GATE-ME-06)
Group I Group II 07. Temperature of nitrogen in a vessel of volume 2m3 is
:KHQDGGHGWRWKHV\VWHPLV .$8WXEHPDQRPHWHUFRQQHFWHGWRWKHYHVVHO
E Heat G Positive shows a reading of 70 cm of mercury (level higher
in the end open to atmosphere). The universal gas
F :RUN H Negative
FRQVWDQWLV-NPRO.DWPRVSKHULFSUHVVXUHLV
1.01325 bar, acceleration due to gravity is 9.81 m/
Group III Group IV Group V
s2 and density of mercury is 13600 kg/m3. The mass
Differential Function Phenomenon
of nitrogen (in kg) in the vessel is _______
I Exact K Path M Transient
(GATE –15 –Set 1)
J Inexact L Point N Boundary
 D)*-.0  E(*,.0
08. The volume and temperature of air (assumed to be
 (*,.1  )+,.1
an ideal gas) in a closed vessel is 2.87 m3 and 300
 F)+-/1  G(*-.1
. UHVSHFWLYHO\ 7KH JDXJH SUHVVXUH LQGLFDWHG E\
 (+,/0  )+-.1
PDQRPHWHU¿WWHGWRWKHZDOORIWKHYHVVHOLVEDU
,IWKHJDVFRQVWDQWRIDLULV5 -NJ.DQGWKH
Statement for Linked Answer Q.Nos. 04 & 05
atmospheric pressure is 1 bar, the mass of air (in kg)
$IRRWEDOOZDVLQÀDWHGWRDJDXJHSUHVVXUHRIEDUZKHQ
in the vessel is (GATE–17–SET–2)
the ambient temperature was 15o& :KHQ WKH JDPH
(a) 1.67 (b) 3.33 (c) 5.00 (d) 6.66
started next day, the air temperature at the stadium was
5oC. Assume that the volume of the football remains
constant at 2500 cm3. KEY & Detailed Solutions

04. The amount of heat lost by the air in the football One Mark Questions
and the gauge pressure of air in the football at the 01. (d) 02. (c) 03. (d) 04. (d) 05. (c)
stadium respectively equal (GATE-ME-06)
06. (d) 07. 2909.9
(a) 30.6 J, 1.94 bar (b) 21.8 J, 0.93 bar
Two Marks Questions
(c) 61.1 J, 1.94 bar (d) 43.7 J, 0.93 bar
01. 02. a,b,c 03. (d) 04. (d) 05. (c)
05. Gauge pressure of air to which the ball must have 06. (b) 07. 4.4 to 4.6 08. (c)
EHHQRULJLQDOO\LQÀDWHGVRWKDWLWZRXOGHTXDOEDU
gauge at the stadium is (GATE-ME-06)
(a) 2.23 bar (b) 1.94 bar
(c) 1.07 bar (d) 1.00 bar

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad  Delhi  Pune  Bengaluru Lucknow  Chennai  Vijayawada  Vizag  Tirupati  Kolkata  Ahmedabad
Chapter 2 Work and Heat
 $SXPSKDQGOLQJDOLTXLGUDLVHVLWVSUHVVXUHIURP
One Mark Questions
 EDU WR  EDU 7DNH WKH GHQVLW\ RI WKH OLTXLG DV
NJP37KHLVHQWURSLFVSHFL¿FZRUNGRQHE\WKH
01. For reversible adiabatic compression in a steady SXPSLQN-NJLV (GATE-ME-11)
ÀRZSURFHVVWKHZRUNWUDQVIHUSHUXQLWPDVVLV (a) 0.10 (b) 0.30 (c) 2.50 (d) 2.93
(GATE-ME-96)
]a g # Pdv ]b g # vdP ]c g # Tds ]dg # s dT 06. A cylinder contains 5 m3RIDQLGHDOJDVDWDSUHVVXUH
RI  EDU 7KLV JDV LV FRPSUHVVHG LQ D UHYHUVLEOH
 $ FRPSUHVVRU XQGHUJRHV D UHYHUVLEOH VWHDG\ LVRWKHUPDO SURFHVV WLOO LWV SUHVVXUH LQFUHDVHV WR 
ÀRZ SURFHVV 7KH JDV DW LQOHW DQG RXWOHW RI WKH EDU7KHZRUNLQN-UHTXLUHGIRUWKLVSURFHVVLV
FRPSUHVVRU LV GHVLJQDWHG DV VWDWH  DQG VWDWH  (GATE-ME-13)
UHVSHFWLYHO\ 3RWHQWLDO DQG NLQHWLF HQHUJ\ FKDQJHV (a) 804.7 (b) 953.2 (c) 981.7 (d) 1012.2
DUHWREHLJQRUHG7KHIROORZLQJQRWDWLRQVDUHXVHG
Y  VSHFL¿F YROXPH DQG 3  SUHVVXUH RI WKH JDV  :KLFKRIWKHIROORZLQJVWDWHPHQWVDUH758(ZLWK
7KH VSHFL¿F ZRUN UHTXLUHG WR EH VXSSOLHG WR WKH UHVSHFWWRKHDWDQGZRUN"
FRPSUHVVRUIRUWKLVJDVFRPSUHVVLRQSURFHVVLV  L7KH\DUHERXQGDU\SKHQRPHQD
(GATE-ME-09)  LL7KH\DUHH[DFWGLIIHUHQWLDOV
2 2  LLL7KH\DUHSDWKIXQFWLRQV
(a) # Pdv (b) # vdP (GATE–16–SET–1)
1 1
 D%RWKLDQGLL E%RWKLDQGLLL
(c) v1 ^P2  P1h (d)  P2 ^v1  v2h  F%RWKLLDQGLLL G2QO\LLL

 +HDWDQGZRUNDUH (GATE-ME-11)  $PDVVPRIDSHUIHFWJDVDWSUHVVXUH31DQGYROXPH

(a) intensive properties (b) extensive properties V1 XQGHUJRHV DQ LVRWKHUPDO SURFHVV 7KH ¿QDO
 FSRLQWIXQFWLRQV GSDWKIXQFWLRQV SUHVVXUHLV32DQGYROXPHLV927KHZRUNGRQHRQ
WKH V\VWHP LV FRQVLGHUHG SRVLWLYH ,I 5 LV WKH JDV
 7KH FRQWHQWV RI D ZHOOLQVXODWHG WDQN DUH KHDWHG FRQVWDQW DQG 7 LV WKH WHPSHUDWXUH WKHQ WKH ZRUN
E\ D UHVLVWRU RI : LQ ZKLFK $ FXUUHQW LV GRQHLQWKHSURFHVVLV(GATE – 17 – SET – 2)
ÀRZLQJ&RQVLGHUWKHWDQNDORQJZLWKLWVFRQWHQWV V2 P1
DV D WKHUPRG\QDPLF V\VWHP 7KH ZRUN GRQH E\ (a) P1 V1 ,n (b)  P1 V1 ,n
V1 P2
WKH V\VWHP DQG WKH KHDW WUDQVIHU WR WKH V\VWHP
V2 P2
DUH SRVLWLYH7KH UDWHV RI KHDW 4 ZRUN : DQG (c) RT,n (d)  mRT,n
V1 P1
FKDQJHLQLQWHUQDOHQHUJ\'8GXULQJWKHSURFHVV
LQN:DUH  (GATE-ME-11)  $QHQJLQHRSHUDWHVRQWKHUHYHUVLEOHF\FOHDVVKRZQ
 D4 : 'U = + 2.3 LQ WKH ¿JXUH  7KH ZRUN RXWSXW IURP WKH HQJLQH
 E4 : 'U = + 2.3 LQ N-F\FOH LV BBBBBBB FRUUHFW WR WZR GHFLPDO
 F4 : 'U = 2.3 places).
 G4 : 'U = 2.3

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad  Delhi  Pune  Bengaluru Lucknow  Chennai  Vijayawada  Vizag  Tirupati  Kolkata  Ahmedabad
 401 Work and Heat

D ZLOOEHVOLJKWO\OHVVWKDQEDU
E ZLOOEHVOLJKWO\PRUHWKDQEDU
650
F ZLOOEHH[DFWO\EDU
p G FDQQRW EH DVFHUWDLQHG LQ WKH DEVHQFH RI WKH
(kPa)
YDOXHRID
400

 $:HOHFWULFEXOEZDVVZLWFKHGRQLQDP
2 V(m3) 2.5
îPîPVL]HWKHUPDOO\LQVXODWHGURRPKDYLQJD
(GATE–18–SET–2) WHPSHUDWXUHRIq&7KHURRPWHPSHUDWXUHDWWKH
HQGRIKRXUVZLOOEH(GATE-ME-06)
 2QH NLORJUDP RI DLU LV FRPSUHVVHG DW FRQVWDQW (a) 321q& Eq&Fq& Gq&
WHPSHUDWXUH RI q& XQWLO LWV YROXPH LV KDOYHG
&RQVLGHULQJJDVFRQVWDQW5 N-NJ.IRUDLU  ,Q D VWHDG\ VWDWH VWHDG\ ÀRZ SURFHVV WDNLQJ SODFH
PDJQLWXGHRIKHDWUHMHFWHGLQN-LQWKHFRPSUHVVLRQ LQDGHYLFHZLWKDVLQJOHLQOHWDQGDVLQJOHRXWOHW
SURFHVVLVBBBBBBURXQGRIIWRGHFLPDOSODFHV WKHZRUNGRQHSHUXQLWPDVVÀRZUDWHLVJLYHQE\
(GATE – 19_PI) W =− #
outlet
vdp,  ZKHUH Y LV WKH VSHFL¿F YROXPH
inlet

anG3LVWKHSUHVVXUH7KHH[SUHVVLRQIRUµ:¶JLYHQ
Two Marks Questions above (GATE-ME-08)
D LV YDOLG RQO\ LI WKH SURFHVV LV ERWK UHYHUVLEOH
 $ YHUWLFDO F\OLQGHU ZLWK D IUHHO\ ÀRDWLQJ SLVWRQ and adiabatic
FRQWDLQVNJDLUDWEDUDQGDVPDOOHOHFWULFDO E LV YDOLG RQO\ LI WKH SURFHVV LV ERWK UHYHUVLEOH
UHVLVWRU 7KH UHVLVWRU LV ZLUHG WR DQ H[WHUQDO  DQGLVRWKHUPDO
9ROWEDWWHU\:KHQDFXUUHQWRIDPSVLVSDVVHG F LVYDOLGIRUDQ\UHYHUVLEOH
#inlet
outlet
WKURXJKWKHUHVLVWRUIRUVHFVWKHSLVWRQVZHHSV G LVLQFRUUHFWLWPXVWEH W pdv
D YROXPH RI  P3 $VVXPH L SLVWRQ DQG WKH
F\OLQGHU DUH LQVXODWHG DQG LL DLU EHKDYHV DV D  $ IULFWLRQOHVV SLVWRQF\OLQGHU GHYLFH FRQWDLQV D
LGHDO JDV ZLWK &V   -NJ . )LQG WKH ULVH LQ JDV LQLWLDOO\ DW  03D DQG  P3 ,W H[SDQGV
WHPSHUDWXUHRIDLU (GATE-ME-93) TXDVLVWDWLFDOO\ DW FRQVWDQW WHPSHUDWXUH WR D ¿QDO
YROXPHRIP37KHZRUNRXWSXWLQN-GXULQJ
WKLVSURFHVVZLOOEH (GATE-ME-09)
(a) 8.32 (b) 12.00
(c) 554.67 (d) 8320.00

m = 0.1 kg
 $ PRQRDWRPLF LGHDO JDV J   PROHFXODU
ZHLJKW LVFRPSUHVVHGDGLDEDWLFDOO\IURP
03D.WR03D7KHXQLYHUVDOJDVFRQVWDQW
LVN-NPRO.7KHZRUNRIFRPSUHVVLRQRI
 1LWURJHQDWDQLQLWLDOVWDWHRIEDUP3DQG.
WKHJDVLQN-NJ) is (GATE-ME-10)
LVH[SDQGHGLVRWKHUPDOO\WRD¿QDOYROXPHRIP3.
(a) 29.7 (b) 19.9
7KHSY7UHODWLRQLV c p + 2 m v = RT, ZKHUHD!
a
v (c) 13.3 (d) 0
7KH¿QDOSUHVVXUH (GATE-ME-05)

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad  Delhi  Pune  Bengaluru Lucknow  Chennai  Vijayawada  Vizag  Tirupati  Kolkata  Ahmedabad
 402 Thermodynamics

 NJRIZDWHULVLQVDWXUDWHGOLTXLGVWDWHDWEDU  ,I RQH PROH RI +2 JDV RFFXSLHV D ULJLG FRQWDLQHU
(vI= 0.001061 m3NJXI N-NJKI N- ZLWKDFDSDFLW\RIOLWUHVDQGWKHWHPSHUDWXUHLV
NJ+HDWLVDGGHGLQDFRQVWDQWSUHVVXUHSURFHVVWLOO UDLVHGIURPq&WRq&WKHFKDQJHLQSUHVVXUHRI
WKHWHPSHUDWXUHRIZDWHUUHDFKHVq&Y  WKHFRQWDLQHGJDVURXQGRIIWRWZRGHFLPDOSODFHV
m3NJ X   N-NJ K   N-NJ 7KH DVVXPLQJLGHDOJDVEHKDYLRXULVBBBBBBBBB3D
KHDWDGGHGLQN-LQWKHSURFHVVLVBBBBB   5 -PRO. (GATE – 19 – SET – 1)
(GATE-ME-14-SET-1)
 2QHNJRIDLULQLWLDOO\DWDWHPSHUDWXUHRIƒ&
 $ PL[WXUH RI LGHDO JDVHV KDV WKH IROORZLQJ H[SDQGVUHYHUVLEO\DWDFRQVWDQWSUHVVXUHXQWLOWKH
FRPSRVLWLRQE\PDVV YROXPHLVGRXEOHG,IWKHJDVFRQVWDQWRIDLULV
N2 22 &22 -NJ.WKHPDJQLWXGHRIZRUNWUDQVIHULVBBBBBBN-
60% 30% 10% URXQGRIIWRGHFLPDOSODFHV
(GATE–20–SET–1)
 ,IWKHXQLYHUVDOJDVFRQVWDQWLV-NPRO.WKH
FKDUDFWHULVWLFJDVFRQVWDQWRIWKHPL[WXUHLQ-NJ KEY & Detailed Solutions
.LVBBBBBBBBB(GATE –15 –Set 3)
One Mark Questions
 $Q LGHDO JDV XQGHUJRHV D UHYHUVLEOH SURFHVV LQ 01. (b) 02. (b) 03. (d) 04. (a) 05. (d)
ZKLFKWKHSUHVVXUHYDULHVOLQHDUO\ZLWKYROXPH7KH
06. (a) 07. (b) 08. (b) 09. 62.5
FRQGLWLRQVDWWKHVWDUWVXEVFULSWDQGDWWKHHQG
VXEVFULSWRIWKHSURFHVVZLWKXVXDOQRWDWLRQDUH 10. 84.148
P1 N3D91 = 0.2 m3 and P2 N3D92 = Two Marks Questions
0.1 m3DQGWKHJDVFRQVWDQW5 N-NJ.7KH 01. 6q 02. (b) 03. (d) 04. (c) 05. (a)
PDJQLWXGHRIWKHZRUNUHTXLUHGIRUWKHSURFHVVLQ 06. (a) N- 08. 274 to 276
N-LVBBBBBB (GATE–16–SET–1)
09. 15 10. 147.62 11. 83.14

 $LULVKHOGLQVLGHDQRQLQVXODWHGF\OLQGHUXVLQJD 12. 114.8

SLVWRQPDVV0 NJDQGDUHD$ FP2) and
VWRSSHUVRIQHJOLJLEOHDUHDDVVKRZQLQWKH¿JXUH One Mark Solutions
7KHLQLWLDOSUHVVXUH3iDQGWHPSHUDWXUH7iRIDLULQVLGH
WKH F\OLQGHU DUH  N3D DQG q& UHVSHFWLYHO\
01. Ans: (b)
7KH DPELHQW SUHVVXUH 3f DQG WHPSHUDWXUH 7f are
Sol: )RUDVWHDG\ÀRZSURFHVVZRUNGRQH
N3DDQGq&UHVSHFWLYHO\7KHWHPSHUDWXUHRI
   : ±³vdP
WKHDLULQVLGHWKHF\OLQGHUq&DWZKLFKWKHSLVWRQ
 1HJOHFWLQJ WKH FKDQJHV RI SRWHQWLDO DQG NLQHWLF
ZLOOEHJLQWRPRYHLVBBBBBFRUUHFWWRWZRGHFLPDO
places). (GATE–18–SET–2) HQHUJ\
P’ NSD
T’ qC 02. Ans: (b)
PISTON 0 NJ Sol: 7KH VSHFL¿F ZRUN VXSSOLHG WR WKH FRPSUHVVRU LV
$ FP
AIR
JLYHQE\
J PV
2
PL NSD
TL qC W # vdP
1

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad  Delhi  Pune  Bengaluru Lucknow  Chennai  Vijayawada  Vizag  Tirupati  Kolkata  Ahmedabad
Chapter 3 First Law of Thermodynamics

 $ JDV FRQWDLQHG LQ D F\OLQGHU LV FRPSUHVVHG WKH

One Mark Questions
ZRUN UHTXLUHG IRU FRPSUHVVLRQ EHLQJ  N-
'XULQJ WKH SURFHVV KHDW LQWHUDFWLRQ RI  N-
 7KH¿UVWODZRIWKHUPRG\QDPLFVWDNHVWKHIRUP: FDXVHVWKHVXUURXQGLQJVWRWKHKHDWHG7KHFKDQJH
= – '+ZKHQDSSOLHGWR (GATE-ME-93) LQLQWHUQDOHQHUJ\RIWKHJDVGXULQJWKHSURFHVVLV
D $ FORVHG V\VWHP XQGHUJRLQJ D UHYHUVLEOH (GATE-ME-04)
DGLDEDWLFSURFHVV  DN-  EN-
E $Q RSHQ V\VWHP XQGHUJRLQJ DQ DGLDEDWLF  FN-  GN-
SURFHVVZLWKQHJOLJLEOHFKDQJHVLQNLQHWLFDQG
SRWHQWLDOHQHUJLHV  :DWHUGHQVLW\ NJPDWDPELHQWWHPSHUDWXUH
F $ FORVHG V\VWHP XQGHUJRLQJ D UHYHUVLEOH ÀRZV WKURXJK D KRUL]RQWDO SLSH RI XQLIRUP FURVV
FRQVWDQWYROXPHSURFHVV VHFWLRQ DW WKH UDWH RI  NJV  ,I WKH SUHVVXUH GURS
G $ FORVHG V\VWHP XQGHUJRLQJ D UHYHUVLEOH DFURVV WKH SLSH LV  N3D WKH PLQLPXP SRZHU
FRQVWDQWSUHVVXUHSURFHVV UHTXLUHGWRSXPSWKHZDWHUDFURVVWKHSLSHLQ:DWWV
LVBBBBBBB (GATE – 17 – SET – 1)
 $VWHHOEDOORIPDVVNJDQGVSHFL¿FKHDWN-
NJ.LVDWDWHPSHUDWXUHRIq&,WLVGURSSHGLQWR  'XULQJ D QRQÀRZ WKHUPRG\QDPLF SURFHVV 
NJZDWHUDWq&7KH¿QDOVWHDG\VWDWHWHPSHUDWXUH H[HFXWHG E\ D SHUIHFW JDV WKH KHDW LQWHUDFWLRQ LV
RIZDWHULV (GATE-ME-99) HTXDOWRWKHZRUNLQWHUDFWLRQ4 :ZKHQWKH
 Dq&  EqC SURFHVVLV(GATE – 19 – SET – 1)
 Fq&   GqC  D,VHQWURSLF  E,VRWKHUPDO
 F$GLDEDWLF  G3RO\WURSLF
 $ VWHDP WXUELQH UHFHLYHV VWHDP VWHDGLO\ DW  EDU
ZLWK DQ HQWKDOS\ RI  N-NJ DQG GLVFKDUJHV DW
 EDU ZLWK DQ HQWKDOS\ RI  N-NJ 7KH ZRUN
Two Marks Questions
RXWSXW LV  N-NJ 7KH FKDQJHV LQ NLQHWLF DQG
SRWHQWLDOHQHUJLHVDUHQHJOLJLEOH7KHKHDWWUDQVIHU
IURPWKHWXUELQHFDVLQJWRWKHVXUURXQGLQJVLVHTXDO  $ ULJLG LQVXODWHG F\OLQGHU KDV WZR FRPSDUWPHQWV
WR(GATE-ME-00) VHSDUDWHG E\ D WKLQ PHPEUDQH :KLOH RQH
 DN-   EN- FRPSDUWPHQW FRQWDLQV RQH NPRO QLWURJHQ DW D
 FN-   GN- FHUWDLQSUHVVXUHDQGWHPSHUDWXUHWKHRWKHUFRQWDLQV
RQHNPROFDUERQGLR[LGHDWWKHVDPHSUHVVXUHDQG
 $N:OLWUHZDWHUKHDWHULVVZLWFKHGRQIRU WHPSHUDWXUH7KHPHPEUDQHLVUXSWXUHGDQGWKHWZR
PLQXWHV7KHKHDW FDSDFLW\&PIRUZDWHULVN- JDVHVDUHDOORZHGWRPL[
 NJ . $VVXPLQJ DOO WKH HOHFWULFDO HQHUJ\ KDV  $VVXPH WKDW WKH JDVHV EHKDYH DV LGHDO JDVHV
JRQH LQWR KHDWLQJ WKH ZDWHU LQFUHDVH RI WKH ZDWHU &DOFXODWH WKH LQFUHDVH LQ HQWURS\ RI WKH FRQWHQWV
WHPSHUDWXUHLQGHJUHHFHQWLJUDGHLV(GATE-ME-03) RI WKH F\OLQGHU8QLYHUVDO JDV FRQVWDQWLVHTXDOWR
 D   E  -NPRO.  (GATE-ME-93)
 F  G

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad  Delhi  Pune  Bengaluru Lucknow  Chennai  Vijayawada  Vizag  Tirupati  Kolkata  Ahmedabad
 407 First Law of Thermodynamics

 :KHQ DQ LGHDO JDV ZLWK FRQVWDQW VSHFL¿F KHDWV LV
Air Supply lines
WKURWWOHG DGLDEDWLFDOO\ ZLWK QHJOLJLEOH FKDQJHV LQ
NLQHWLFDQGSRWHQWLDOHQHUJLHV(GATE-ME-00)
 D Δh = 0, ΔT = 0  E Δh > 0, ΔT = 0 Valve …
 F Δh > 0, Δs > 0  G Δh = 0, Δs > 0

 $ VPDOO VWHDP ZKLVWOH SHUIHFWO\ LQVXODWHG DQG Tank

GRLQJQRVKDIWZRUNFDXVHVDGURSRIN-NJWKH
NLQHWLF HQHUJ\ RI WKH VWHDP DW HQWU\ LV QHJOLJLEOH D LVJUHDWHUWKDQqC
WKHYHORFLW\RIWKHVWHDPDWH[LWLV(GATE-ME-01) E LVOHVVWKDQqC
 DPV   EPV F LVHTXDOWRqC
 FPV   GPV G PD\ EH JUHDWHU WKDQ OHVV WKDQ RU HTXDO WR
q&GHSHQGLQJRQWKHYROXPHRIWKHWDQN
 :KDW LV WKH VSHHG RI VRXQG LQ 1HRQ JDV DW D
WHPSHUDWXUH RI  . *DV FRQVWDQW RI 1HRQ LV Statement for Linked Answer Q. Nos. 07 & 08
N-NJ." (GATE-ME-02) 7KHWHPSHUDWXUHDQGSUHVVXUHRIDLULQDODUJHUHVHUYRLU
 DPV  EPV DUH.DQGEDUUHVSHFWLYHO\$FRQYHUJLQJGLYHUJLQJ
 FPV  GPV QR]]OHRIH[LWDUHDP2LV¿WWHGWRWKHZDOORIWKH
UHVHUYRLU DV VKRZQ LQ WKH ¿JXUH7KH VWDWLF SUHVVXUH RI
 $ EDOORRQ FRQWDLQLQJ DQ LGHDO JDV LV LQLWLDOO\ NHSW DLU DW WKH H[LW VHFWLRQ IRU LVHQWURSLF ÀRZ WKURXJK WKH
LQ DQ HYDFXDWHG DQG LQVXODWHG URRP 7KH EDOORRQ QR]]OHLVN3D7KHFKDUDFWHULVWLFJDVFRQVWDQWDQGWKH
UXSWXUHVDQGWKHJDV¿OOVXSWKHHQWLUHURRP:KLFK UDWLR RI VSHFL¿F KHDWV RI DLU DUH  N-NJ. DQG 
RQHRIWKHIROORZLQJVWDWHPHQWVLV758(DWWKHHQG UHVSHFWLYHO\   (GATE-ME-11)
RIDERYHSURFHVV" (GATE-ME-08)
D 7KHLQWHUQDOHQHUJ\RIWKHJDVGHFUHDVHVIURP
LWV LQLWLDO YDOXH EXW WKH HQWKDOS\ UHPDLQV
FRQVWDQW
Flow from the
E 7KHLQWHUQDOHQHUJ\RIWKHJDVLQFUHDVHVIURP reservoir
LWV LQLWLDO YDOXH EXW WKH HQWKDOS\ UHPDLQV Nozzle exit
FRQVWDQW
F %RWK LQWHUQDO HQHUJ\ DQG HQWKDOS\ RI WKH JDV
UHPDLQFRQVWDQW
G %RWK LQWHUQDO HQHUJ\ DQG HQWKDOS\ RI WKH JDV  7KH GHQVLW\ RI DLU LQ NJP DW WKH QR]]OH H[LW
LQFUHDVH LV 
 D   E
 $ ULJLG LQVXODWHG WDQN LV LQLWLDOO\ HYDFXDWHG 7KH
 F   G
WDQNLVFRQQHFWHGZLWKDVXSSO\OLQHWKURXJKZKLFK
DLUDVVXPHGWREHLGHDOJDVZLWKFRQVWDQWVSHFL¿F
 7KHPDVVÀRZUDWHRIDLUWKURXJKWKHQR]]OHLQNJV
KHDWVSDVVHVDW03Dq&$YDOYHFRQQHFWHG
LV 
ZLWK WKH VXSSO\ OLQH LV RSHQHG DQG WKH WDQN LV
 D   E
FKDUJHGZLWKDLUXQWLOWKH¿QDOSUHVVXUHLQVLGHWKH
 F  G
WDQN UHDFKHV  03D 7KH ¿QDO WHPSHUDWXUH LQVLGH
WKHWDQN   (GATE-ME-08)

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad  Delhi  Pune  Bengaluru Lucknow  Chennai  Vijayawada  Vizag  Tirupati  Kolkata  Ahmedabad
 408 Thermodynamics

 6WHDP HQWHUV DQ DGLDEDWLF WXUELQH RSHUDWLQJ DW  $ ZHOO LQVXODWHG ULJLG FRQWDLQHU RI YROXPH  P
VWHDG\ VWDWH ZLWK DQ HQWKDOS\ RI  N-NJ FRQWDLQVNJRIDQLGHDOJDV>&S -NJ.
DQG OHDYHV DV D VDWXUDWHG PL[WXUH DW  N3D ZLWK DQG &Y   -NJ. DW D SUHVVXUH RI  3D$
TXDOLW\GU\QHVVIUDFWLRQ7KHHQWKDOSLHVRIWKH VWLUUHULVURWDWHGDWFRQVWDQWUSPLQWKHFRQWDLQHUIRU
VDWXUDWHGOLTXLGDQGYDSRUDWN3DDUHKI  URWDWLRQVDQGWKHDSSOLHGWRUTXHLV1P
N-NJDQGKJ N-NJUHVSHFWLYHO\7KHPDVV 7KH¿QDOWHPSHUDWXUHRIWKHJDVLQ.LVBBBBB
ÀRZUDWHRIVWHDPLVNJV.LQHWLFDQGSRWHQWLDO (GATE –15 –Set 1)
HQHUJ\FKDQJHVDUHQHJOLJLEOH7KHSRZHURXWSXWRI
WKHWXUELQHLQ0:LV (GATE-ME-12)  :RUNLVGRQHRQDDGLDEDWLFV\VWHPGXHWRZKLFKLWV
 D E F G YHORFLW\FKDQJHVIURPPVWRPVHOHYDWLRQ
LQFUHDVHE\PDQGWHPSHUDWXUHLQFUHDVHVE\.
Statement for Linked Answer Q.Nos. 10 & 11 7KHPDVVRIWKHV\VWHPLVNJ&Y -NJ.
$LUHQWHUVDQDGLDEDWLFQR]]OHDWN3D.ZLWKD DQGJUDYLWDWLRQDODFFHOHUDWLRQLVPV2,IWKHUHLV
YHORFLW\RIPV,WOHDYHVWKHQR]]OHDWN3DZLWKD QRFKDQJHLQDQ\RWKHUFRPSRQHQWRIWKHHQHUJ\RI
YHORFLW\RIPV7KHLQOHWDUHDLVFP27KHVSHFL¿F WKHV\VWHPWKHPDJQLWXGHRIWRWDOZRUNLQN-RQ
KHDWRIDLU&SLV-NJ. WKHV\VWHPLVBBBBBBB(GATE –15 –Set 2)

 7KHH[LWWHPSHUDWXUHRIWKHDLULV(GATE-ME-12)  $ SLVWRQF\OLQGHU GHYLFH LQLWLDOO\ FRQWDLQV  P

 D.   E. RIDLUWREHWUHDWHGDVDQLGHDOJDVDWN3DDQG
 F.  G. 80q&7KHDLULVQRZLVRWKHUPDOO\FRPSUHVVHGWR
P7KHZRUNGRQHGXULQJWKLVSURFHVVLVBBBBBBBB
 7KHH[LWDUHDRIWKHQR]]OHLQFP2LV(GATE-ME-12) N-
 D   E (Take the sign convention such that work done
 F   G on the system is negative) (GATE–16–SET–2)

 6SHFL¿FHQWKDOS\DQGYHORFLW\RIVWHDPDWLQOHWDQG  6WHDPDWDQLQLWLDOHQWKDOS\RIN-NJDQGLQOHW

H[LWRIDVWHDPWXUELQHUXQQLQJXQGHUVWHDG\VWDWH YHORFLW\RIPVHQWHUVDQGLQVXODWHGKRUL]RQWDO
DUHDVJLYHQEHORZ QR]]OH ,W OHDYHV WKH QR]]OH DW  PV 7KH H[LW
6SHFL¿F HQWKDOS\LQN-NJLVBBBBB(GATE–16–SET–3)
9HORFLW\
HQWKDOS\
PV  2QH NJ RI DQ LGHDO JDV JDV FRQVWDQW 5   -
N-NJ
,QOHWVWHDPFRQGLWLRQ  180 NJ.VSHFL¿FKHDWDWFRQVWDQWYROXPHFY -
([LWVWHDPFRQGLWLRQ   NJ.DWEDUDQG.LVFRQWDLQHGLQDVHDOHG
ULJLG F\OLQGHU  'XULQJ DQ DGLDEDWLF SURFHVV 
 7KHUDWHRIKHDWORVVIURPWKHWXUELQHSHUNJRIVWHDP
N-RIZRUNLVGRQHRQWKHV\VWHPE\DVWLUUHU7KH
ÀRZUDWHLVN:1HJOHFWLQJFKDQJHVLQSRWHQWLDO
LQFUHDVHLQHQWURS\RIWKHV\VWHPLVBBBBBBB-.
HQHUJ\RIVWHDPWKHSRZHUGHYHORSHGLQN:E\WKH
(GATE–17–SET–1)
VWHDPWXUELQHSHUNJRIVWHDPÀRZUDWHLV
(GATE-ME-13)
 $FDORULFDOO\SHUIHFWJDVVSHFL¿FKHDWDWFRQVWDQW
 D   E
SUHVVXUH  -NJ. HQWHUV DQG OHDYHV D JDV
 F  G
WXUELQHZLWKWKHVDPHYHORFLW\7KHWHPSHUDWXUHVRI
WKHJDVDWWXUELQHHQWU\DQGH[LWDUH.DQG

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad  Delhi  Pune  Bengaluru Lucknow  Chennai  Vijayawada  Vizag  Tirupati  Kolkata  Ahmedabad
 409 First Law of Thermodynamics

. UHVSHFWLYHO\ 7KH SRZHU SURGXFHG LV  0:  7KHDWPRVSKHULFSUHVVXUHLVN3DDQGWKHLQLWLDO

DQGKHDWHVFDSHVDWWKHUDWHRIN-VWKURXJKWKH SUHVVXUHRIDLULQWKHF\OLQGHULVN3D7KHDUHD
WXUELQH FDVLQJ 7KH PDVV ÀRZ UDWH RI WKH JDV LQ RI SLVWRQ LV  FP2 +HDW LV QRZ DGGHG DQG WKH
NJVWKURXJKWKHWXUELQHLV (GATE–17–SET–2) SLVWRQPRYHVVORZO\IURPLWVLQLWLDOSRVLWLRQXQWLOLW
 D EF G UHDFKHVWKHVWRSV7KHVSULQJFRQVWDQWRIWKHOLQHDU
VSULQJ LV  1PP &RQVLGHULQJ WKH DLU LQVLGH
 6WHDP ÀRZV WKURXJK D QR]]OH DW D PDVV ÀRZ UDWH WKHF\OLQGHUDVWKHV\VWHPWKHZRUNLQWHUDFWLRQLV
RI mo 0.1 kg/s  ZLWK D KHDW ORVV RI  N: 7KH BBBBB-5RXQGRIIWRWKHQHDUHVWLQWHJHU
HQWKDOS\DWLQOHWDQGH[LWDUHN-NJDQG (GATE–20–SET–2)
N-NJUHVSHFWLYHO\$VVXPLQJQHJOLJLEOHYHORFLW\DW
LQOHW&1|WKHYHORFLW\&2RIVWHDPLQPVDW  $ PDVV RI  NJ RI $UJRQ JDV DW  EDU ƒ& LV
WKHQR]]OHH[LWLVBBBBBBFRUUHFWWRWZRGHFLPDO FRQWDLQHGLQDULJLGLQVXODWHGYHVVHO3DGGOHZKHHO
SODFHV(GATE–18–SET–1) ZRUNLVGRQHRQWKHJDVIRUPLQXWHVDWWKHUDWHRI
Qo 5 kW N:6SHFL¿FKHDWDWFRQVWDQWYROXPHFYIRU
h1 = 2500 kJ/kg h2 = 2350 kJ/kg $UJRQLVN-NJ.7KH¿QDOWHPSHUDWXUHRI
m = 0.1 kg/s
C1 = 0 C2 WKHJDVURXQGHGRIIWRRQHGHFLPDOSODFHLQNHOYLQ
LVBBBBB(GATE-PI-20)

 $JDVLVKHDWHGLQDGXFWDVLWÀRZVRYHUDUHVLVWDQFH
Five Marks Questions
KHDWHU&RQVLGHUDN:HOHFWULFKHDWLQJV\VWHP
7KH JDV HQWHUV WKH KHDWLQJ VHFWLRQ RI WKH GXFW DW
 N3D DQG q& ZLWK D YROXPH ÀRZ UDWH RI   $LUHQWHUVDIULFWLRQOHVVDGLDEDWLFFRQYHUJLQJQR]]OH
PV,IKHDWLVORVWIURPWKHJDVLQWKHGXFWWRWKH DWEDU.ZLWKQHJOLJLEOHYHORFLW\7KHQR]]OH
VXUURXQGLQJVDWDUDWHRIN:WKHH[LWWHPSHUDWXUH GLVFKDUJHVWRDUHJLRQDWEDU,IWKHH[LWDUHDRIWKH
RIWKHJDVLV QR]]OHLVFP2¿QGWKHÀRZUDWHRIDLUWKURXJK
 $VVXPH FRQVWDQW SUHVVXUH LGHDO JDV QHJOLJLEOH WKHQR]]OH$VVXPHIRUDLU&S -NJ.DQG&Y
FKDQJH LQ NLQHWLF DQG SRWHQWLDO HQHUJLHV DQG -NJ. (GATE-ME-97)
FRQVWDQWVSHFL¿FKHDW&P N-NJ.5 N-
NJ.(GATE–19–SET–1)  $ FHUWDLQ PDVV RI D SXUH VXEVWDQFH XQGHUJRHV DQ
 Dq&   EqC LUUHYHUVLEOHSURFHVVIURPVWDWHWRVWDWHWKHSDWKRI
 Fq&   GqC WKHSURFHVVEHLQJDVWUDLJKWOLQHRQWKH7VGLDJUDP
&DOFXODWHKHDWWUDQVIHUDQGZRUNGRQH71 .
 $LU LV FRQWDLQHG LQ D IULFWLRQOHVV SLVWRQF\OLQGHU T2 .81 N-82 N-+1 N-
DUUDQJHPHQWDVVKRZQLQWKH¿JXUH H2 N-DQG61 N-.DQG62 N-.
stop ZKHUH78+DQG6UHSUHVHQWWHPSHUDWXUHLQWHUQDO
HQHUJ\HQWKDOS\DQGHQWURS\UHVSHFWLYHO\
8 cm (GATE-ME-00)
8 cm

Air
Q

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad  Delhi  Pune  Bengaluru Lucknow  Chennai  Vijayawada  Vizag  Tirupati  Kolkata  Ahmedabad
 410 Thermodynamics

   ±>+2 – H1]= –'H

KEY & Detailed Solutions  LH WKH UHYHUVLEOH DGLDEDWLF VWHDG\ ÀRZ ZRUN LV
One Mark Questions HTXDOWRFKDQJHLQWKHHQWKDOS\RIWKHV\VWHP

01. (E 02. (D E F F

02. Ans: (a)
 E Sol: ms # Cps ^T1 − Tf h = mw # Cpw ^Tf − T2 h
Two Marks Questions Ÿ 1 uu>TI] = 1 u7I 
01.  02. (D G E F F ŸTI 7I 
D F G E F ŸTI  
G D .  108
Ÿ Tf 23.48cC
4.6
±   E
 G 21.  22.  03. Ans: (b)
Sol: h14 K2:
 4 
One Mark Solutions ?4 ±N-
 7KH±YHVLJQLQGLFDWHVWKHKHDWLVWUDQVIHUUHGIURP
01. Ans: (b). WKHV\VWHPWRVXUURXQGLQJV
Sol: )RUDVWHDG\ÀRZ3URFHVV:  W =− # VdP
04. Ans: (c)
# VdP = Area ]OAICg + Area]C12Bg − Area]DOB2g Sol: UZ NJP
= P1 V1 + # PdV − P2 V2  PZ C3Z × ('7Z 3îW
Ÿ VZ UZ C3Z('7Z 3îW
P Ÿî±îîî'7Z îî
1
A
? ('7Z q& qC
dP
2
05. Ans: (c)
D
Sol: G4±G: G8
 ±±± G8
O C B V
 $GLDEDWLFSURFHVV4  ?G8 N-
2

# VdP = P1 V1 + # PdV − P2 V2 06. Ans: 100

1
o
Sol: Power mvdP
P1 V1 − P2 V2
= ^P1 V1 − P2 V2 h + U NJP
γ−1
1 1
γ v= ρ = m3 /kg
=
− ^P V − P V h 1000
γ 1 1 1 2 2
G3 N3D 3D
γm
= R ^T1 − T2 h mo 1 kg/ sec
γ−1
1
Power 1# # 105 100 W
# VdP = mCp ^T1 − T2h = H1 − H2 1000

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad  Delhi  Pune  Bengaluru Lucknow  Chennai  Vijayawada  Vizag  Tirupati  Kolkata  Ahmedabad
Chapter 4 Second Law of Thermodynamics

06. An industrial heat pump operates between the

One Mark Questions
temperatures of 27qC and 13qC. The rates of heat
addition and heat rejection are 750 W and 1000 W,
01. A condenser of a refrigeration system rejects heat at respectively. The COP for the heat pump is
a rate of 120 kW, while its compressor consumes a (GATE-ME-03)
SRZHURIN:7KHFRHI¿FLHQWRISHUIRUPDQFHRI (a) 7.5 (b) 6.5 (c) 4.0 (d) 3.0
the system would be (GATE-ME-92)
(a) 1/4 (b) 4 (c) 1/3 (d) 3  7KH IROORZLQJ IRXU ¿JXUHV KDYH EHHQ GUDZQ WR
UHSUHVHQWD¿FWLWLRXVWKHUPRG\QDPLFF\FOHRQWKH
02. A reversible heat transfer demands:(GATE-ME-93) P-v and T-S planes. (GATE-ME-05)
(a) The temperature difference causing heat T
P
transfer tends to zero
(b) The system receiving heat must be at a constant
temperature.
(c) The system transferring out heat must be at a V S
Figure 1 Figure 2
constant temperature.
(d) Both interacting systems must be at constant P T

temperatures

03. Any thermodynamic cycle operating between two V S

Figure 3 Figure 4
temperature limits is reversible if the product of the
HI¿FLHQF\ZKHQRSHUDWLQJDVDKHDWHQJLQHDQGWKH  $FFRUGLQJWRWKH¿UVWODZRIWKHUPRG\QDPLFVHTXDO
COP when operating as a refrigerator is equal to 1. areas are enclosed by
(GATE-ME-94)  D¿JXUHVDQG E¿JXUHVDQG
 F¿JXUHVDQG G¿JXUHVDQG
04. Consider a refrigerator and a heat pump working
on the reversed Carnot cycle between the same 08. A reversed Carnot cycle refrigerator maintains a
temperature limits. Which of the following is temperature of –5qC. The ambient air temperature
correct? (GATE-ME-95) is 35qC. The heat gained by the refrigerator at a
(a) COP of refrigerator = COP of heat pump continuous rate is 2.5 kJ/s. The power (in watt)
(b) COP of refrigerator = COP of heat pump + 1 required to pump this heat out continuously is
(c) COP of refrigerator = COP of heat pump – 1 ______________ (GATE-ME-14-SET-4)
(d) COP of refrigerator = inverse of the COP of
heat pump 09. A Carnot engine (CE-1) works between two
temperature reservoirs A and B, where TA = 900
05. In the case of a refrigeration system undergoing an K and TB = 500 K. A second Carnot engine (CE-
δQ 2) works between temperature reservoirs B and C,
irreversible cycle, # is________(<0/ = 0/>0) where Tc = 300 K. In each cycle of CE-1 and CE-
T
(GATE-ME-95) 2, all the heat rejected by CE-1 to reservoir B is
used by CE-2. For one cycle operation, if the net Q

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad  Delhi  Pune  Bengaluru Lucknow  Chennai  Vijayawada  Vizag  Tirupati  Kolkata  Ahmedabad
 417 Second Law of Thermodynamics

absorbed by CE-1 from reservoir A is 150 MJ, the

Two Marks Questions
net heat rejected to reservoir C by CE-2 (in MJ) is
_________ (GATE –15 –Set 1)
01. Round the clock cooling of an apartment having a
10. The COP of a Carnot heat pump operating between load of 300 MJ/day requires and air-conditioning
6qC and 37qC is ____ (GATE –15 –Set 2) plant of capacity about (GATE-ME-93)
(a) 1 ton (b) 5 tons (c) 10 tons (d) 100 tons
11. The heat removal rate from a refrigerated space and
the power input to the compressor are 7.2 kW and 02. A solar energy based heat engine which receives
N:UHVSHFWLYHO\7KHFRHI¿FLHQWRISHUIRUPDQFH 80 kJ of heat at 100qC and rejects 70 kJ of heat to
(COP) of the refrigerator is __(GATE–16–SET–2) the ambient at 30qC is to be designed. The thermal
HI¿FLHQF\RIWKHKHDWHQJLQHLV(GATE-ME-96)
12. A heat pump absorbs 10 kW of heat from outside (a) 70% (b) 18.8% (c) 12.5% (d) Indeterminate
environment at 250 K while absorbing 15 kW of
work. It delivers the heat to a room that must be 03. For two cycles coupled in series, the topping cycle
NHSWZDUPDW.7KH&RHI¿FLHQWRISHUIRUPDQFH KDVDQHI¿FLHQF\RIDQGWKHERWWRPLQJF\FOH
(COP) of the heat pump is ___(GATE–17–SET–1) KDV DQ HI¿FLHQF\ RI  7KH RYHUDOO FRPELQHG
F\FOHHI¿FLHQF\LV (GATE-ME-96)
13. A heat pump is to supply heat at the rate of 10 kW (a) 50% (b) 44% (c) 38% (d) 55%
to a building to be maintained at 22qC. The outside
temperature is 2qC. The minimum power (in kW) 04. A cyclic heat engine does 50 kJ of work per cycle.
required to run the heat pump is ______ (round off ,IWKHHI¿FLHQF\RIWKHKHDWHQJLQHLVWKHQKHDW
to 2 decimal places) (GATE – 19_PI) rejected per cycle is (GATE-ME-01)
2 1 1 2
14. If a reversed Carnot cycle operates between the (a) 16 kJ (b) 33 kJ (c) 37 kJ (d) 66 kJ
3 3 2 3
temperature limits of 27qC and 3qC, then the ratio
of the COP of a refrigerator to that of a heat pump  $ &DUQRW F\FOH LV KDYLQJ DQ HI¿FLHQF\ RI  ,I
(COP of refrigerator/ COP of heat pump) based on the temperature of the high temperature reservoir is
the cycle is ______(round off to 2 decimal places). 727qC, what is the temperature of low temperature
(GATE–20–SET–2) reservoir? (GATE-ME -02)
(a) 23qC (b)  23qC (c) 0qC (d) 250qC
15. A Carnot heat engine receives 600 kJ of heat per
cycle from a source of 627°C and rejects heat to  $ KHDW HQJLQH KDYLQJ DQ HI¿FLHQF\ RI  LV
a sink at 27°C. The amount of heat rejected to the XVHGWRGULYHDUHIULJHUDWRUKDYLQJDFRHI¿FLHQWRI
sink per cycle (rounded off to the nearest integer) in performance of 5. The energy absorbed from low
kJ is (GATE-PI-20) temperature reservoir by the refrigerator for each kJ
(a) 574 (b) 200 (c) 26 (d) 400 of energy absorbed from high temperature source
by the engine is (GATE-ME -04)
(a) 0.14 kJ (b) 0.71 kJ (c) 3.5 kJ (d) 7.1 kJ

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad  Delhi  Pune  Bengaluru Lucknow  Chennai  Vijayawada  Vizag  Tirupati  Kolkata  Ahmedabad
 418 Thermodynamics

07. A solar collector receiving solar radiation at the rate (GATE–16–SET–2)

of 0.6 kW/m2 transforms it to the internal energy
RIDÀXLGDWDQRYHUDOOHI¿FLHQF\RI7KHÀXLG  7KH ¿JXUH VKRZV D KHDW HQJLQH +( ZRUNLQJ
heated to 350 K is used to run a heat engine which between two reservoirs. The amount of heat (Q2)
rejects heat at 313 K. If the heat engine is to deliver rejected by the heat engine is drawn by a heat pump
2.5 kW power, then minimum area of the solar +37KHKHDWSXPSUHFHLYHVWKHHQWLUHZRUNRXWSXW
collector required would be (GATE-ME -04) (W) of the heat engine. If temperatures, T1 > T3 >
(a) 8.33 m (b) 16.66 m (c) 39.68 m2 (d) 79.36 m2
2 2
T2WKHQWKHUHODWLRQEHWZHHQWKHHI¿FLHQF\K) of
WKHKHDWHQJLQHDQGWKHFRHI¿FLHQWRISHUIRUPDQFH
08. A heat transformer is a device that transfers a (COP) of the heat pump is (GATE–19–SET–2)
part of the heat, supplied to it at an intermediate
T1 T3
temperature, to a high temperature reservoir while
rejecting the remaining part to a low temperature Q1 Q3
heat sink. In such a heat transformer, 100 kJ of heat W
HE HP
is supplied at 350 K. The maximum amount of heat
Q2 Q2
in kJ that can be transferred to 400 K, when the rest
is rejected to a heat sink at 300 K is T2
(GATE-ME-07)
(a) COP = K (b) COP = K–1 –1
(a) 12.50 (b) 14.29 (c) 33.33 (d) 57.14
(c) COP = K–1 (d) COP = 1 + K

09. An irreversible heat engine extracts heat from a

13. Three Carnot engines E1, E2 , E3 operate as shown in
high temperature source at a rate of 100 kW and
WKH¿JXUH71 > T2 > T3).
rejects heat to a sink at a rate of 50 kW. The entire
work output of the heat engine is used to drive a Reservoir 1,T1
reversible heat pump operating between a set of
QH1
independent isothermal heat reservoirs at 17qC
and 75qC. The rate (in kW) at which the heat pump E1 W1 QH3
delivers heat to its high temperature sink is QL1
(GATE-ME-09)
Reservoir 2,T2 E3 W3
(a) 50 (b) 250 (c) 300 (d) 360
QH2
10. A reversible heat engine receives 2 kJ of heat from E2 W2 QL3
a reservoir at 1000 K and a certain amount of heat QL2
from a reservoir at 800 K. It rejects 1 kJ of heat to
a reservoir at 400 K. The net work output (in kJ) of Reservoir 3,T3
the cycle is (GATE-ME-14-SET-1)
(a) 0.8 (b) 1.0 (c) 1.4 (d) 2.0
 7KH HI¿FLHQF\ RI WKH HQJLQH (3 in terms of the
HI¿FLHQFLHV K1 and K2 of the engines E1 and E2,
11. A reversible cycle receives 40 kJ of heat from one
respectively, is (GATE-19-PI)
heat source at a temperature of 127qC and 37 kJ
(a) K1+ K2 (b) K1+ K2 – K1K2
from another heat source at 97qC. The heat rejected
(c) 1– K1 – K2 (d) 1– K1K2
(in kJ) to the heat sink at 47qC is ______

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad  Delhi  Pune  Bengaluru Lucknow  Chennai  Vijayawada  Vizag  Tirupati  Kolkata  Ahmedabad
 419 Second Law of Thermodynamics

04. Ans: (c)

KEY & Detailed Solutions Sol:
TH
One Mark Questions
01. (d) 02. (a) 03. False 04. (c) 05.
06. (c) 07. (a) 08. 373.1 Watt 09. 50 R

10. 9.8 to 10.2 11. 4 12. 1.67 13. 0.678

14. 0.9 15. (b)
TL
Two Marks Questions TL
COP of refrigerator =
01. (a) 02. (c) 03. (b) 04. (a) 05. (b) TH − TL
06. (c) 07. (d) 08. (d) 09. (c) 10. (c) TH TL
COP of Heat pump = = 1+
11. 64 12. (c) 13. (b) TH − TL TH − TL

= 1 + (COP)refrigerator
One Mark Solutions 05.
δQ
Sol: # T
< 0 for irreversible process,

δQ
01. Ans: (d) # T
= 0 for reversible process
Sol: T1
δQ
Q1 = 120 kW # T
> 0 for impossible process
W = 30 kW
R
06. Ans: (c)
Q2
Sol:
T2 300 K

Q1 = 1000W
Q2 = Q1 – W = 120 – 30 = 90 kW W = Q1 Q2
Q2 90 HP
= 250W
COP 3
W 30
Q2 = 750 W

02. Ans: (a) 260 K

Sol: For a heat transfer process to be reversible the

temperature difference causing heat transfer should
EHLQ¿QLWHVLPDOWHQGLQJWR]HUR 07. Ans: (a)
Sol: Clockwise devices are heat engines and anti
03. False. clockwise devices are heat pumps or refrigerators.
TH − TL TL
Sol: ηE = , ]COPgR =
TL TH − TL
TH − TL TL TL
ηE # ]COPgR = # − = <1
TH TH TL TH

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad  Delhi  Pune  Bengaluru Lucknow  Chennai  Vijayawada  Vizag  Tirupati  Kolkata  Ahmedabad
Chapter 5 Entropy
07. Which of the following relationships is valid only
One Mark Questions
for reversible process undergone by a closed system
of simple compressible substance (neglect changes
01. Which among the following relations is/are valid in kinetic and potential energy? (GATE-ME - 07)
ONLY for reversible process undergone by a pure (a) GQ = dU + GW
substance? (GATE-ME -93) (b) TdS = dU + PdV
(a) GQ = dU + GW (b) T dS = dU + GW (c) TdS = dU + GW
(c) T dS = dU + P dV (d) GQ = P dV + dU (d) GQ = dU + PdV

02. When a system executes an irreversible cycle: 08. 2 moles of oxygen are mixed adiabatically with
another 2 moles of oxygen in mixing chamber, so
δQ
(a) # T
<0 (b) # dS ! 0 WKDWWKH¿QDOWRWDOSUHVVXUHDQGWHPSHUDWXUHRIWKH
mixture become same as those of the individual
δQ
(c) # dS 0 (d) # T
>0 constituents at their initial states. The universal gas
constant is given as R. The change in entropy due to
03. The slopes of constant volume and constant mixing, per mole of oxygen, is given by
pressure lines in the T-s diagram are _____ and (GATE-ME -08)
_____ respectively. (GATE-ME -94) (a) –R ln2 (b) 0
(c) R ln 2 (d) R ln4
04. A 1500 W electrical heater is used to heat 20 kg of
water (Cp = 4186 J/kg K) in an insulated bucket, 09. If a closed system is undergoing an irreversible
from a temperature of 30qC to 80qC. If the heater process, the entropy of the system (GATE-ME -09)
WHPSHUDWXUHLVRQO\LQ¿QLWHVLPDOO\ODUJHUWKDQWKH (a) must increase
water temperature during the process, the change in (b) always remains constant
entropy for the heater is ______ J/K and for water (c) must decrease
_______ J/K. (GATE-ME -94) (d) can increase, decrease or remain constant

δs δs
05. For an ideal gas the expression ;T c m − Tc mE 10. One kilogram of water at room temperature is
δT P δT V
brought into contact with a high temperature thermal
is always equal to: (GATE-ME-97)
reservoir. The entropy change of the universe is
(a) Zero (b) Cp/CV (c) R (d) RT
(GATE-ME -10)
(a) equal to entropy change of the reservoir
06. A system undergoes a state change from 1 to 2.
(b) equal to entropy change of water
According to the second law of thermodynamics,
(c) equal to zero
for the process to be feasible, the entropy change,
(d) always positive
S2 – S1 of the system (GATE-ME -97)
(a) is positive or zero
11. Which one of the following pairs of equations
(b) is negative or zero
describes an irreversible heat engine?
(c) is zero
(GATE-ME-14-SET-3)
(d) can be positive, negative or zero

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad  Delhi  Pune  Bengaluru Lucknow  Chennai  Vijayawada  Vizag  Tirupati  Kolkata  Ahmedabad
 425 Entropy

CPLVWKHVSHFL¿FKHDWDWFRQVWDQWSUHVVXUHDQG&V is
δQ
(a) # δQ > 0 and # T
<0 the specifc heat at constant volume. The ratio of the
slopes of the constant pressure and constant volume
δQ
(b) # δQ < 0 and # T
<0 lines at the point of intersection is
(GATE–20–SET–1)
δQ
(c) # δQ > 0 and # T
>0
CP CV
(a) (b)
δQ CV CP
(d) # δQ < 0 and # >0
T CP  CV CP  CV
(c) (d)
CP CV
12. An ideal gas undergoes a process from state 1 (T1 =
300 K, P1 = 100 kPa) to state 2 (T2 = 600K, P2 = 500
N3D7KHVSHFL¿FKHDWVRIWKHLGHDOJDVDUH&p = 1 Two Marks Questions
kJ/kg-K and Cv N-NJ.7KHFKDQJHLQVSHFL¿F
entropy of the ideal gas from state 1 to state 2 (in kJ/ 01. Figure below shows a reversible heat engine
kg-K) is _____ (correct to two decimal places). ER having heat interactions with three constant
(GATE – 18 – SET – 1) temperature systems. Calculate the thermal
HI¿FLHQF\RIWKHKHDWHQJLQH(GATE-ME-93)
13. For an ideal gas with constant properties undergoing
T1 = 1000 K T2 = 500 K T1 = 330 K
a quasi-static process, which one of the following
represents the change of entropy ('s) from state 1 Q1 = 100 kJ Q2 = 50 kJ Q3
to 2? (GATE – 18 – SET – 2)
ER
T2 P2
(a) Δs = Cp ,n e o − R,n e o W
T1 P1
T2 V
(b) Δs = Cv ,n e o − Cp ,n e 2 o
T1 V1 02. One kilomole of an ideal gas is throttled from an
T2 P initial pressure of 0.5 MPa to 0.1 MPa. The initial
(c) Δs = Cp ,n e o − Cv ,n e 2 o temperature is 300 K. The entropy change of the
T1 P1
universe is (GATE-ME-95)
T2 V
(d) Δs = Cv ,n e o + R,n e 1 o (a) 13.38 kJ/K (b) 4014.3 kJ/K
T1 V2
(c) 0.0446 kJ/K (d) –0.0446 kJ/K
14. Air of mass 1 kg, initially at 300 K and 10 bar,
is allowed to expand isothermally till it reaches 03. Considering the relationship (GATE-ME-03)
a pressure of 1 bar. Assuming air as an ideal gas TdS = dU + PdV between the Entropy (S), Internal
with gas constant of 0.287 kJ/kg.K, the change in energy (U), Pressure (P), temperature (T) and
entropy of air (in kJ/kg.K, round off to two decimal Volume (V),
places) is __________ (GATE – 19 – SET – 1) Which of the following statements is correct?
(a) It is applicable only for a reversible process
(b) For an irreversible process, TdS > dU + PdV
15. For an ideal gas, a constant pressure line and a
(c) It is valid only for an ideal gas
constant volume line intersect at a point, in the
G ,W LV HTXLYDOHQW WR ¿UVW ODZ IRU D UHYHUVLEOH
WHPSHUDWXUH7YHUVXVVSHFL¿FHQWURS\VGLDJUDP
process

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad  Delhi  Pune  Bengaluru Lucknow  Chennai  Vijayawada  Vizag  Tirupati  Kolkata  Ahmedabad
 426 Thermodynamics

Common Data for Q.Nos. 04 & 05

1000 K 500 K 300 K
Nitrogen gas (molecular weight 28) is enclosed in a
cylinder by a piston, at the initial condition of 2 bar, 298 K
and 1 m3. In a particular process, the gas slowly expands 50 kJ

under isothermal condition, until the volume becomes 2

100 kJ Cyclic 60 kJ
m3. Heat exchange occurs with the atmosphere at 298 K
device
during this process.

04. The work interaction for the Nitrogen gas is The cyclic device can be
(GATE-ME-03) (a) a reversible heat engine
(a) 200 kJ (b) 138.6 kJ (c) 2 kJ (d)  200 kJ (b) a reversible heat pump or a reversible
refrigeration
05. The entropy change for the system during the (c) an irreversible heat engine
process in kJ/K is (GATE-ME -03) (d) an irreversible heat pump or an irreversible
(a) 0.4652 (b) 0.0067 (c) 0 (d) 0.6711 refrigerator

06. A vapour absorption refrigeration system is a heat 08. Consider the following two processes;
pump with three thermal reservoirs as shown in the (GATE-ME -10)
¿JXUH$UHIULJHUDWLRQHIIHFWRI:LVUHTXLUHGDW (I) A heat source at 1200 K loses 2500 kJ of heat
250 K when the heat source available is at 400 K. to a sink at 800 K
Heat rejection occurs at 300 K. The minimum value (II) A heat source at 800 K loses 2000 kJ of heat to
of heat required (in W) is (GATE-ME-05) a sink at 500 K
400 K
300 K
Which of the following statements is true?
(a) Process I is more irreversible than process II
(b) Process II is more irreversible than process I
(c) Irreversibility associated in both the processes
are equal
250 K
(d) Both the processes are reversible
(a) 167 (b) 100 (c) 80 (d) 20
Common Data for Q.Nos. 09 & 10
07. A cyclic device operates between three thermal ,QDQH[SHULPHQWDOVHWXSDLUÀRZVEHWZHHQWZRVWDWLRQV
UHVHUYRLUV DV VKRZQ LQ WKH ¿JXUH +HDW LV 3DQG4DGLDEDWLFDOO\7KHGLUHFWLRQRIÀRZGHSHQGVRQ
transferred to/from the cyclic device. It is assumed the pressure and temperature conditions maintained at P
that heat transfer between each thermal reservoir and Q. The conditions at station P are 150 kPa and 350 K.
and the cyclic device takes place across negligible The temperature at station Q is 300 K. The following are
temperature difference. Interactions between the the properties and relations pertaining to air:
cyclic device and the respective thermal reservoirs 6SHFL¿FKHDWDWFRQVWDQWSUHVVXUH&p = 1.005 kJ/kg K;
WKDWDUHVKRZQLQWKH¿JXUHDUHDOOLQWKHIRUPRI 6SHFL¿FKHDWDWFRQVWDQWYROXPH&V = 0.718 kJ/kgK;
heat transfer. (GATE-ME-08) Characteristic gas constant, R = 0.287 kJ/kgK.
Enthalpy, h = CpT,
Internal energy, u = Cv T.

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad  Delhi  Pune  Bengaluru Lucknow  Chennai  Vijayawada  Vizag  Tirupati  Kolkata  Ahmedabad
 427 Entropy

 ,I WKH DLU KDV WR ÀRZ IURP VWDWLRQ 3 WR VWDWLRQ 4 15. One kg of air (R = 287 J/kg-K) undergoes irreversible
the maximum possible value of pressure in kPa at process between equilibrium state 1 (20qC, 0.9 m3)
station Q is close to (GATE-ME -11) and equilibrium state 2 (20qC, 0.6 m3). The change
(a) 50 (b) 87 (c) 128 (d) 150 in entropy s2 – s1 (in J/kg-K) is ______
(GATE –15 –Set 2)
10. If the pressure at station Q is 50 kPa, the change in
entropy (SQ  SP) in kJ/kgK is (GATE-ME -11) 16. An ideal gas of mass m is contained in a rigid tank
(a)  0.155 (b) 0 (c) 0.160 (d) 0.355 of volume V at a pressure P. During a reversible
process its pressure reduces to P1. Following
11. An ideal gas of mass m and temperature T1 statements are made regarding the process.
undergoes a reversible isothermal process from an P. Heat is transferred from the gas.
initial pressure P1WR¿QDOSUHVVXUH32. The heat loss Q. Work done by the gas is zero.
GXULQJWKHSURFHVVLV47KHHQWURS\FKDQJH¨6RI R. Entropy of the gas remains constant.
the gas is (GATE-ME -12) S. Entropy of the gas decreases.
Among the above statements, the correct ones are
P2 P1 (GATE - PI-16)
(a) mR,n e o (b) mR,n e o
P1 P2 (a) P and R only (b) P, Q and R only
(c) Q and R only (d) P, Q and S only
P2 Q
(c) mR,n e o (d) Zero
P1 T1
17. One kg of an ideal gas (gas constant R = 287 J/
12. An amount of 100 kW of heat is transferred through kg.K) undergoes an irreversible process from state-I
a wall in steady state. One side of the wall is (1 bar, 300 K) to state-2 (2 bar, 300 K). The change
maintained at 127qC and the other side at 27qC. The LQVSHFL¿FHQWURS\V2–s1) of the gas (in J/kg.K) in
entropy generated (in W/K) due to the heat transfer the process is ________ (GATE – 17 – SET – 2)
through the wall is ______(GATE-ME -14-SET-3)
18. A reversible heat engine (E) operating in a cycle
13. A closed system contains 10 kg of saturated liquid interacts with three reservoirs 1, 2 and 3 maintained
ammonia at 10qC. Heat addition required to convert at temperature T1 = 500 K, T2 = 400 K and T3 = 300
the entire liquid into saturated vapour at a constant K, respectively. The engine receives 10 kJ of heat
pressure is 16.2 MJ. If the entropy of the saturated from reservoir 1 and rejects 3 kJ to reservoir 3. The
liquid is 0.88 kJ/kg.K, the entropy (in kJ/kg.K) of net work output, Wnet (in kJ) from the engine is
saturated vapour is ____ (GATE- ME-14-SET-4) (GATE – PI – 17)
(1) (2)
 7ZRLGHQWLFDOPHWDOEORFNV/DQG0VSHFL¿FKHDW T1 = 500 K T2 = 400 K

= 0.4 kJ/kg.K), each having a mass of 5 kg, are

Q1 = 10 kJ Q2
initially at 313 K. A reversible refrigerator extracts
heat from block L and rejects heat to block M until E Wnet
WKHWHPSHUDWXUHRIEORFN/UHDFKHV.7KH¿QDO
temperature (in K) of block M is _____ Q3 = 3 kJ

(GATE-ME-14-SET-4) T3 = 300 K
(3)

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad  Delhi  Pune  Bengaluru Lucknow  Chennai  Vijayawada  Vizag  Tirupati  Kolkata  Ahmedabad
 428 Thermodynamics

19. One kg of air (that can be considered a calorically

perfect gas with characteristic gas constant R = 287 KEY & Detailed Solutions
-NJ. DQG VSHFL¿F KHDW UDWLR J = 1.4) undergoes
One Mark Questions
a constant-volume process from an initial static
SUHVVXUHRIEDUWRD¿QDOVWDWLFSUHVVXUHRIEDU 01. (d) 02. (a) 03. higher, lower
The increase in entropy (in J/kgK) of air is ______ 04. 0, 12.787 kJ/K 05. (c) 06. (d) 07. (d)
(PI_GATE–18) 08. (b) 09. (d) 10. (d) 11. (a) 12. 0.21
13. (a) 14. 0.66 15. (b)
 :DWHUÀRZLQJDWWKHUDWHRINJVWKURXJKDV\VWHP
is heated using an electric heater such that the Two Marks Questions
VSHFL¿F HQWKDOS\ RI WKH ZDWHU LQFUHDVHV E\  01. 60% 02. (a) 03. (d) 04. (b) 05. (a)
N-NJ DQG WKH VSHFL¿F HQWURS\ LQFUHDVHV E\  06. (c) 07. (a) 08. (b) 09. (b) 10. (c)
kJ/kg.K. The power input to the electric heater is 11. (b) 12. 83.3 W/K 13. 6.6044
2.50 kW. There is no other work or heat interaction
14. 334.3K 15. –117 to –115 16. (d)
between the system surroundings. Assuming an
ambient temperature of 300 K, the irreversibility 17. -198.93 18. 3 kJ 19. 995.35 20. 2.10
rate of the system is ______ kW (round off to two 21. (c)
decimal places). (GATE – 19 – SET – 2)

21. One kg of air in a closed system undergoes an One Mark Solutions

irreversible process from an initial state of p1 = 1
bar (absolute) and T1 = 27o&WRD¿QDOVWDWHRIS2 =
01. Ans: (d)
3 bar (absolute) and T2 = 127oC. If the gas constant
Sol: dQ = dU + PdV for reversible process
RI DLU LV  -NJ. DQG WKH UDWLR RI WKH VSHFL¿F
GW = PdV only for a reversible process.
KHDWV WKHQWKHFKDQJHLQWKHVSHFL¿FHQWURS\
(in J/kg.K) of the air in the process is
(a) 28.4 (GATE–20–SET–2) 02. Ans: (a)
δQ
(b) indeterminate, as the process is irreversible Sol: For reversible cycle,
T
# =0
(c) 26.3
δQ
(d) 172.0 For irreversible cycle, # <0
T
δQ
Five Marks Question For impossible cycle, # >0
T

01. An iron cube at a temperature of 400 deg C is 03. Ans: higher, lower
dropped into an insulated bath containing 10
Sol: c m
dT T
,
kg water at 25q& 7KH ZDWHU ¿QDOO\ UHDFKHV D dS V = C Cv
temperature of 50qC at steady state. Given that the
c m
dT T
VSHFL¿FKHDWRIZDWHULVHTXDOWR-NJ.¿QG dS P = C Cp
the entropy changes for the iron cube and the water.
_a Cp ! Cv i
T T
Is the process irreversible? If so, why? ? !
Cv Cp
(GATE-ME -96)

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad  Delhi  Pune  Bengaluru Lucknow  Chennai  Vijayawada  Vizag  Tirupati  Kolkata  Ahmedabad
Chapter 6 Properties of Pure substances

(c) will remain same.

One Mark Questions
(d) may rise or fall depending on the amount of
heat transferred
01. The relationship (wT/wp)h = 0 holds good for :
(a) An ideal gas at any state (GATE-ME-93) 07. A pure substance at 8 MPa and 400qC is having a
(b) A real gas at any state VSHFL¿FLQWHUQDOHQHUJ\RIN-NJDQGDVSHFL¿F
(c) Any gas at its critical state volume of 0.03432 m3NJ,WVVSHFL¿FHQWKDOS\LQ
(d) Any gas at its inversion point N-NJLVBBBBB (GATE-ME -14-SET-2)

02. During the phase change of a pure substance:  )RU DQ LGHDO JDV ZLWK FRQVWDQW YDOXHV RI VSHFL¿F
(GATE-ME -93) KHDWVIRUFDOFXODWLRQRIWKHVSHFL¿FHQWKDOS\
(a) dG = 0 (b) dP = 0 (c) dH = 0 (d) dU = 0 (GATE –15 –Set 1)
D LWLVVXI¿FLHQWWRNQRZRQO\WKHWHPSHUDWXUH
03. At the triple point of a pure substance, the number (b) both temperature and pressure are required to
of degrees of freedom is : (GATE-ME -93) be known
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3 (c) both temperature and volume are required to
be known
04. Constant pressure lines in the superheated region of (d) both temperature and mass are required to be
the Mollier diagram will have (GATE-ME -95) known
(a) A positive slope
(b) A negative slope 09. A rigid container of volume 0.5 m3 contains 1.0 kg
(c) Zero slope of water at 120qC (Vf = 0.00106 m3/kg, Qg = 0.8908
(d) Both positive and negative slope m3/kg). The state of water is (GATE –15 –Set 3)
(a) Compressed liquid
 :KHQZHWVWHDPÀRZVWKURXJKDWKURWWOHYDOYHDQG (b) saturated liquid
remains wet at exit (GATE-ME -96) (c) A mixture of saturated liquid and saturated
(a) Its temperature and quality increase vapor
(b) Its temperature decreases but quality increases (d) Superheated vapor
(c) Its temperature increases but quality decreases
(d) Its temperature and quality decrease 10. The INCORRECT statement about the
characteristics of critical point of a pure substance
 :DWHUKDVDFULWLFDOVSHFL¿FYROXPHRIP3/ is that (GATE – 16 – SET – 3)
kg. A closed and rigid steel tank of volume 0.025 m3 (a) there is no constant temperature vaporization
contains a mixture of water and steam at 0.1 MPa. process
The mass of the mixture is 10 kg. The tank is now E LWKDVSRLQWLQÀHFWLRQZLWK]HURVORSH
slowly heated. The liquid level inside the tank. (c) the ice directly converts from solid phase to
(GATE-ME -07) vapor phase
(a) will rise (d) saturated liquid and saturated vapor states are
(b) will fall identical

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad  Delhi  Pune  Bengaluru Lucknow  Chennai  Vijayawada  Vizag  Tirupati  Kolkata  Ahmedabad
 435 Properties of Pure substances

11. Which one of the following statements is correct for

Two Marks Questions
a superheated vapour? (GATE – 18 – SET – 1)
(a) Its pressure is less than the saturation pressure
at a given temperature. 01. A vessel of volume 1.0 m3 contains a mixture of
(b) Its temperature is less than the saturation liquid water and steam in equilibrium at 1.0 bar.
temperature at a given pressure Given that 90% of the volume is occupied by the
(c) Its volume is less than the volume of the VWHDP ¿QG WKH GU\QHVV IUDFWLRQ RI WKH PL[WXUH
saturated vapour at a given temperature Assume, at 1.0 bar, vf = 0.001 m3/kg and vg = 1.7
(d) Its enthalpy is less than the enthalpy of the m3/kg. (GATE-ME -93)
saturated vapour at a given pressure.
02. In the vicinity of the triple point, the vapour pressures
12. A closed vessel contains pure water, in thermal of liquid and solid ammonia are respectively given
equilibrium with its vapour at 25qC (Stage # 1), as by
shown. Isothermal oven at 80qC ln P = 15.16 – 3063/T and
Not to scale ln P = 18.70 – 3754/T
Valve A Valve A Where p is in atmospheres and T is in Kelvin. What
Water vapour
is the temperature at the triple point.
(GATE-ME -93)
Water
Statement for Linked Answer Q.Nos. 03 & 04
Ambient air The following table of properties was printed out for
25qC at 25qC, 1 atm
saturated liquid and saturated vapour of ammonia. The
Air at 80qC, 1 atm
WLWOHV IRU RQO\ WKH ¿UVW WZR FROXPQV DUH DYDLODEOH $OO
Stage # 1 Stage # 2
that we know is that the other columns (columns 3 to
 FRQWDLQ GDWD RQ VSHFL¿F SURSHUWLHV QDPHO\ LQWHUQDO
The vessel in this stage is then kept inside an HQHUJ\N-NJHQWKDOS\N-NJDQGHQWURS\N-NJ.
isothermal oven which is having an atmosphere of
T(qC) P(kPa)
hot air maintained at 80qC. The vessel exchanges –20 190.2 88.76 0.3657 89.05 5.6155 1299.5 1418.0
heat with the oven atmosphere and attains a new 0 429.6 179.69 0.7114 180.36 5.3309 1318.0 1442.2
thermal equilibrium (State # 2). If the Valve A 20 857.5 272.89 1.0408 274.30 5.0860 1332.2 1460.2
is now opened inside the oven, what will happen 40 1554.9 272.89 1.3574 371.43 4.8662 1341.0 1470.2
immediately after opening the valve?
(GATE–20–SET–2)  7KHVSHFL¿FHQWKDOS\GDWDDUHLQFROXPQV
(a) Hot air will go inside the vessel through Valve (GATE-ME -05)
A (a) 3 and 7 (b) 3 and 8
(b) Water vapor inside the vessel will come out of (c) 5 and 7 (d) 5 and 8
the Valve A
(c) All the vapor inside the vessel will immediately 04. When saturated liquid at 40qC is throttled to – 20qC,
condense the quality at exit will be (GATE-ME -05)
(d) Nothing will happen-the vessel will continue (a) 0.189 (b) 0.212
to remain in equilibrium (c) 0.231 (d) 0.788

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad  Delhi  Pune  Bengaluru Lucknow  Chennai  Vijayawada  Vizag  Tirupati  Kolkata  Ahmedabad
 436 Thermodynamics

05. Given below is an extract from steam tables. Pressure Saturation vf vg

(kPa) temperature, (m3/kg) (m3/kg)
6SHFL¿F9ROXPHP3/kg) (QWKDOS\N-NJ
Temp PSat Tsat (°C)
(°C) (bar) Saturated Saturated Saturated Saturated
liquid vapour liquid vapour 100 100 0.001 0.1
45 0.9593 0.001010 15.26 188.45 2397.8 200 200 0.0015 0.002
342.24 150 0.001658 0.010337 1610.5 261.5
06. At the end of the process, which one of the following
 6SHFL¿FHQWKDOS\RIZDWHULQN-NJDWEDUDQG
situations will be true? (GATE-ME -08)
45qC is (GATE-ME -06)
(a) superheated vapor will be left in the system
(a) 203.60 (b) 200.53
(b) no vapour will be left in the system
(c) 196.38 (d) 188.45
(c) a liquid + vapour mixture will be left in the
system
Common Data for Q.Nos. 06 & 08
(d) the mixture will exist at a dry saturate vapour
,QWKH¿JXUHVKRZQWKHV\VWHPLVDSXUHVXEVWDQFHNHSW
state.
in a piston- cylinder arrangement. The system is initially
a two- phase mixture containing 1 kg of liquid and 0.03
07. The work done by the system during the process is
kg of vapour at a pressure of 100 kPa. Initially, the piston
(GATE-ME -08)
UHVWVRQDVHWRIVWRSVDVVKRZQLQWKH¿JXUH$SUHVVXUH
 DN- EN-FN- GN-
of 200 kPa is required to exactly balance the weight of the
piston and the outside atmospheric pressure. Heat transfer
08. The net entropy generation (considering the system
takes place into the system until its volume increases
and the thermal reservoir together) during the
by 50%. Heat transfer to the system occurs in such a
process is closest to
manner that the piston, when allowed to move, does so in
(GATE-ME -08)
a very slow(quasi-static/quasi-equilibrium) process. The
 D-.E-.F-. G-.
thermal reservoir from which heat is transferred to the
system as a temperature of 400qC. Average temperature
09. Steam enters a turbine at 30 bar, 300qC (u N-
of the system boundary can be taken as 175qC. Heat
NJK N-NJDQGH[LWVWKHWXUELQHDVVDWXUDWHG
WUDQVIHU WR WKH V\VWHP LV N- GXULQJ ZKLFK LWV HQWURS\
liquid at 15 kPa (u N-NJK N-NJ+HDW
LQFUHDVHVE\-.
ORVVWRWKHVXUURXQGLQJLVN-NJRIVWHDPÀRZLQJ
through the turbine. Neglecting changes in kinetic
Atmospheric
pressure energy and potential energy, the work output of the
g WXUELQHLQN-NJRIVWHDPLVBBBBBBBBB 
(GATE –15 –Set 3)
Piston
Stop
10. A tank of volume 0.05 m3 contains a mixture of
saturated water and saturated steam at 200qC. The
System
mass of the liquid present is 8 kg. The entropy (in
N-NJ. RI WKH PL[WXUH LV BBBBBB FRUUHFW RI WZR
decimal places).
6SHFL¿FYROXPHRIOLTXLGYf) and vapour (vg) phases, as
Property data for saturated steam and water are:
well as values of saturation temperatures, are given in the
At 200qC, psat = 1.5538 MPa
table below.
vf = 0.001157 m /kg,
3
vg = 0.12736 m3/kg
ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad  Delhi  Pune  Bengaluru Lucknow  Chennai  Vijayawada  Vizag  Tirupati  Kolkata  Ahmedabad
 437 Properties of Pure substances

sfg = 4.1014 k-NJ. Vf N-NJ. 05. Ans: (b)

(GATE –18 –Set 1) Sol:
h
KEY & Detailed Solutions 1
2

One Mark Questions

01. (d) 02.(a&b) 03. (a) 04. (a) 05. (b)
s
06. (a) N-NJ 08. (a) 09. (c)
10. (c) 11. (a) 12. (a)
06. Ans: (a)
Two Marks Questions 0.025 m3
Sol: v1 specific volume 0.0025
01. 5.266 ×10 –3
02. 195.2 K 03. (d) 10 kg
04. (b) 05. (a) 06. (a) 07. (d) 08. (c)
v1 < vc (critical volume) after heating at constant
09. 2717 10. 2.489 volume it goes into liquid region hence level of
liquid in the vessel rises.
One Mark Solutions
07. Ans: 3137.6 kJ/kg
01. Ans: (d) Sol: h = u + Pv
2T = = 2864 + 8000 × 0.03432
Sol: d n μ -RXOH7KRPVRQFRHI¿FLHQW
2p h   N-NJ
2T
For any gas d n 0 at its inversion point.
2p h 08. Ans: (a)

c m
02. Ans: (a & b) dh
Sol Cp
dt P = C
Sol: During phase change of pure substance dP is zero,
dT is also zero. dh = Cp(dT)
dT = 0 , dP = 0  6SHFL¿FHQWKDOS\LVDIXQFWLRQRIWHPSHUDWXUHRQO\
dG = SdT + VdP Hence only temperature is enough.
? dG = 0
09. Ans: (c)
03. Ans: (a) Sol: m = 1 kg, V = 0.5 m3
Sol: F + P = C + 2 ( Gibb’s phase rule) V 0.5 m3
Specific volume m 0.5 v
At triple point, P = 3, C =1 1 kg
?F = 1 + 2 – 3 = 0 vf < v < vg
F = Degrees of freedom, P = No. of phases, Hence the steam is in vapour dome.
C = No. of constituents. ? Steam is partly in liquid and partly in vapour.

04. Ans: (a) 10. Ans: (c)

Sol: c m Sol: For a pure substance at its critical point
dh
T
ds p • there is no constant temperature vaporization
Ÿ as T is positive so
dh
is positive. process.
ds

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad  Delhi  Pune  Bengaluru Lucknow  Chennai  Vijayawada  Vizag  Tirupati  Kolkata  Ahmedabad
Chapter 7 Availability
03. A gas expands in a frictionless piston-cylinder
One Mark Questions
arrangement. The expansion process is very slow,
and is resisted by an ambient pressure of 100
01. Availability of a system at any given state is kPa. During the expansion process, the pressure
(a) A property of the system (GATE-ME -00) of the system (gas) remains constant at 300 kPa.
(b) The maximum work obtainable as the system The change in volume of the gas is 0.01 m3. The
goes to dead state maximum amount of work that could be utilized
(c) The total energy of the system from the above process is (GATE-ME -08)
(d) The maximum useful work obtainable as the (a) 0 kJ (b) 1 kJ (c) 2 kJ (d) 3 kJ
system goes to dead state
 7KHSUHVVXUHWHPSHUDWXUHDQGYHORFLW\RIDLUÀRZLQJ
02. The maximum theoretical work obtainable, when
in a pipe are 5 bar, 500 K and 50 m/s, respectively.
a system interacts to equilibrium with a reference
7KH VSHFL¿F KHDWV RI DLU DW FRQVWDQW SUHVVXUH DQG
environment, is called (GATE-ME-14-SET-1)
at constant volume are 1.005 kJ/kgK and 0.718 kJ/
(a) Entropy (b) Enthalpy (c) Exergy (d) Rothalpy
kgK, respectively. Neglect potential energy. If the
03. A source at a temperature of 500 K provides 1000 pressure and temperature of the surroundings are 1
kJ of heat. The temperature of environment is bar and 300 K, respectively, the available energy in
27qC. The maximum useful work (in kJ) that can be kJ/kg of the air stream is (GATE-ME -13)
obtained from the heat source is__________ (a) 170 (b) 187 (c) 191 (d) 213
(GATE-ME -14-SET-3)
05. One side of a wall is maintained at 400 K and the
Two Marks Questions other at 300 K. The rate of heat transfer through the
wall is 1000 W and the surrounding temperature is
01. A heat reservoir at 900 K is brought into contact with 25qC. Assuming no generation of heat within the
the ambient at 300 K for a short time. During this wall, the irreversibility (in W) due to heat transfer
period 9000 kJ of heat is lost by the heat reservoir. through the wall is ____ (GATE –15 –Set 3)
The total loss in availability due to this process is
(GATE-ME -95) Five Marks Question
(a) 18000 kJ (b) 9000 kJ
(c) 6000 kJ (d) None of above
01. At a place where the surroundings are at 1 bar, 27qC,
02. A steel billet of 2000 kg mass is to be cooled from a closed rigid thermally insulated tank contains 2
1250 K to 450 K. The heat released during this kg air at 2 bar, 27qC. This air is then churned for a
process is to be used as a source of energy. The while, by a paddle wheel connected to an external
DPELHQWWHPSHUDWXUHLV.DQGVSHFL¿FKHDWRI motor. If it is given that the irreversibility of the
steel is 0.5 kJ/kg K. The available energy of this SURFHVVLVN-¿QGWKH¿QDOWHPSHUDWXUHDQGWKH
billet is (GATE-ME -04) increase in availability of air. Assume for air Cv =
(a) 490.44 MJ (b) 30.95 MJ 0.718 kJ/kg K (GATE-ME -97)
(c) 10.35 MJ (d) 0.10 MJ

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad  Delhi  Pune  Bengaluru Lucknow  Chennai  Vijayawada  Vizag  Tirupati  Kolkata  Ahmedabad
 441 Availability

02. Ans: (a)

KEY & Detailed Solutions
Sol: AE = mCp ^T1 − T2 h − mCp T0 ,n e
T1
o
T2
One Mark Questions
01. (d) 02. (c) 03. 400 kJ = 2000 # 0.5 ^1250 − 450h − 2000 # 0.5 # 303 # ,n 1250
450
Two Marks Questions = 490.44 MJ
01. (c) 02. (a) 03. (c) 04. (b)
05. 247 to 249
03. Ans: (c)
Sol: Wu = (P – Po)(V2 – V1)
One Mark Solutions    RQO\IRU¿QGLQJWKHXVHIXOZRUN
= (300 – 100)(0.01)
= 2 kJ
01. Ans: (d)
Sol: $YDLODELOLW\RIDV\VWHPLVGH¿QHGDVWKHPD[LPXP 04. Ans: (b)
useful work that could be obtained from the system
n − h2 3 − T0 ^s1 − s2 h
V12
as the system goes to dead state. Sol: AE = )d h1 +
2000

n − T0 ^s1 − s2 h
V12
02. Ans: (c) = d Cp ^T1 − T2 h +
2000
Sol: The maximum theoretical work obtainable when
^s2 − s1 h = Cp ,n 2 − R,n 2
T P
a system interacts to equilibrium with a reference
T1 P1
environment is called available energy or exergy.
= 1.005,n 300 − 0.287,n 1
500 5
03. Ans: 400 kJ

Q ^T1 − T2 h (s2  s1) =  0.5134 + 0.4619 = 0.0515

Sol: Wuseful = = Wcarnot (s1  s2) = + 0.0515
T1
1000 ^500 − 300h AE = ;1.005 ^500 − 300h +
502 E −
300 # ]0.0515g
= = 400 kJ 2000
500
= 201+1.2515.45
= 201.2515.45
Two Marks Solutions
= 187 kJ/kg

01. Ans: (c) 05. Ans: 247 to 249

Sol: Total loss in available energy = Irreversibility Sol: Irreversibility = I = To Sgen
= T0 u 'S
= T0 d − n
Q Q
= T0 d − n
Q Q
T2 T1
T2 T1
= 298 ;1000 − 1000 E = 248.33W
= 300 c 9000 − 9000 m 300 400
300 900
= 6000 kJ

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad  Delhi  Pune  Bengaluru Lucknow  Chennai  Vijayawada  Vizag  Tirupati  Kolkata  Ahmedabad
Chapter 8 Air cycles
is 15 kW. The mean effective pressure (in kPa) is
One Mark Questions
______ (GATE –15 –Set 1)

01. A cycle consisting of two reversible isothermal 05. An air-standard Diesel cycle consists of the
processes and two reversible isobaric processes is following process:
known as (GATE-ME -96) 1-2: Air is compressed isentropically.
(a) Atkinson cycle (b) Stirling cycle 2-3: Heat is added at constant pressure.
(c) Brayton cycle (d) Ericsson cycle 3-4: Air expands isentropically to the original
volume.
02. A P-V diagram has been obtained from a test on a 4-5: Heat is rejected at constant volume.
reciprocating compressor. Which of the following If J DQG 7 GHQRWH WKH VSHFL¿F KHDW UDWLR DQG
represents that diagram? (GATE-ME -05) WHPSHUDWXUH UHVSHFWLYHO\ WKH HI¿FLHQF\ RI WKH
(a) (b) cycle is (GATE –15 –Set 3)
P P
Pout Pout T4  T1 T4 − T1
.(a) 1  (b) 1 −
T3  T2 γ _T3 − T2 i
γ ^T4 − T1 h
Pin Pin
T4 − T1
(c) 1 − (d) 1 −
_T3 − T2 i _ γ − 1 i_T3 − T2 i
V VC V
(c) (d)
P p
Pout Pout
06. Propane (C3H8) is burned in an oxygen
Pin Pin DWPRVSKHUH ZLWK  GH¿FLW R[\JHQ ZLWK UHVSHFW
VC V Vc V to the stoichiometric requirement. Assuming
no hydrocarbons in the products, the volume
percentage of CO in the products is ________
03. Which one of the following is NOT a necessary
(GATE–16–SET–1)
assumption for the air-standard Otto cycle?
(GATE-ME -08)
 7KH¿JXUHEHORZVKRZVDQDLUVWDQGDUG'LHVHOF\FOH
(a) All processes are both internally as well as
in P-V diagram. The cut-off ratio is given by:
externally reversible.
(GATE - PI-16)
(b) Intake and exhaust processes are constant
volume heat addition process. 2 3
(c) The combustion process is constant volume
heat addition process.
p
G 7KHZRUNLQJÀXLGLVDQLGHDOJDVZLWKFRQVWDQW
VSHFL¿FKHDWV 4
1
04. Air enters a diesel engine with a density of 1.0 kg/ v
m3. The compression ratio is 21. At steady state, the v3 v2 v3 v1
air intake is 30 × 10-3 kg/s and the net work output (a) v (b) v (c) v (d) v
1 1 2 3

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad  Delhi  Pune  Bengaluru Lucknow  Chennai  Vijayawada  Vizag  Tirupati  Kolkata  Ahmedabad
 444 Thermodynamics

08. For an air-standard Diesel cycle, P

(GATE–20–SET–2) kN/m2
(a) heat addition is at constant pressure and heat 500
rejection is at constant pressure
(b) heat addition is at constant volume and heat 200
rejection is at constant volume
(c) heat addition is at constant pressure and heat
0.01 0.03 V(m3)
rejection is at constant volume.
(d) heat rejection is at constant volume and heat
rejection is at constant pressure 04. Isentropic compression of saturated vapour of all
ÀXLGVOHDGVWRVXSHUKHDWHGYDSRXU
(True/False) (GATE-ME -94)

Two Marks Questions 05. List – I (Heat Engines) (GATE-ME -95)

A. Gas Turbine
01. In air – standard Otto cycle the terminal pressures at B. Petrol Engine
the end of compression, heat release and expansion C. Stirling Engine
are respectively P2, P3 and P4. If the corresponding D. Diesel Engine
values are P2c, P3c, and P4c, taking into account the List – II (Cycles)
HIIHFWRIYDULDEOHVSHFL¿FKHDWDQGGLVVRFLDWLRQRI 1. Constant volume heat addition and constant
WKHZRUNLQJÀXLGWKHQ (GATE-ME -89) volume heat rejection
(a) P2 < P2c and P3 > P3c 2. Constant pressure heat addition and constant
(b) P3 < P3c and P4 > P4c volume heat rejection
(c) P2 > P2c, P3 > P3c and P4 < P4c 3. Constant pressure heat addition and constant
(d) P2 >P2c, P3 > P3c pressure heat rejection
4. Heat addition at constant volume followed by
02. An air – standard Diesel cycle consists of: heat addition at constant temperature. Heat
(GATE-ME -90) rejection at constant volume followed by heat
(a) Two adiabatic and two constant volume rejection at constant temperature
processes
(b) Two constant volume and two isothermal 06. In order to burn 1 kilogram of CH4 completely, the
processes. minimum number of kilograms of oxygen needed is
(c) One constant pressure, one constant volume (take atomic weights of H, C and O as 1, 12 and 16
and two adiabatic processes. respectively) (GATE-ME -95)
(d) One constant pressure, one constant volume (a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6
and two isothermal processes.
07. Consider a two stage reciprocating air compressor
03. The Figure below shows a thermodynamic cycle with a perfect intercooler operating at the best
undergone by a certain system. Find the mean intermediate pressure. Air enters the low pressure
effective pressure in kPa (GATE-ME -93) cylinder at 1 bar, 27qC and leaves the high pressure
cylinder at 9 bar. Assume the index of compression
and expansion in each stage is 1.4, and that for air R

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad  Delhi  Pune  Bengaluru Lucknow  Chennai  Vijayawada  Vizag  Tirupati  Kolkata  Ahmedabad
 445 Air Cycles

= 286.7 J/kgK. The work done per kg air in the high output per cycle per kg of air is (GATE-ME -04)
pressure cylinder is (GATE-ME -97) (a) 879.1 kJ (b) 890.2 kJ (c) 895.3 kJ (d) 973.5 kJ
(a) 111 kJ (b) 222 kJ (c) 37 kJ (d) 74 kJ
14. A reversible thermodynamic cycle containing
08. Air (Cp= 1 kJ/kgK, J = 1.4) enters a compressor at a only three processes and producing work is to be
temperature of 27qC. The compressor pressure ratio constructed. The constraints are (GATE-ME -05)
LV$VVXPLQJDQHI¿FLHQF\RIWKHFRPSUHVVRU (i) there must be one isothermal process,
work required in kJ/kg is (GATE-ME-98) (ii) there must be one isentropic process,
(a) 160 (b) 172 (c) 182 (d) 225 (iii) the maximum and minimum cycle pressures
DQGWKHFOHDUDQFHYROXPHDUH¿[HG
09. A single-acting two-stage compressor with complete (iv) polytropic processes are not allowed.
inter cooling delivers air at 16 bar. Assuming an Then the number of possible cycles are
intake state of 1 bar at 15qC, the pressure ratio per (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
state is (GATE-ME -01)
(a) 16 (b) 8 (c) 4 (d) 2 Common Data for Q.Nos. 15 & 16
In two air standard cycles – one operating on the Otto
10. In a spark ignition engine working on the ideal Otto and the other on the Brayton cycle – air is isentropically
cycle, the compression ratio is 5.5. The work output compressed from 300 to 450 K. Heat is added to raise the
per cycle (i.e., area of the P-V diagram) is equal temperature to 600 K in the Otto cycle and to 550 K in
to 23.625 × 105 × VC J, where VC is the clearance the Brayton cycle.
volume in m3. The indicated mean effective pressure 15. If K0 and KB DUH WKH HI¿FLHQFLHV RI WKH 2WWR DQG
is (GATE-ME -01) Brayton cycles, then (GATE-ME -05)
(a) 4.295 bar (b) 5.250 bar (a) K0 = 0.25, KB = 0.18
(c) 86.870 bar (d) 106.300 bar (b) K0 = KB = 0.33
(c) K0 = 0.5, KB = 0.45
11. An ideal air standard Otto cycle has a compression G ,W LV QRW SRVVLEOH WR FDOFXODWH WKH HI¿FLHQFLHV
UDWLRRI,IWKHUDWLRRIWKHVSHFL¿FKHDWVRIDLUJ) unless the temperature after the expansion is
LVZKDWLVWKHWKHUPDOHI¿FLHQF\LQSHUFHQWDJH given
of the Otto cycle? (GATE-ME -02)
(a) 57.5 (b) 45.7 (c) 52.5 (d) 95 16. If W0 and WB are work outputs per units mass,
then (GATE-ME -05)
12. For an engine operating on air standard Otto cycle, (a) W0 > WB
the clearance volume is 10% of the swept volume. (b) W0 < WB
7KHVSHFL¿FKHDWUDWLRRIDLULV7KHDLUVWDQGDUG (c) W0 = WB
F\FOHHI¿FLHQF\LV  (GATE-ME -03) (d) It is not possible to calculate the work outputs
(a) 38.3% (b) 39.8 % (c) 60.2% (d) 61.7% unless the temperature after expansion is given

13. An engine working on air standard Otto cycle has a 17. Group I shows different heat addition processes in
cylinder diameter of 10 cm and stroke length of 15 power cycles. Likewise, Group II shows different
FP7KHUDWLRRIVSHFL¿FKHDWVIRUDLULV,IWKH heat removal process. Group III lists power cycles.
clearance volume is 196.3 cc and the heat supplied Match items from Groups I, II and III
per kg of air per cycle is 1800 kJ/kg, then work (GATE-ME -06)

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad  Delhi  Pune  Bengaluru Lucknow  Chennai  Vijayawada  Vizag  Tirupati  Kolkata  Ahmedabad
 446 Thermodynamics

19. The above cycle is represented on T-S plane by

Group I Group II Group III (a) T (GATE-ME -07)
(b) T
3 3 1
P. Pressure S. Pressure 1. Rankine
constant constant cycle 1
2
2
Q.Volume T. Volume 2. Otto cycle S S
constant constant
3. Carnot
Cycle (c) T
3
(d) T
3
R. Temperature U.Temperature 1
4. Diesel
constant constant 1
cycle 2 2
5. Brayton S S
cycle
(a) P-S-5 (b) P-S-1  ,IWKHVSHFL¿FKHDWVRIWKHZRUNLQJÀXLGDUHFRQVWDQW
R-U-3 R-U-3 DQG WKH YDOXH RI VSHFL¿F KHDW UDWLR J is 1.4, the
P-S-1 P-S-4 WKHUPDOHI¿FLHQF\RIWKHF\FOHLV 
Q-T-2 P-T-2 (GATE-ME -07)
(c) R-T-1 (b) P-T-4 (a) 21 (b) 40.9 (c) 42.6 (d) 59.7
P-S-1 R-S-3
P-T-4 P-S-1 21. In an air-standard Otto cycle, the compression
Q-S-5 P-S-5 ratio is 10. The condition at the beginning of the
compression process is 100 kPa and 27qC. Heat
18. The Stroke and bore of a four stroke spark ignition added at constant volume is 1500 kJ/kg, while 700
engine are 250 mm and 200 mm respectively. The kJ/kg of heat is rejected during the other constant
clearance volume is 0.001 m3 ,I WKH VSHFL¿F KHDW YROXPHSURFHVVLQWKHF\FOH6SHFL¿FJDVFRQVWDQW
ratio J WKHDLUVWDQGDUGF\FOHHI¿FLHQF\RIWKH for air = 0.287 kJ/kgK. The mean effective pressure
engine is (GATE-ME-07) (in kPa) of the cycle is (GATE-ME-09)
(a) 46.40% (b) 56.10% (a) 103 (b) 310 (c) 515 (d) 1032
(c) 58.20% (d) 62.80%.
22. A turbo-charged four-stroke direct injection diesel
Common Data for Q.Nos. 19 & 20 engine has a displacement volume of 0.0259 m3
$WKHUPRG\QDPLFF\FOHZLWKDQLGHDOJDVZRUNLQJÀXLG (25.9 liters). The engine has an output of 950 kW at
is shown below. 2200 rpm. The mean effective pressure (in MPa) is
closest to (GATE-ME -10)
P (a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 0.2 (d) 0.1
400 kPa 3
23. The crank radius of a single-cylinder I.C. engine is
J
PV constant 60 mm and the diameter of the cylinder is 80 mm.
The swept volume of the cylinder in cm3 is
100 kPa 1 (GATE-ME -12)
2
(a) 48 (b) 96 (c) 302 (d) 603
1 m3 V1 V

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad  Delhi  Pune  Bengaluru Lucknow  Chennai  Vijayawada  Vizag  Tirupati  Kolkata  Ahmedabad
 447 Air Cycles

24. A diesel engine has a compression ratio of 17 and  $Q DLU VWDQGDUG 2WWR F\FOH KDV WKHUPDO HI¿FLHQF\
cut-off takes place at 10% of the stroke. Assuming of 0.5 and the mean effective pressure of the cycle
UDWLR RI VSHFL¿F KHDWV J) as 1.4, the air-standard LVN3D)RUDLUDVVXPHVSHFL¿FKHDWUDWLRJ =
HI¿FLHQF\LQSHUFHQWLVBBBBBBBBBB  DQG VSHFL¿F JDV FRQVWDQW 5   N-NJ.
(GATE-ME-14-SET-3) If the pressure and temperature at the beginning
of the compression stroke are 100 kPa and 300 K,
25. In a compression ignition engine, the inlet air UHVSHFWLYHO\ WKHQ WKH VSHFL¿F QHW ZRUN RXWSXW RI
pressure is 1 bar and the pressure at the end of the cycle is ______ kJ/kg (round off to two decimal
isentropic compression is 32.42 bar. The expansion places). (GATE–19–SET–2)
UDWLRLV$VVXPLQJUDWLRRIVSHFL¿FKHDWVJ) as 1.4,
WKHDLUVWDQGDUGHI¿FLHQF\LQSHUFHQWLVBBBBBBB 31. The indicated power developed by an engine with
(GATE-ME -14-SET-4)
compression ratio of 8, is calculated using an air-
standard Otto cycle (constant properties). The rate
26. In an air-standard Otto cycle, air is supplied at 0.1
RIKHDWDGGLWLRQLVN:7KHUDWLRRIVSHFL¿FKHDWV
03DDQG.7KHUDWLRRIWKHVSHFL¿FKHDWVJ)
at constant pressure and constant volume is 1.4. The
DQGWKHVSHFL¿FJDVFRQVWDQW5RIDLUDUHDQG
PHFKDQLFDOHI¿FLHQF\RIWKHHQJLQHLVSHUFHQW
288.8 J/kg.K, respectively. If the compression ratio
The brake power output of the engine is ___ kW
is 8 and the maximum temperature in the cycle is
(round off to one decimal place).
2660 K, the heat (in kJ/kg) supplied to the engine is
(GATE–20–SET–1)
_______ (GATE-ME -14-SET-1)
32. Keeping all other parameters identical, the
27. For the same values of peak pressure, peak
compression ratio (CR) of an air standard diesel
temperature and heat rejection, the correct order of
cycle is increased from 15 to 21. Take ratio of
HI¿FLHQFLHVIRU2WWRGXDODQGGLHVHOF\FOHVLV
VSHFL¿F KHDWV   DQG FXWRII UDWLR RI WKH F\FOH
(GATE –15 –Set 2)
rc = 2. The difference between the new and the
(a) Kotto > Kdual> KDiesel (b) Kdiesel > KDual > Kotto
ROG HI¿FLHQF\ YDOXHV LQ SHUFHQWDJH  Șnew|CR=21) -
(c) KDual > KDiesel > Kotto (d) Kdiesel > Kotto > Kdual
(Kold|CR=15) = _________% (round off to one decimal
place). (GATE–20–SET–2)
28. An engine working on air standard Otto cycle
is supplied with air at 0.1 MPa and 35qC. The
compression ratio is 8. The heat supplied is 500 kJ/
kg. Property data for air: cp = 1.005 kJ/kgK, cv = Five Marks Questions
0.718 kJ/kg K, R = 0.287 kJ/kg K. The maximum
temperature (in K) of the cycle is _____ (correct to 01. The exhaust gas composition obtained from an
one decimal place). (GATE – 18 – SET – 1) Orsat apparatus in a test on a spark ignition engine
is as follows: CO2 = 11 percent, O2 = 0.4 percent
29. A vehicle powered by a spark ignition engine and CO = 9 percent. If the fuel is Iso-Octane (C8
follows air standard Otto cycle (J = 1.4). The H18). Determine the Air/Fuel ratio of the mixture
engine generates 70 kW while consuming 10.3 kg/ supplied to the engine. Assume molecular weight
KURIIXHO7KHFDORUL¿FYDOXHRIIXHOLVN- of Air = 29, H2 = 2.0 and C = 12.0. Molar ratio of
kg. The compression ratio is ______ (correct to two Nitrogen to oxygen in air is 3.76 (GATE-ME-89)
decimal places). (GATE–18–SET–2)

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad  Delhi  Pune  Bengaluru Lucknow  Chennai  Vijayawada  Vizag  Tirupati  Kolkata  Ahmedabad
 448 Thermodynamics

02. A four cylinder, four stroke compression ignition DLUVWDQGDUG2WWRF\FOH$OVRFDOFXODWHWKHVSHFL¿F

engine develops an indicated power output of 150 ZRUNDQGWKHWKHUPDOHI¿FLHQF\RIWKHF\FOHIRUD
kW at 150 rpm. The stroke is 1.5 times the bore and compression ratio of 8 : 1 [Take CV(air) as 0.72 kJ/
the indicated mean effective pressure (imep) is 6.0 Cp
kg K and e o = 1.4] (GATE-ME-98)
bar. Determine the dimensions of the cylinder. CV air
(GATE-ME-90)
07. A large diesel engine runs on four stroke cycle at
03. A double acting single stage compressor running at 2000 rpm. The engine has a displacement of 25 liter
200 rpm has an average piston speed of 3 m/s. Its and a brake mean effective pressure of 0.6 MN/m2.
indicated horse power is 50 hp while compressing ,W FRQVXPHV  NJV RI IXHO FDORUL¿F YDOXH 
air from 1 bar to 6 bar with a compression index 42000 kJ/kg). Determine the brake power and the
of 1.2. If the temperature of air at inlet is 20qC, EUDNHWKHUPDOHI¿FLHQF\ (GATE-ME-99)
determine the dimensions of the cylinder neglecting
clearance. (GATE-ME-91) 08. An isentropic air turbine is used to supply 0.1
kg/s of air at 0.1 MN/m2 and at 285 K to a cabin.
04. An air standard Otto cycle has a volumetric The pressure at inlet to the turbine is 0.4 MN/m2.
compression ratio of 6, the lowest cycle pressure of Determine the temperature at turbine inlet and the
0.1 MPa and operates between temperature limits power developed by the turbine. Assume CP = 1.0
of 27qC and 1569qC. (GATE- ME-94) kJ/kg K. (GATE-ME-99)
(a) Calculate the temperature and pressure after
WKH LVHQWURSLF H[SDQVLRQ 5DWLR RI VSHFL¿F 09. A single acting single cylinder reciprocating air
heats = 1.4). compressor running at 7.5 rev/s, takes in air at
(b) Since it is observed that values in are well 100 kPa, 27qC. The compressor delivers air at 600
above the lowest cycle operating conditions, N3DDWDÀRZUDWHRIP3/s measured at suction
the expansion process was allowed to continue conditions. Given that the percentage clearance is 4
down to a pressure of 0.1 MPa. Which process and that the index of compression and expansion is
is required to complete the cycle? Name the FDOFXODWHDWKHLGHDOYROXPHWULFHI¿FLHQF\DQG
cycle so obtained. (b) the cylinder bore and stroke, assuming the bore/
(c) Determine by what percentage the cycle stroke ratio is 0.8. (GATE-ME-00)
HI¿FLHQF\KDVEHHQLPSURYHG
10. A reciprocating compressor is to be designed
05. Propane (C3H8) is used as a fuel in an engine with to compress 4.5 kg/min of air from 100 kPa and
30% excess air. Assuming complete combustion 27qC through an overall pressure ratio of 9. The
determine the composition of exhaust gases on law of compression is PV1.3 = constant. Calculate
mass basis. Atomic weights are C = 12, O = 16, N the savings in power consumption and gain in
= 14, H = 1. Molar ratio of nitrogen to oxygen is LVRWKHUPDOHI¿FLHQF\ZKHQDWZRVWDJHFRPSUHVVRU
3.76. (GATE -ME-94) with complete inter-cooling is used in place of a
single stage compressor. Assume equal pressure
06. The minimum pressure and temperature in an ratio in both the stages of the two stage compressor.
Otto cycle are 100 kPa and 27qC. The amount of (Gas Constant = 0.287 kJ/kg-K). (GATE-ME-02)
heat added to the cycle is 1500 kJ/kg. Determine
the pressures and temperatures at all points of the

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad  Delhi  Pune  Bengaluru Lucknow  Chennai  Vijayawada  Vizag  Tirupati  Kolkata  Ahmedabad
 449 Air Cycles

KEY & Detailed Solutions v2

v1 1
0.04762
m3
21 21 kg
One Mark Questions P ]kWg
Wnet d
n
kJ
01. (d) 02. (d) 03. (b) 04. 525 kg m ^kg/ sech
MEP = =
^v1 − v2 h m ^v1 − v2 h m
3 3
05. (b) 06. 14.29% 07. (c) 08. (c)
kg kg
Two Marks Questions
01. (d) 02. (c) 03. 150 kPa 04. True 15
# -3
05. (*) 06. (b) 07. (a) 08. (c) 09. (c) = 30 10
^1 − 0.04762h
10. (b) 11. (a) 12. (d) 13. (d) 14. (d)
15
15. (b) 16. (a) 17. (a) 18. (c) 19. (d) 30 # 10 # 0.95238-3

20. (a) 21. (d) 22. (a) 23. (d) 24. 59.6% = 525 kPa
25.59.6% 26. 1409.63 kJ/kg 27. (b) 28. 1403.56
29. 7.61 30. 708.77 31. 4.5 32. 4.8 05. Ans: (b)
Sol: Heat supply = QS = Cp (T3T2)
Heat rejection = QR = Cv(T4  T1)
One Mark Solutions
T
P 3
QS
01. Ans: (d) 2 3
Sol: p=c s=c

Temperature
P 4 3 2
Pressure

4 s=c 4
T=c
T=c QR
1 v=c
0 1
1 2 Volume V Entrpoy s

V QR
ηdiesel = 1 −
QS
The Ericson cycle is made up of two reversible
isotherms and two reversible isobars. CV ^T4 − T1 h T −T
= 1− = 1 − 1 = 4 1G
CP _T3 − T2 i γ T3 − T2
02. Ans: (d)
Sol: Valve Bounce is represented by irregular area.
06. Ans: 14.29% (range 13.7 to 14.9)
03. Ans: (b) Sol: C3H8 + xO2 o aCO2 + bH2O
Sol: Intake and exhaust take place at constant pressure. Carbon balance:
a=3
04. Ans: 525 Hydrogen balance:
Sol: rk = 21 2b = 8 o b = 4

1 m3 Oxygen balance:
v1 = ρ = 1
1 kg 2x = 2a + b

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad  Delhi  Pune  Bengaluru Lucknow  Chennai  Vijayawada  Vizag  Tirupati  Kolkata  Ahmedabad
Chapter 9 Psychrometry
05. Dew point temperature is the temperature at which
One Mark Questions
condensation begins when the air is cooled at
constant (GATE-ME -06)
01. For air with a relative humidity of 80% (a) Volume (b) Entropy (c) Pressure (d) Enthalpy
(GATE-ME-03)
(a) the dry bulb temperature is less than the wet 06. If a mass of moist air in an airtight vessel is heated
bulb temperature to a higher temperature, then (GATE-ME-11)
(b) the dew point-temperature is less than wet  D6SHFL¿FKXPLGLW\RIWKHDLULQFUHDVHV
bulb temperature  E6SHFL¿FKXPLGLW\RIWKHDLUGHFUHDVHV
(c) the dew point and wet bulb temperatures are (c) Relative humidity of the air increases
equal (d) Relative humidity of the air decreases
(d) the dry bulb and dew point temperatures are
07. The pressure, dry bulb temperature and relative
equal
humidity of air in a room are 1 bar, 30qC and 70 %,
respectively. If the saturated steam pressure at 30qC
 'XULQJFKHPLFDOGHKXPLGL¿FDWLRQSURFHVVRIDLU
LVN3DWKHVSHFL¿FKXPLGLW\RIWKHURRPDLULQ
(GATE-ME-04)
kg water vapour/kg dry air is (GATE-ME -13)
D GU\ EXOE WHPSHUDWXUH DQG VSHFL¿F KXPLGLW\
(a) 0.0083 (b) 0.0101 (c) 0.0191 (d) 0.0232
decrease
E GU\ EXOE WHPSHUDWXUH LQFUHDVHV DQG VSHFL¿F 08. Moist air at 35qC and 100% relative humidity is
humidity decreases entering a psychrometric device and leaving at
F GU\ EXOE WHPSHUDWXUH GHFUHDVHV DQG VSHFL¿F 25qC and 100% relative humidity. The name of the
humidity increases device is (GATE-ME-14-SET-4)
G GU\ EXOE WHPSHUDWXUH DQG VSHFL¿F KXPLGLW\  D+XPLGL¿HU  E'HKXPLGL¿HU
increase (c) Sensible heater (d) Sensible cooler

03. For a typical sample of ambient air (at 35qC, 09. A sample of moist air at a total pressure of 85 kPa
75% relative humidity and standard atmospheric has a dry bulb temperature of 30qC (Saturation
pressure), the amount of moisture in kg per kg of vapour pressure of water = 4.24 kPa). If the air
dry air will be approximately (GATE-ME -05) sample has a relative humidity of 65 %, the absolute
(a) 0.02 (b) 0.027 (c) 0.25 (d) 0.75 humidity (in gram) of water vapour per kg of dry air
is ________ (GATE-ME-14-SET-3)
04. Water at 42qC is sprayed into a stream of air at
 $VWUHDPRIPRLVWDLUPDVVÀRZUDWH NJV
atmospheric pressure, dry bulb temperature of 40qC
with humidity ratio of 0.01 kg/kg dry air mixes
and a wet bulb temperature of 20qC. The air leaving
with a second stream of superheated water vapour
WKHVSUD\KXPLGL¿HULVQRWVDWXUDWHG:KLFKRIWKH
ÀRZLQJDWNJV$VVXPLQJSURSHUDQGXQLIRUP
following statements is true? (GATE-ME-05)
mixing with no condensation, the humidity ratio
 D$LUJHWVFRROHGDQGKXPLGL¿HG
RIWKH¿QDOVWUHDPe in o is ______.
 E$LUJHWVKHDWHGDQGKXPLGL¿HG
kg
kg.dry air
 F$LUJHWVKHDWHGDQGGHKXPLGL¿HG
 G$LUJHWVFRROHGDQGGHKXPLGL¿HG (GATE –15 –Set 1)

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad  Delhi  Pune  Bengaluru Lucknow  Chennai  Vijayawada  Vizag  Tirupati  Kolkata  Ahmedabad
 461 Psychrometry

11. If a mass of moist air contained in a closed metallic List II

vessel is heated, then its (GATE–17–SET–2) (a) Dry bulb temperature increases, but dew –
(a) relative humidity decreases point temperature decreases.
(b) relative humidity increases (b) Dew – point temperature increases and Dry
 FVSHFL¿FKXPLGLW\LQFUHDVHV bulb temperature remains unchanged
 GVSHFL¿FKXPLGLW\GHFUHDVHV (c) Dry-bulb and wet – bulb temperatures decrease
(d) Dry – bulb temperature decreases, but dew –
point temperature increases
Two Marks Questions
05. For air at a given temperature, as the relative
01. Wet bulb depression, under saturated ambient air humidity is increased isothermally,
conditions: (GATE-ME-89) (GATE-ME -01)
(a) is always positive D WKHZHWEXOEWHPSHUDWXUHDQGVSHFL¿FHQWKDOS\
(b) is always negative increase
(c) is always zero E WKHZHWEXOEWHPSHUDWXUHDQGVSHFL¿FHQWKDOS\
(d) may have a value depending upon the dew decrease
point temperature F WKHZHWEXOEWHPSHUDWXUHLQFUHDVHVDQGVSHFL¿F
enthalpy decreases
02. Atmospheric air from 40qC and 60 percent relative (d) the wet bulb temperature decreases and
humidity can be brought to 20qC and 60 percent VSHFL¿FHQWKDOS\LQFUHDVHV
relative humidity by: (GATE-ME-90)
 D&RROLQJDQGGHKXPLGL¿FDWLRQSURFHVV 06. Dew point temperature of air at one atmospheric
 E&RROLQJDQGKXPLGL¿FDWLRQSURFHVV pressure (1.013 bar) is 18qC. The air dry bulb
(c) Adiabatic saturation process temperature is 30qC. The saturation pressure
(d) Sensible cooling process of water at 18qC and 30qC are 0.02062 bar and
 EDU UHVSHFWLYHO\ 7KH VSHFL¿F KHDW RI DLU
03. If moist air is cooled by sensible heat removal, and water vapour respectively are 1.005 and 1.88
which of the following is true? (GATE-ME-91) kJ/kg K and the latent heat of vaporization of water
D 1HLWKHUUHODWLYHKXPLGLW\QRUVSHFL¿FKXPLGLW\ at 0q&LVN-NJ7KHVSHFL¿FKXPLGLW\N-NJ
changes of dry air) and enthalpy (kJ/kg of dry air) of this
E 6SHFL¿F KXPLGLW\ FKDQJHV EXW QRW UHODWLYH moist air respectively, are (GATE-ME -04)
humidity (a) 0.01051, 52.64 (b) 0.01291, 63.15
F %RWK UHODWLYH KXPLGLW\ DQG VSHFL¿F KXPLGLW\ (c) 0.01481, 78.60 (d) 0.1532, 81.40
change
(d) None of the above 07. Various psychrometric processes are shown in the
¿JXUHEHORZ (GATE-ME -05)
04. Select statements from List II matching the
processes in List I. Entry your answer as D, C if the
correct choice for (1) is (D) and that for (2) is (C) 5 Z(kg/kg .da)
4 1
List -I (GATE-ME -99)
0
 &RROLQJDQGGHKXPLGL¿FDWLRQ 3 2
 &KHPLFDOGHKXPLGL¿FDWLRQ
t(0c)

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad  Delhi  Pune  Bengaluru Lucknow  Chennai  Vijayawada  Vizag  Tirupati  Kolkata  Ahmedabad
 462 Thermodynamics

Process in Figure (GATE-ME -06)

P. 0 – 1 (a) 10.3qC (b) –10.3qC (c) –14.5qC (d) 14.5qC
Q. 0 – 2
R. 0 – 3  $WPRVSKHULF DLU DW D ÀRZ UDWH RI  NJV RQ GU\
S. 0 – 4 basis) enters cooling and dehumidifying coil with
T. 0 – 5 an enthalpy of 85 kJ/kg of dry air and a humidity
Name of the process ratio of 19 grams/kg of dry air. The air leaves the
&KHPLFDOGHKXPLGL¿FDWLRQ coil with an enthalpy of 43 kJ/kg of dry air and
2. Sensible heating a humidity ratio of 8 grams/kg of dry air. If the
&RROLQJDQGGHKXPLGL¿FDWLRQ condensate water leaves the coil with an enthalpy
+XPLGL¿FDWLRQZLWKVWHDPLQMHFWLRQ of 67 kJ/kg, the required cooling capacity of the coil
+XPLGL¿FDWLRQZLWKZDWHULQMHFWLRQ in kW is (GATE-ME -07)
The matching pairs are (a) 75.0 (b) 123.8 (c) 128.2 (d) 159.0
Codes:
(a) P – 1, Q – 2, R – 3, S – 4, T – 5 11. Moist air at a pressure of 100 kPa is compressed to
(b) P – 2, Q – 1, R – 3, S – 5, T – 4 500 kPa and then cooled to 35qC in an after cooler.
(c) P – 2, Q – 1, R – 3, S – 4, T – 5 The air at the entry to the after cooler is unsaturated
(d) P – 3, Q – 4, R – 5, S – 1, T – 2 DQG EHFRPH MXVW VDWXUDWHG DW WKH H[LW RI WKH DIWHU
cooler. The saturation pressure of water at 35qC
08. The statements concern psychrometric chart. is 5.628 kPa. The partial pressure of water vapour
(GATE-ME -06) (in kPa) in the moist air entering the compressor is
1. Constant relative humidity lines are uphill closest to (GATE-ME-08)
straight lines to the right (a) 0.57 (b) 1.13 (c) 2.26 (d) 4.52
2. Constant wet bulb temperature lines are
downhill straight lines to the right 12. Air (at atmospheric pressure) at a dry bulb
 &RQVWDQW VSHFL¿F YROXPH OLQHV DUH GRZQKLOO temperature of 40qC and wet bulb temperature
straight lines to the right of 20q& LV KXPLGL¿HG LQ DQ DLU ZDVKHU RSHUDWLQJ
4. Constant enthalpy lines are coincident with with continuous water recirculation. The wet bulb
constant wet bulb temperature lines. depression (i.e. the difference between the dry and
Which of the statements are correct? wet bulb temperatures) at the exit is 25% of that
(a) 2 and 3 (b) 1 and 2 (c) 1 and 3 (d) 2 and 4 at the inlet. The dry bulb temperature at the exit of
the air washer is closest to (GATE-ME-08)
 $ WKLQ OD\HU RI ZDWHU LQ D ¿HOG LV IRUPHG DIWHU D (a) 10qC (b) 20qC (c) 25qC (d) 30qC
farmer has watered it. The ambient air conditions
are: temperature 20qC and relative humidity 5%. 13. A moist air sample has dry bulb temperature of
An extract of steam tables is given below. 30q&DQGVSHFL¿FKXPLGLW\RIJZDWHUYDSRXU
Temp (qC) per kg dry air. Assume molecular weight of air as
–15 –10 –5 0.01 5 10 15 20
Saturation 28.93. If the saturation vapour pressure of water at
Pressure (kPa) 0.10 0.26 0.40 0.61 0.87 1.23 1.71 2.34 30qC is 4.24 kPa and the total pressure is 90 kPa,
Neglecting the heat transfer between the water and then the relative humidity (in %) of air sample is
WKHJURXQGWKHZDWHUWHPSHUDWXUHLQWKH¿HOGDIWHU (GATE-ME -10)
phase equilibrium is reached equals. (a) 50.5 (b) 38.5 (c) 56.5 (d) 68.5

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad  Delhi  Pune  Bengaluru Lucknow  Chennai  Vijayawada  Vizag  Tirupati  Kolkata  Ahmedabad
 463 Psychrometry

14. A room contains 35 kg of dry air and 0.5 kg of water 19. Ambient air is at a pressure of 100 kPa, dry bulb
vapor. The total pressure and temperature of air in temperature of 30qC and 60% relative humidity.
the room are 100 kPa and 25qC respectively. Given The saturation pressure of water at 30qC is 4.24
that the saturation pressure for water at 25qC is 3.17 N3D 7KH VSHFL¿F KXPLGLW\ RI DLU LQ JNJ RI GU\
kPa, the relative humidity of the air in the room is air) is ______ (correct to two decimal places).
(GATE-ME-12) (GATE–18–SET–2)
(a) 67% (b) 55% (c) 83% (d) 71%
20. Moist air at 105 kPa, 30oC and 80% relative
15. Air in a room is at 35qC and 60% relative humidity KXPLGLW\ÀRZVRYHUDFRROLQJFRLOLQDQLQVXODWHG
(RH). The pressure in the room is 0.1 MPa. The air-conditioning duct. Saturated air exits the duct
saturation pressure of water at 35qC is 5.63 kPa. at 100 kPa and 15oC. The saturation pressures of
The humidity ratio of the air (in gram/kg of dry air) water at 30oC and 15oC are 4.24 kPa and 1.7 kPa
is_______ (GATE–15–Set 3) respectively. Molecular weight of water is 18 g/mol
and that of air is 28.94 g/mol. The mass of water
16. The partial pressure of water vapour in a moist air condensing out from the duct is ______ g/kg of dry
sample of relative humidity 70% is 1.6 kPa, the air (Round off to the nearest integer).
total pressure being 101.325 kPa. Moist air may be (GATE–20–SET–2)
treated as an ideal gas mixture of water vapour and
dry air. The relation between saturation temperature
(TS in K) and saturation pressure (PS in kPa) for Five Marks Questions
water is given by
ln(PS/PO) = 14.317 – 5304/Ts, 01 In an air conditioning system, air is to be cooled and
where PO = 101.325 kPa. The dry bulb temperature GHKXPLGL¿HGE\PHDQVRIDFRROLQJFRLO
of the moist air sample (in qC) is ________ The data are as follows: (GATE-ME-88)
(GATE–16–SET–2) Initial condition of the air at the inlet to the cooling
Dry bulb temperature = 25qC.
17. In a mixture of dry air and water vapor at a total Partial pressure of water vapour = 0.019 bar
pressure of 750 mm of Hg, the partial pressure of Absolute total pressure = 1.02 bar (102 kPa)
water vapor is 20 mm of Hg. The humidity ratio of Final condition of the air at the exit of the cooling
the air in grams of water vapor per kg of dry air (gw/ coil:
kgda) is _______ (GATE–16–SET–3) Dry bulb temperature = 15qC.
Relative humidity = 90%
18. Moist air is treated as an ideal gas mixture of water Absolute total pressure = 1.02 bar (102 kPa).
vapour and dry air (molecular weight of air = 28.84 Other data are us follows:
and molecular weight of water = 18). At a location,  6SHFL¿FJDVFRQVWDQWIRUDLU -NJ.
the total pressure is 100 kPa, the temperature is  6SHFL¿FJDVFRQVWDQWIRUZDWHUYDSRXU -NJ.
30qC and the relative humidity is 55%. Given that Saturation pressure for water at 45qC = 0.017 bar
the saturation pressure of water at 30qC is 4246 (1.7 kPa)
kPa, the mass of water vapour per kg of dry air is Enthalpy of dry air = 1.005 t kJ/kg.
__________ grams. (GATE–17–SET–1) Enthalpy of water vapour h = (2500 + 1.88t) kJ/kg.
where t is temperature in qC.
Determine

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad  Delhi  Pune  Bengaluru Lucknow  Chennai  Vijayawada  Vizag  Tirupati  Kolkata  Ahmedabad
 464 Thermodynamics

(a) Moisture removed from air per kg of dry air, (c) Adiabatic saturation
(b) Heat removed by the cooling coil per kg of dry  G,VRWKHUPDOKXPLGL¿FDWLRQ
air.  H&RROLQJDQGGHKXPLGL¿FDWLRQ
 I&KHPLFDOGHKXPLGL¿FDWLRQ
02. 20 kg/s of air at 30qC and a humidity ratio of 0.01 kg
water vapour/kg air are mixed with 12 kg/s of air at
KEY & Detailed Solutions
38qC and a humidity ratio of 0.02 kg water vapour/
kg air. If there is no external addition or removal of One Mark Questions
moisture and heat, determine the temperature and
KXPLGLW\UDWLRRIWKHUHVXOWDQWDLUVWHDPIURP¿UVW 01. (b) 02. (b) 03. (b) 04. (b) 05. (c)
principles. Indicate the process on a psychrometric 06. (d) 07. (c) 08. (b) 09. 20.84
chart. (GATE-ME-89) 10. 0.02 11. (a)
Two Marks Questions
03. In an air–conditioning system 200 m3/min air is
01. (c) 02. (a) 03. (d) 04. (*) 05. (a)
FRROHG DQG GHKXPLGL¿HG IURP q& DQG VSHFL¿F
humidity 0.014 kg/kg of dry air to 16qC and 06. (b) 07. (b) 08. (a) 09. (c) 10. (b)
VSHFL¿FKXPLGLW\NJNJRIGU\DLU'UDZWKH 11. (b) 12. (c) 13. (b) 14. (d)
psychrometric process and calculate the sensible 15. 21.745 16. 19.89°C
heat factor. Average property values may be taken 17. 17.0410 18. 14.87 19. 16.236
as: (GATE-ME -90)
20. 10
Density of air, U = 1.2 kg/kg of dry air
 6SHFL¿FKHDWRIDLU&P = 1.0216 kJ/kg K
Latent heat of water, h1 = 2500 kJ/kg
One Mark Solutions
04. At a location where the atmospheric pressure is 960
milli bar, the temperature is 30qC and the relative 01. Ans: (b)
humidity 60%, calculate the humidity ratio, degree Sol:
of saturation, enthalpy and dew point. Assume that 80% RH
air and water vapour may be treated as perfect gases.
DPT WBT
The following data may be used:
Mair = 29; Mwater = 18;
Universal Gas constant= 8.314 kJ/kg mole K DBT
CPa = 1 kJ/kg K, CPw = 4.186 kJ/kg K
Vapour pressure of water follows the equation
02. Ans: (b)
5325
ln P = 19.013 – , P in kPa & T in K Sol:
T
(GATE-ME-94) 1
2
05. On the psychometric chart consider a point at a
given dry and wet bulb temperature. At this point
show directions of (GATE-ME -95)
(a) Sensible cooling
(b) Sensible heating

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad  Delhi  Pune  Bengaluru Lucknow  Chennai  Vijayawada  Vizag  Tirupati  Kolkata  Ahmedabad
Chapter 10 Rankine Cycle
07. A Curtis stage, Rateau stage and a 50% reaction
One Mark Questions
stage in a steam turbine are examples of
(GATE-ME-98)
01. For a given set of operating pressure limits of a (a) different types of impulse stages
5DQNLQHF\FOHWKHKLJKHVWHI¿FLHQF\RFFXUVIRU (b) different types of reaction stages
(GATE-ME-94) (c) a simple impulse stage, a velocity compounded
(a) Saturated cycle (b) Superheated cycle impulse stage and reaction stage
(c) Reheat cycle (d) Regenerative cycle (d) a velocity compounded impulse stage, a
pressure compounded stage and a reaction
02. For a single stage impulse turbine with rotor stage
diameter of 2 m and a speed of 3000 rpm when the
nozzle angle is 20q, the optimum velocity of steam 08. Which of the following is a pressure compounded
in m/s is (GATE-ME-94) turbine? (GATE-ME-00)
(a) 334 (b) 356 (c) 668 (d) 711 (a) Parsons (b) Curtis (c) Rateau (d) all the three

 ,Q DGLDEDWLF ÀRZ ZLWK IULFWLRQ WKH VWDJQDWLRQ 09. The Rateau turbine belongs to the category of
temperature along a streamline ___________ (a) pressure compounded turbine (GATE-ME 01)
(increases/remains constant) (GATE-ME-95) (b) reaction turbine
(c) velocity compounded turbine
04. Consider a Rankine cycle with superheat. If  GUDGLDOÀRZWXUELQH
the maximum pressure in the cycle is increased
without changing the maximum temperature and 10. In a Rankine cycle, regeneration results in higher
the minimum pressure, the dryness fraction of HI¿FLHQF\EHFDXVH(GATE-ME-03)
steam after the isentropic expansion will increase / (a) pressure inside the boiler increases
decrease (GATE-ME-95) (b) heat is added before steam enters the low
pressure turbine
05. Which among the following is the boiler (c) average temperature of heat addition in the
mounting? (GATE-ME-97) boiler increases
(a) Blow-off cock (b) Feed pump (d) total work delivered by the turbine increases
(c) Economizer (d) Super-heater
11. Considering the variation of static pressure and
06. If VN and D are the nozzle exit velocity and nozzle absolute velocity in an impulse steam turbine,
angle in an impulse turbine, the optimum blade across one row of moving blades (GATE-ME-03)
velocity is given by (GATE-ME-98) (a) both pressure and velocity decrease
(b) pressure decreases but velocity increases
(a) VN cos 2α (b) VN sin 2α (c) pressure remains constant, while velocity
increases
VN cos α VN sin α
(c) (d) (d) pressure remains constant, while velocity
2 2
decreases.

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad  Delhi  Pune  Bengaluru Lucknow  Chennai  Vijayawada  Vizag  Tirupati  Kolkata  Ahmedabad
 473 Rankine Cycle

12. In a power plant, water (density = 1000 kg/m3) is HI¿FLHQF\DQGUHGXFHVWKHPRLVWXUHFRQWHQWRIWKH

pumped from 80 kPa to 3 MPa. The pump has an steam at the turbine outlet ?(GATE – 19 – SET – 2)
LVHQWURSLF HI¿FLHQF\ RI  $VVXPLQJ WKDW WKH (a) Increasing the boiler pressure
temperature of the water remains the same, the (b) Increasing the turbine inlet temperature
VSHFL¿FZRUNLQN-NJVXSSOLHGWRWKHSXPSLV (c) Decreasing the condenser pressure
(GATE-ME-14-Set-1) (d) Decreasing the boiler pressure
(a) 0.34 (b) 2.48 (c) 2.92 (d) 3.43

Two Marks Questions

13. Which of the following statements regarding a
Rankine cycle with reheating are TRUE ?
(i) Increase in average temperature of heat addition 01. An economizer in a steam generator performs the
LL5HGXFWLRQLQWKHUPDOHI¿FLHQF\ function of: (GATE-ME-89)
(iii) Drier steam at the turbine exit.(GATE–15–Set 2) (a) Preheating the combustion air
(a) only (i) and (ii) are correct (b) Preheating the feed water
(b) only (ii) and (iii) are correct (c) Preheating the input fuel
(c) only (i) and (iii) are correct (d) Raising the temperature of steam
(d) (i) , (ii) and (iii) are correct
02. The fundamental objective of employing the
14. The INCORRECT statement about regeneration in condenser in a steam power plant is to (reduce/
vapor power cycle is that (GATE – 16 – SET – 1) increase) the ________ of steam. (GATE-ME-89)
(a) It increases the irreversibility by adding the
liquid with higher energy content to the steam 03. In the Rankine cycle when superheated steam is
generator used: (GATE-ME-90)
(b) Heat is exchanged between the expanding  D7KHUPDOHI¿FLHQF\LQFUHDVHV
ÀXLG LQ WKH WXUELQH DQG WKH FRPSUHVVHG ÀXLG (b) Steam consumption decreases
before heat addition (c) Steam dryness after expansion increases
(c) The principle is similar to the principle of (d) All of the above
Stirling gas cycle
(d) It is practically implemented by providing :KHQ LQLWLDOO\ GU\ DQG VDWXUDWHG VWHDP ÀRZV
feed water heaters through a nozzle, the ratio of actual discharge to
calculated discharge is (GATE-ME-90)
15. Select the correct statement for 50% reaction stage (a) Equal to 1.0
in the steam turbine. (GATE – 18 – SET – 2) (b) Greater than 1.0
(a) The rotor blade is symmetric. (c) Less than 1.0
(b) The stator blade is symmetric. (d) Independent of inlet conditions
F 7KH DEVROXWH LQOHW ÀRZ DQJOH LV HTXDO WR
DEVROXWHH[LWÀRZDQJOH 05. In a Rankine cycle heat is added (GATE-ME-91)
G 7KHDEVROXWHH[LWÀRZDQJOHLVHTXDOWRLQOHW (a) Reversibly at constant volume
angle of rotor blade. (b) Reversibly at constant temperature
(c) Reversibly at constant pressure and temperature
 :KLFK RQH RI WKH IROORZLQJ PRGL¿FDWLRQV RI WKH (d) Reversibly at constant pressure
simple ideal Rankine cycle increases the thermal

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad  Delhi  Pune  Bengaluru Lucknow  Chennai  Vijayawada  Vizag  Tirupati  Kolkata  Ahmedabad
 474 Thermodynamics

06. Velocity compounded steam turbine known as 44%. If 6% of the generated power is used to run
_________ (Curtis/Rateau) turbine uses the WKHDX[LOLDULHVWKHRYHUDOOSODQWHI¿FLHQF\LV
principle of converting entire______ (pressure (GATE-ME-96)
 YHORFLW\ HQHUJ\ EHIRUH HQWHULQJ WKH ¿UVW VWDJH (a) 34% (b) 39% (c) 45% (d) 30%
runner itself. (GATE-ME-91)
13. The following data pertains to a single stage impulse
07. Subsonic and supersonic diffusers have the steam turbine: (GATE-ME-97)
following geometry: (GATE-ME-92) Nozzle angle = 20q;
(a) Divergent and convergent respectively Blade velocity = 200 m/s;
(b) Both divergent Relative steam velocity at entry = 350 m/s;
(c) Both convergent Blade inlet angle = 30q;
(d) Convergent and divergent respectively Blade exit angle = 25q.
If blade friction is neglected the work done per kg
 %RLOHUUDWLQJLVXVXDOO\GH¿QHGLQWHUPVRI steam is
(GATE-ME 92)  DN- EN-FN-GN-
(a) Maximum temperature of steam in Kelvin
E+HDWWUDQVIHUUDWHLQN-KU 14. Consider an actual regenerative Rankine cycle
(c) Heat transfer area in metre2 with one open feed water heater. For each kg steam
(d) Steam output in kg/hr HQWHULQJWKHWXUELQHLIPNJVWHDPZLWKDVSHFL¿F
enthalpy of h1 is bled from the turbine, and the
09. In steam and other vapor cycles, the process of VSHFL¿FHQWKDOS\RIOLTXLGZDWHUHQWHULQJWKHKHDWHU
removing non-condensable is called: is h2, then h3WKHVSHFL¿FHQWKDOS\RIVDWXUDWHGOLTXLG
(a) Scavenging process (GATE-ME-92) leaving the heater is equal to (GATE-ME-97)
(b) Deaeration process (a) mh1 – (h2 – h1) (b) h1 – m(h2 – h1)
(c) Exhaust process (c) h2 – m (h2 – h1) (d) mh2 – (h2 – h1)
(d) Condensation process
15. Match the following
10. A steam turbine operating with less moisture is List – I List – II
BBBB PRUHOHVV HI¿FLHQW DQG BBBBB OHVVPRUH A. Steam nozzle 1. Mach Number
prone to blade damage. (GATE-ME 92) B. Compressible 2. Reaction Turbine
C. Surface tension 3. Biot Number
11. The equivalent evaporation (kg/hr) of a boiler D. Heat conduction 4. Nusselt Number
producing 2000 kg/hr of steam with enthalpy 5. Super saturation
FRQWHQWRIN-NJIURPIHHGZDWHUDWWHPSHUDWXUH 6. Weber Number
40q&OLTXLGHQWKDOS\ N-NJLV(QWKDOS\RI
vaporization of water at 100q& N-NJ 16. The isentropic heat drop in the nozzle of an impulse
(GATE-ME 93) VWHDP WXUELQH ZLWK D QR]]OH HI¿FLHQF\  EODGH
(a) 2000 (b) 2149 (c) 186 (d) 1649 velocity ratio 0.5, and mean blade velocity 150 m/s
LQN-NJLV  (GATE-ME-98)
 $ VWHDP SRZHU SODQW KDV WKH ERLOHU HI¿FLHQF\ RI (a) 50 (b) 40 (c) 60 (d) 75
 WXUELQH HI¿FLHQF\ PHFKDQLFDO RI 
JHQHUDWRUHI¿FLHQF\RIDQGF\FOHHI¿FLHQF\RI

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad  Delhi  Pune  Bengaluru Lucknow  Chennai  Vijayawada  Vizag  Tirupati  Kolkata  Ahmedabad
 475 Rankine Cycle

 )RUDFRPSUHVVLEOHÀXLGVRQLFYHORFLW\LV h3=3095kJ/kg

D $SURSHUW\RIWKHÀXLG(GATE-ME-00) 3
(b) always given by ^γRTh where J, R and T
1/2

Boiler
DUHUHVSHFWLYHO\WKHUDWLRRIVSHFL¿FKHDWVJDV
Turbine
constant and temperature in K
(c) always given by ^2P/2ρhS . Where P, U and s h4=2609kJ/kg
1/2 Reheater
h5=3170kJ/kg 4
are respectively pressure, density and entropy 5
G DOZD\VJUHDWHUWKDQWKHYHORFLW\RIÀXLGDWDQ\ h6=2165kJ/kg
2 Pump 6
location. h1=29.3kJ/kg
Condenser
1
 7KHHI¿FLHQF\RIVXSHUKHDW5DQNLQHF\FOHLVKLJKHU
than that of simple Rankine cycle because  7KHWKHUPDOHI¿FLHQF\RIWKHSODQWQHJOHFWLQJSXPS
(a) the enthalpy of main steam is higher for work is (GATE-ME-04)
superheat cycle (GATE-ME-02) (a) 15.8% (b) 41.1 % (c) 48.5% (d) 58.6%
(b) the mean temperature of heat addition is higher
for superheat cycle 21. The enthalpy at the pump discharge (h2) is
(c) the temperature of steam in the condenser is  DN-NJ EN-NJ(GATE-ME-04)
high  FN-NJ GN-NJ
(d) the quality of steam in the condenser is low
22. In the velocity diagram shown below, u = blade
19. Match the following (GATE-ME-03) YHORFLW\ &  DEVROXWH ÀXLG YHORFLW\ DQG : 
List – I List – II UHODWLYHYHORFLW\RIÀXLGDQGWKHVXEVFULSWVDQG
P. Curtis 1. Reaction steam turbine refer to inlet and outlet.
Q. Rateau 2. Gas turbine
u1=u2
R. Kaplan 3. Velocity compounding
S. Francis 4. Pressure compounding W1
5. Impulse water turbine C2
6. Axial turbine C1 W2
   0L[HGÀRZWXUELQH (a) an impulse turbine (GATE-ME-05)
8. Centrifugal pump (b) a reaction turbine
(a) P – 2 , Q – 1 , R – 7 , S – 6 (c) a centrifugal compressor
(b) P – 6 , Q – 3 , R – 4 , S – 4  GDQD[LDOÀRZFRPSUHVVRU
(c) P – 4 , Q – 1 , R – 6 , S – 2
(d) P – 3 , Q – 4 , R – 6 , S – 7 23. Determine the correctness or otherwise of the
following Assertion (a) and the Reason(r).
Common Data for Q.Nos. 20 & 21 Assertion(A) : In a power plant working on
Consider a steam power plant using a reheat cycle as a Rankine cycle, the regenerative feed water
shown. Steam leaves the boiler and enters the turbine KHDWLQJ LPSURYHV WKH HI¿FLHQF\ RI WKH VWHDP
at 4 MPa, 350qC (h3 N-NJ$IWHUH[SDQVLRQLQ turbine.
the turbine to 400 kPa (h4   N-NJ WKH VWHDP LV Reason(R): The regenerative feed water heating
reheated to 350qC (h5 N-NJDQGWKHQH[SDQGHG raises the average temperature of heat addition in
in a low pressure turbine to 10 kPa (h6 N-NJ the Rankine cycle. (GATE-ME-06)

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad  Delhi  Pune  Bengaluru Lucknow  Chennai  Vijayawada  Vizag  Tirupati  Kolkata  Ahmedabad
 476 Thermodynamics

(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct  DN-NJ  EN-NJ
Reason for A  FN-NJ  GN-NJ
(b) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct
reason for A Common Data for Q.Nos. 27 & 28
(c) Both A and R are false The inlet and the outlet conditions of steam for an
(d) A is false but R is true DGLDEDWLFVWHDPWXUELQHDUHDVLQGLFDWHGLQWKH¿JXUH7KH
notations are as usually followed.
24. Assertion (A): Condenser is an essential equipment
h1=3200kJ/kg h2=2600kJ/kgt
in a steam power plant. V1=160m/s V2=100m/s
Z1=10m Z2=6m
Reason(R) : )RU WKH VDPH PDVV ÀRZ UDWH DQG
P1=3Mpa P2=70kpa
the same pressure rise, a water pump requires
substantially less power than a steam compressor.
(GATE-ME-06)
 ,IPDVVÀRZUDWHRIVWHDPWKURXJKWKHWXUELQHLV
25. Which combination of the following statements is kg/s, the power output of the turbine (in MW) is
correct? (GATE-ME-07) (GATE-ME-09)
The incorporation of re-heater in a steam power (a) 12.157 (b) 12.941 (c) 168.001 (d) 168.785
plant.
3 DOZD\VLQFUHDVHVWKHWKHUPDOHI¿FLHQF\RIWKH 28. Assume the above turbine to be part of a simple
plant. Rankine cycle. The density of water at the inlet
Q: always increases the dryness fraction of steam to the pump is 1000 kg/m3. Ignoring kinetic and
at condenser inlet. SRWHQWLDO HQHUJ\ HIIHFWV WKH VSHFL¿F ZRUN LQ N-
R: always increases the mean temperature of heat kg) supplied to the pump is (GATE-ME-09)
addition (a) 0.293 (b) 0.351 (c) 2.930 (d) 3.510
6 DOZD\VLQFUHDVHVWKHVSHFL¿FZRUNRXWSXW
(a) P and S (b) Q and S Common Data for Q.Nos. 29 & 30
(c) P, R and S (d) P, Q, R and S In a steam power plant operating on the Rankine cycle,
steam enters the turbine at 4 MPa, 350qC and exits at a
26. A thermal power plant operates on a regenerative pressure of 15 kPa. Then it enters the condenser and exits
cycle with a single open feed water heater, as shown as saturated water. Next, a pump feeds back the water to
LQWKH¿JXUH)RUWKHVWDWHSRLQWVVKRZQWKHVSHFL¿F WKHERLOHU7KHDGLDEDWLFHI¿FLHQF\RIWKHWXUELQHLV
enthalpies are: h1 N-NJDQGK2 N-NJ The thermodynamic states of water and steam are given
The bleed to the feed-water heater is 20% of the in table.
ERLOHUVWHDPJHQHUDWLRQUDWH7KHVSHFL¿FHQWKDOS\ State KN-NJ VN-NJ. v(m3/kg)
at state 3 is (GATE-ME-08) Steam
4 MPa, 3092.5 6.5821 0.06645
Boiler feed Boiler Turbine
pump
35q C
Condenser
Water hf hg sf sg vf vg
1
15 kPa 225.94 2599.1 0.7549 8.0085 0.001014 10.02

3 2  KLVVSHFL¿FHQWKDOS\VLVVSHFL¿FHQWURS\DQGYWKH
VSHFL¿FYROXPHVXEVFULSWVIDQGJGHQRWHVDWXUDWHG
openfeed Condensate liquid state and saturated vapour state.
water heater extraction pump

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad  Delhi  Pune  Bengaluru Lucknow  Chennai  Vijayawada  Vizag  Tirupati  Kolkata  Ahmedabad
 477 Rankine Cycle

 7KHQHWZRUNRXWSXWN-NJRIWKHF\FOHLV the inlet and outlet of the blades. The blade inlet
(GATE-ME-10) DQGRXWOHWYHORFLW\WULDQJOHVDUHVKRZQLQWKH¿JXUH
(a) 498 (b) 775 (c) 860 (d) 957 $VVXPLQJQRORVVHVWKHVSHFL¿FZRUNLQ-NJLV
______. (GATE-ME-14-SET-3)
 +HDWVXSSOLHGN-NJWRWKHF\FOHLV(GATE-ME-10)
(a) 2372 (b) 2576 (c) 2863 (d) 3092
100m/s
78m/s
58.6m/s
31. The values of enthalpy of steam at the inlet and 78m/s
outlet of a steam turbine in a Rankine cycle are
N-NJDQGN-NJUHVSHFWLYHO\1HJOHFWLQJ 25o
25m/s
SXPSZRUNWKHVSHFL¿FVWHDPFRQVXPSWLRQLQNJ
kW-hour is (GATE-ME-11)
(a) 3.60 (b) 0.36 (c) 0.06 (d) 0.01  6WHDPZLWKVSHFL¿FHQWKDOS\KN-NJHQWHUV
an adiabatic turbine operating at steady state with
32. An ideal reheat Rankine Cycle operates between DÀRZUDWHNJV$VLWH[SDQGVDWDSRLQWZKHUH
the pressure limits of 10 kPa and 8 MPa, with K LV  N-NJ  NJV LV H[WUDFWHG IRU KHDWLQJ
reheat being done at 4 MPa. The temperature of purposes. The remaining 8.5 kg/s further expands to
steam at the inlets of both turbines is 500qC and the WKHWXUELQHH[LWZKHUHK N-NJ1HJOHFWLQJ
HQWKDOS\ RI VWHDP LV  N-NJ DW WKH H[LW RI WKH changes in kinetic and potential energies, the net
KLJKSUHVVXUHWXUELQHDQGN-NJDWWKHH[LWRI power output (in kW) of the turbine is ________
low pressure turbine. The enthalpy of water at the (GATE-ME-14-SET-4)
H[LWIURPWKHSXPSLVN-NJ8VHWKHIROORZLQJ
table for relevant data. 36. Steam enters a well insulated turbine and expands
Superheated steam Pressure v h s isentropically throughout. At an intermediate
temperature (qC) (MPa) (m3/kg) N-NJ N-NJ. pressure, 20 percent of the mass is extracted for
500 4 0.08644 3446 7.0922 process heating and the remaining steam expands
500 8 0.04177 3399 6.7266 isentropically to 9 kPa. Inlet to turbine P = 14 MPa,
 'LVUHJDUGLQJ WKH SXPS ZRUN WKH F\FOH HI¿FLHQF\ T = 560q&K N-NJV N-NJ.
(in percentage) is ______ (GATE-ME-14-SET-1)  ,QWHUPHGLDWHVWDJHK N-NJ
Exit of turbine : P = 9 kPa, hf N-NJ
33. Steam at a velocity of 10m/s enters the impulse hg N-NJVf N-NJ.
turbine stage with symmetrical blading having sg N-NJ.
blade angle 30q. The enthalpy drop in the stage  ,IWKHÀRZUDWHRIVWHDPHQWHULQJWKHWXUELQHLV
LVN-7KHQR]]OHDQJOHLVq. The maximum kg/s, then the work output (in MW) is ________
EODGHHI¿FLHQF\LQSHUFHQWLVBBBBB (GATE –15 –Set 1)
(GATE-ME-14-SET-2)
37. In a Rankine cycle, the enthalpies at turbine
34. At the inlet of an axial impulse turbine rotor, the HQWU\ DQG RXWOHW DUH  N-NJ DQG  N-NJ
blade linear speed is 25 m/s, the magnitude of UHVSHFWLYHO\,IWKHVSHFL¿FSXPSZRUNLVN-NJ
absolute velocity is 100 m/s and the angle between WKHVSHFL¿FVWHDPFRQVXPSWLRQLQNJN:KRIWKH
them is 25q. The relative velocity and the axial cycle based on net output is ________
component of velocity remain the same between (GATE –15 –Set 2)

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad  Delhi  Pune  Bengaluru Lucknow  Chennai  Vijayawada  Vizag  Tirupati  Kolkata  Ahmedabad
 478 Thermodynamics

38. In a steam power plant operating on an ideal T

Rankine cycle, superheated steam enters the turbine 1
at 3 MPa and 350qC. The condenser pressure is 75
N3D7KHWKHUPDOHI¿FLHQF\RIWKHF\FOHLVBBBBBBB 6
5 2
percent.
4 3
Given data:
For saturated liquid, at P = 75 kPa,
hf N-NJ S
vf = 0.001037 m3/kg,
sf N-NJ.  7KHPDVVÀRZUDWHRIVWHDPEOHGIURPWKHWXUELQH
At 75 kPa, hfg N-NJ DV D SHUFHQWDJH RI WKH WRWDO PDVV ÀRZ UDWH DW WKH
sfg N-NJ. inlet to the turbine at state 1 is _______.
At P = 3 MPa and (GATE – 19 – SET – 1)
T = 350q C (Superheated steam),
 K N-NJ 41. For an ideal Rankine cycle operating between
 V N-NJ. (GATE – 16 – SET – 1) pressures of 30 bar and 0.04 bar, the work output
IURP WKH WXUELQH LV  N-NJ DQG WKH ZRUN LQSXW
39. In the Rankine cycle for a steam power plant the WR WKH IHHG SXPS LV  N-NJ 7KH VSHFL¿F VWHDP
WXUELQHHQWU\DQGH[LWHQWKDOSLHVDUHN-NJDQG consumption is _________ kg/kW.h (round off to 2
N-NJUHVSHFWLYHO\7KHHQWKDOSLHVRIZDWHU decimal places).
DWSXPSHQWU\DQGH[LWDUHN-NJDQGN-NJ (GATE–20–SET–1)
UHVSHFWLYHO\  7KH VSHFL¿F VWHDP FRQVXPSWLRQ LQ
kg/kW.h) of the cycle is ___ (GATE–17–SET–2) 42. In a steam power plant, superheated steam at 10
MPa and 500°C, is expanded isentropically in a
40. A stream power cycle with regeneration as shown turbine until it becomes a saturated vapour. It is
below on the T-s diagram employs a single open feed then reheated at constant pressure to 500°C. The
ZDWHUKHDWHUIRUHI¿FLHQF\LPSURYHPHQW7KHÀXLGV steam is next expanded isentropically in another
mix with each other in an open feedwater heater. turbine until it reaches the condenser pressure of 20
The turbine is isentropic and the input (bleed) to kPa. Relevant properties of steam are given in the
the feedwater heater from the turbine is at state 2 following two tables. The work done by both the
DV VKRZQ LQ WKH ¿JXUH 3URFHVV  RFFXUV LQ WKH WXUELQHVWRJHWKHULVBBBBBN-NJURXQGRIIWRWKH
condenser. The pump work is negligible. The input nearest integer). (GATE–20–SET–2)
to the boiler is at state 5. The following information Superheated Steam Table :
Pressure, Temperature, Enthalpy, Entropy,
is available from the steam tables:
p (MPa) T (°C) KN-NJ VN-NJ.
State 1 2 3 4 5 6
10 500 3373.6 6.5965
Enthalpy
3350 2800 2300 175 700 1000 1 500 3478.4 7.7621
N-NJ
Saturated Steam Table :
Pressure, Sat. Enthalpy, Entropy,
p Temperature, KN-NJ VN-NJ.
Tsat (°C) hf hg sf sg
1 MPa 179.91 762.9 2778.1 2.1386 6.5965
20 kPa 60.06 251.38 2609.7 0.8319 7.9085

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad  Delhi  Pune  Bengaluru Lucknow  Chennai  Vijayawada  Vizag  Tirupati  Kolkata  Ahmedabad
 479 Rankine Cycle

Location Entry to Entry to Entry to Exit Exit

Five Marks Questions Turbine Heater Condenser from from
Condenser heater
01. The layout of a steam power plant working on the
KN-NJ 2993.50 2622.22 2056.39 188.45 640.23
Rankine Cycle with single stage regeneration is
VKRZQLQ¿JXUH$VVXPLQJWKHH[LWVWUHDPIURPWKH
regenerator to be saturated draw the corresponding 04. In a steam power plant operating with simple
ideal cycle on a Mollier Chart and derive an Rankine cycle, the turbine is fed with steam at 100
H[SUHVVLRQIRUWKHWKHUPDOHI¿FLHQF\RIWKHF\FOH bar and 673 K. Determine the actual enthalpy and
quality of the steam extracted at 14 bar if the turbine
B
1
VWDJHHI¿FLHQF\LVSHUFHQW(GATE-ME-92)

1
(1-m) 05. In a single stage single row impulse turbine, the
steam is entering at a velocity of 1200 m/s with a
3
nozzle angle of 20q and leaving the blade in the
7 m kgs 2 axial direction. The ratio of blade velocity to the
tangential (whirl) velocity of steam is 0.6. Sketch
4 the velocity diagram and calculate the work
P R P
(1-m)kg output. (GATE-ME-93)
6 5
1kg

Boiler – B Feed water heater – R 06. Dry saturated steam enters a frictionless adiabatic
Pump – P (GATE-ME-89) nozzle with negligible velocity at a temperature of
300qC. It is expanded to a pressure of 5000 kPa. The
02. A power station produces 500 MW of power. PDVVÀRZUDWHLVNJV&DOFXODWHWKHH[LWYHORFLW\
$VVXPLQJ D SODQW WKHUPDO HI¿FLHQF\ RI  of steam. (GATE-ME-95)
SHU FHQW FDOFXODWH WKH UDWH RI FRROLQJ ZDWHU ÀRZ
required in tones per hour, if the rise of cooling Properties of Steam
water temperature is to be restricted to 5q C. The Enthalpy Entropy 6SHFL¿F
VSHFL¿FKHDWRIWKHZDWHUXVHGLVN-NJ. Sat Sat. N-NJ N-NJƒ& Volume
Temp. Press (m3/kg)
(GATE-ME-90) (°C) (kPa) Sat Sat Sat Sat Sat
Sat liq.
Vap liq. Vap. liq. Vap.
03. In a single heater regenerative cycle, steam enters 300 8593 1345 2751 3.2552 5.7081 0.0014 0.0216
the turbine at 30 bar, 300qC and condenser pressure 26.91 5000 1154.5 2794.2 2.9206 5.9735 0.0012 0.0394
is 0.096 bar. The feed water heater is a direct
FRQWDFWW\SHZKLFKRSHUDWHVDWEDU'UDZÀRZDQG 07. A Rankine cycle operates between pressures of 80
h-s diagrams considering the condition of steam bar and 0.1 bar. The maximum cycle temperature is
at entry to the heater in mixture region. Calculate 600q C. If the steam turbine and condensate pump
steam extracted from heater to turbine in kg per kg HI¿FLHQFLHVDUHDQGUHVSHFWLYHO\FDOFXODWH
RI VWHDP ÀRZ WKH F\FOH DQG F\FOH HI¿FLHQF\ 7KH WKHVSHFL¿FZRUNDQGWKHUPDOHI¿FLHQF\5HOHYDQW
enthalpies of steam at different locations of the steam table extract is given below:
cycle are given in a table below. Pump work may be (GATE-ME-98)
neglected. (GATE-ME-91)

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad  Delhi  Pune  Bengaluru Lucknow  Chennai  Vijayawada  Vizag  Tirupati  Kolkata  Ahmedabad
 480 Thermodynamics

6SHFL¿F 6SHFL¿F 6SHFL¿F

P
bar
T
volume enthalpy entropy KEY & Detailed Solutions
°C
J m /kg
3
N-NJ N-NJ.
vf vg hf hfg hg sf sfg sg One Mark Questions
0.1 45.84 0.0010103 14.68 191.9 2392.3 2584.2 0.6488 7.5006 8.1494

80 295.1 0.001385 0.0235 1317 1440.5 2757.5 3.2073 2.5351 5.7424

01. (d) 02. (c) 03. (*) 04. (*) 05. (a)
06. (c) 07. (d) 08. (c) 09. (a) 10. (c)
Superheat table v 0.486 11. (d) 12. (d) 13. (c) 14. (a) 15. (d)
h 3642
80 bar , 600°C 16. (b)
s 7.0206
Two Marks Questions
08. An adiabatic steam turbine receives dry saturated 01. (b) 02. (*) 03. (d) 04. (b) 05. (d)
steam at 1.0 MN/m2 and discharges it 0.1 MN/m2.
06. (*) 07. (a) 08. (d) 09. (b) 10. (*)
7KH VWHDP ÀRZ UDWH LV  NJV DQG WKH PRLVWXUH DW
exit in negligible. If the ambient temperature is 300 11. (a) 12. (a) 13. (a) 14. (c) 15. (*)
K, determine the rate of entropy production and the 16. (a) 17. (b&c) 18. (b) 19. (d) 20. (b)
lost power. (GATE-ME-99) 21. (d) 22. (a) 23. (a) 24. (b) 25. (b)
Steam properties: 26. (a) 27. (a) 28. (c) 29. (c) 30. (c)
P Tsat hf hg sf sg
31. (a) 32. 43.38% 33. 88.3
MN/m2 qC N-NJ N-NJ N-NJ. N-NJ.
10 179.9 762.8 2778.1 2.139 6.586 -NJ 35. 7581 kW
0.1 99.6 417.5 2675.5 1.303 7.359 36. 125.56 MW 37. 3.711 38. 26 39. 3.6
40. 20 41. 4 42. 1513
09. A simple impulse turbine expands steam
frictionlessly from 12 bar, 250qC with an enthalpy
RIN-NJWRDQHQWKDOS\RIN-NJDW One Mark Solutions
bar. Assuming that the nozzle makes an angle of
20q with the blade motion, and that the blades are
V\PPHWULFDO¿QGWKHEODGHYHORFLW\WKDWSURGXFHV 01. Ans: (d)
PD[LPXP HI¿FLHQF\ IRU D WXUELQH VSHHG RI  Sol: 7KHUPDOHI¿FLHQF\LVKLJKHVWIRUUHJHQHUDWLYHF\FOH
rev/min. Assume that the steam enters the nozzle as mean temperature of heat addition increases.
with negligible velocity. (GATE-ME-00)
02. Ans: (c)
10. Steam at 300 kPa and 500q& K   N-NJ u = cos α
enters a steam turbine and exits at atmospheric Sol:
V1 2
pressure and 350q&K N-NJ+HDWORVVHV 2u 2πDN
LQ WKH WXUELQH DUH  N: DQG WKH PDVV ÀRZ UDWH V1 = cos α =
60 cos α
is 0.25 kg/s. Determine the power output of the
# # #
turbine if kinetic energy losses are negligible. = 2 π 2 3000 = 628
60 # cos 20 cos 20
(GATE-ME-01)
= 628/0.9397
= 668.64 m/sec

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad  Delhi  Pune  Bengaluru Lucknow  Chennai  Vijayawada  Vizag  Tirupati  Kolkata  Ahmedabad
Chapter 11 Gas Turbine
DQ RYHUDOO FRPSUHVVLRQ UDWLR RI  LQ D WZRVWDJH
One Mark Questions
FRPSUHVVLRQ SURFHVV ,QWHUFRROLQJ LV XVHG WR FRRO
WKHDLUFRPLQJRXWIURPWKH¿UVWVWDJHWRWKHLQOHW
$JDVWXUELQHF\FOHZLWKLQ¿QLWHO\ODUJHQXPEHURI WHPSHUDWXUHRIWKH¿UVWVWDJHEHIRUHLWVHQWU\WRWKH
VWDJHVGXULQJFRPSUHVVLRQDQGH[SDQVLRQOHDGVWR VHFRQG VWDJH$LU HQWHUV WKH FRPSUHVVRU DW  .
(GATE-ME-94) DQGN3D,IWKHSURSHUWLHVRIJDVDUHFRQVWDQW
 D6WLUOLQJF\FOH  E$WNLQVRQF\FOH WKHLQWHUFRROLQJSUHVVXUHIRUPLQLPXPFRPSUHVVRU
 F(ULFVVRQF\FOH G%UD\WRQF\FOH ZRUNLVBBBBBN3DURXQGRIIWRGHFLPDOSODFHV
(GATE–20–SET–1)
 7KH WKHUPDO HI¿FLHQF\ RI DQ DLUVWDQGDUG %UD\WRQ
F\FOHLQWHUPVRISUHVVXUHUDWLRUS) and J = (CS/Cv)
is given by (GATE-ME-14-SET-2)
Two Marks Questions
1 1
(a) 1  c - 1 (b) 1  c
rp rp
1 1  7KH FXUUHQW OHYHO RI WKH PD[LPXP WHPSHUDWXUH DW
(c) 1  1/c
(d) 1  ^c - 1 h VWHDPWXUELQHLQOHWLVPXFKORZHUWKDQWKDWDW*DV
r p r c
p WXUELQHLQOHWEHFDXVH (GATE-ME-89)
D 7KH IXHO FRPEXVWLRQ WHPSHUDWXUH LQ D VWHDP
 )RUDJDVWXUELQHSRZHUSODQWLGHQWLI\WKHFRUUHFW JHQHUDWRU LV ORZHU WKDQ WKDW LQ D JDV WXUELQH
SDLURIVWDWHPHQWV engine.
3 6PDOOHULQVL]HFRPSDUHGWRVWHDPSRZHUSODQW E 2I WKH FRUURVLYH QDWXUH RI KLJK WHPSHUDWXUH
IRUVDPHSRZHURXWSXW VWHDPRQVXSHUKHDWHUWXEHV
4 6WDUWVTXLFNO\FRPSDUHGWRVWHDPSRZHUSODQW F 7KHPDWHULDOVXVHGIRUWKHJDVWXUELQHEODGHV
5 :RUNVRQWKHSULQFLSOHRI5DQNLQHF\FOH DUHQRWVXLWDEOHIRUWKHVWHDPWXUELQHEODGHV
6 *RRGFRPSDWLELOLW\ZLWKVROLGIXHO G 8QOLNHWKHJDVWXUELQHEODGHVWKHVWHDPWXUELQH
(GATE-ME-I4-SET-3) EODGHVFDQQRWEHFRROHG
 D34 E56F45 G36
 ,QDJDVWXUELQHSRZHUSODQWLQWHUFRROHUVDUHXVHG
 &RQVLGHUDVLPSOHJDVWXUELQH%UD\WRQF\FOHDQGD WR FRRO WKH BBBBBB KRW JDVHV  FRPSUHVVHG DLU
JDVWXUELQHF\FOHZLWKSHUIHFWUHJHQHUDWLRQ,QERWK LQ RUGHU WR GHFUHDVH WKH BBBBB H[SDQVLRQ ZRUN 
WKHF\FOHVWKHSUHVVXUHUDWLRLVDQGWKHUDWLRRIWKH FRPSUHVVLRQZRUN (GATE-ME-89)
VSHFL¿F KHDWV RI WKH ZRUNLQJ PHGLXP LV  7KH
UDWLRRIPLQLPXPWRPD[LPXPWHPSHUDWXUHVLV  $LUH[SDQGVVWHDGLO\WKURXJKDWXUELQHIURPEDU
.WREDU.'XULQJWKHH[SDQVLRQKHDW
ZLWKWHPSHUDWXUHH[SUHVVHGLQ.LQWKHUHJHQHUDWLYH
WUDQVIHU IURP DLU WR WKH VXUURXQGLQJV DW  . LV
F\FOH 7KH UDWLR RI WKH WKHUPDO HI¿FLHQF\ RI WKH
10 kJ/kg air. Neglect the changes in kinetic and
VLPSOH F\FOH WR WKDW RI WKH UHJHQHUDWLYH F\FOH LV
SRWHQWLDO HQHUJLHV DQG HYDOXDWH WKH LUUHYHUVLELOLW\
____ (GATE – 16 – SET – 2)
SHU NJ DLU $VVXPH DLU WR EHKDYH DV DQ LGHDO JDV
with CS N-NJ.DQG5 N-NJ.
 7KHFRPSUHVVRURIDJDVWXUELQHSODQWRSHUDWLQJRQ
(GATE-ME-93)
DQ LGHDO LQWHUFRROHG %UD\WRQ F\FOH DFFRPSOLVKHV

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad  Delhi  Pune  Bengaluru Lucknow  Chennai  Vijayawada  Vizag  Tirupati  Kolkata  Ahmedabad
 493 Gas Turbine

 $Q LGHDO %UD\WRQ F\FOH RSHUDWLQJ EHWZHHQ WKH

 ,QSUREOHP¿QGWKHDFWXDOZRUNDQGPD[LPXP SUHVVXUHOLPLWVRIEDUDQGEDUKDVPLQLPXPDQG
ZRUNSHUNJDLU  (GATE-ME-93) PD[LPXPWHPSHUDWXUHVRI.DQG.7KH
UDWLR RI VSHFL¿F KHDWV RI WKH ZRUNLQJ ÀXLG LV 
$ JDV WXUELQH F\FOH ZLWK KHDW H[FKDQJH DQG 7KHDSSUR[LPDWH¿QDOWHPSHUDWXUHVLQ.HOYLQDWWKH
UHKHDWLQJLPSURYHV (GATE-ME-93) HQG RI WKH FRPSUHVVLRQ DQG H[SDQVLRQ SURFHVVHV
D2QO\WKHWKHUPDOHI¿FLHQF\ DUHUHVSHFWLYHO\ (GATE-ME-11)
 E2QO\WKHVSHFL¿FSRZHURXWSXW (a) 500 and 900 (b) 900 and 500
F %RWK WKHUPDO HI¿FLHQF\ DQG VSHFL¿F SRZHU (c) 500 and 500 (d) 900 and 900
RXWSXW
G 1HLWKHUWKHUPDOHI¿FLHQF\QRUVSHFL¿FSRZHU Statement for Linked Answer Q.Nos. 10 & 11
RXWSXW ,Q D VLPSOH %UD\WRQ F\FOH WKH SUHVVXUH UDWLR LV  DQG
 6HOHFW VWDWHPHQWV IURP /LVW,, PDWFKLQJ WKH WHPSHUDWXUHVDWWKHHQWUDQFHRIFRPSUHVVRUDQGWXUELQH
SURFHVVHVLQ/LVW,(QWHU\RXUDQVZHUDV$%LIWKH DUH  . DQG  . UHVSHFWLYHO\ %RWK FRPSUHVVRU
FRUUHFWFKRLFHIRULV$DQGWKDWIRULV% DQG JDV WXUELQH KDYH LVHQWURSLF HI¿FLHQFLHV HTXDO WR
List-I (GATE-ME-99) )RUWKHJDVDVVXPHDFRQVWDQWYDOXHRI&SVSHFL¿F
 ,QWHUFRROLQJ KHDW DW FRQVWDQW SUHVVXUH HTXDO WR  N-NJ. DQG UDWLR
 ,VRWKHUPDOFRPSUHVVLRQ RIVSHFL¿FKHDWVDV1HJOHFWFKDQJHVLQNLQHWLFDQG
List-II SRWHQWLDOHQHUJLHV
$1RKHDWWUDQVIHUGXULQJFRPSUHVVLRQ
%5HGXFHVORZSUHVVXUHFRPSUHVVRUZRUN  7KHSRZHUUHTXLUHGE\WKHFRPSUHVVRULQN-NJRI
&+HDWUHMHFWLRQGXULQJFRPSUHVVLRQ JDVÀRZUDWHLV  (GATE-ME-13)
'5HGXFHVKLJKSUHVVXUHFRPSUHVVRUZRUN (a) 194.7 (b) 243.4 (c) 304.3 (d) 378.5

 ,QDJDVWXUELQHKRWFRPEXVWLRQSURGXFWVZLWKWKH  7KH WKHUPDO HI¿FLHQF\ RI WKH F\FOH LQ SHUFHQWDJH
VSHFL¿FKHDWV&S N-NJ.DQG&v = 0.7538 (%) is (GATE-ME-13)
N-NJ.HQWHUWKHWXUELQHDWEDU.DQGH[LW  D EFG
DWEDU7KHLVRHQWURSLFHI¿FLHQF\RIWKHWXUELQHLV
7KHZRUNGHYHORSHGE\WKHWXUELQHSHUNJRI  ,QDQLGHDO%UD\WRQF\FOHDWPRVSKHULFDLUUDWLRRI
JDVÀRZLV (GATE-ME-03) VSHFL¿FKHDWV&S / Cv VSHFL¿FKHDWDWFRQVWDQW
 DN-NJ  EN-NJ SUHVVXUH   N-NJ. DW  EDU DQG  . LV
(c) 1009.72 kJ/kg (d) 1312.00 kJ/kg FRPSUHVVHGWREDU7KHPD[LPXPWHPSHUDWXUHLQ
WKHF\FOHLVOLPLWHGWR.,IWKHKHDWLVVXSSOLHG
 7KH SUHVVXUH UDWLR RI D JDV SRZHU SODQW F\FOH DWWKHUDWHRI0:WKHPDVVÀRZUDWHLQNJVRI
FRUUHVSRQGLQJ WR PD[LPXP ZRUN RXWSXW IRU WKH air required in the cycle is _________
JLYHQWHPSHUDWXUHOLPLWVRI7PLQ and TPD[ will be (GATE-ME-14-set-2)
(GATE-ME-04)
 7KH SUHVVXUH UDWLR DFURVV D JDV WXUELQH IRU DLU
c c
Tmax 2^c - 1h Tmin 2^c - 1h VSHFL¿FKHDWDWFRQVWDQWSUHVVXUHFS -NJ.
(a) e o (b) e o
Tmin Tmax DQG UDWLR RI VSHFL¿F KHDWV J   LV   ,I WKH
LQOHWWHPSHUDWXUHWRWKHWXUELQHLV.DQGWKH
c-1 c-1
Tmax c Tmin c LVHQWURSLFHI¿FLHQF\LVWKHJDVWHPSHUDWXUHDW
(c) e o (d) e o
Tmin Tmax WXUELQHH[LWLVBBBBBBB. (GATE – 17 – SET – 1)

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad  Delhi  Pune  Bengaluru Lucknow  Chennai  Vijayawada  Vizag  Tirupati  Kolkata  Ahmedabad
 494 Thermodynamics

SUHVVXUHUDWLRLV&DOFXODWHWKHSUHVVXUHUDWLRRI
 $JDVWXUELQHZLWKDLUDVWKHZRUNLQJÀXLGKDVDQ WKHORZSUHVVXUHWXUELQHDQGWKHWHPSHUDWXUHRIWKH
LVHQWURSLF HI¿FLHQF\ RI  ZKHQ RSHUDWLQJ DW D H[KDXVW JDVHV IURP WKH XQLW 7KH FRPSUHVVRU DQG
SUHVVXUH UDWLR RI  1RZ WKH SUHVVXUH UDWLR RI WKH WXUELQHDUHLVHQWURSLF&SRIDLUDQGH[KDXVWJDVHV 
WXUELQH LV LQFUHDVHG WR  ZKLOH PDLQWDLQLQJ WKH N-NJ.DQGJ = 1.4. (GATE-ME-95)
VDPHLQOHWFRQGLWLRQV$VVXPHDLUDVDSHUIHFWJDV
ZLWKVSHFL¿FKHDWUDWLRJ ,IWKHVSHFL¿FZRUN  ,Q DQ DLU±VWDQGDUG UHJHQHUDWLYH JDV WXUELQH F\FOH
RXWSXW UHPDLQV WKH VDPH IRU ERWK WKH FDVHV WKH WKHSUHVVXUHUDWLRLV$LUHQWHUVWKHFRPSUHVVRUDW
LVHQWURSLFHI¿FLHQF\RIWKHWXUELQHDWWKHSUHVVXUH  EDU  . DQG OHDYHV DW  .7KH PD[LPXP
UDWLRRILVBBBBBBBBBBURXQGRIIWRWZRGHFLPDO WHPSHUDWXUH LQ WKH F\FOH LV  . &DOFXODWH WKH
SODFHV(GATE – 19 – SET – 1) F\FOH HI¿FLHQF\ JLYHQ WKDW WKH HI¿FLHQF\ RI WKH
UHJHQHUDWRU DQG WKH DGLDEDWLF HI¿FLHQF\ RI WKH
WXUELQH DUH HDFK $VVXPH IRU DLU WKH UDWLR RI
Five Marks Questions
VSHFL¿FKHDWVLV$OVRVKRZWKHF\FOHRQD7±V
GLDJUDP   (GATE-ME-97)
 $JDVWXUELQHLVVXSSOLHGZLWKJDVDWEDUDQG
.DQGH[SDQGVLWDGLDEDWLFDOO\WREDU7KHPHDQ  )LQG WKH UHTXLUHG DLU IXHO UDWLR LQ D JDV WXUELQH
VSHFL¿F KHDWV DW FRQVWDQW SUHVVXUH DQG FRQVWDQW ZKRVHWXUELQHDQGFRPSUHVVRUHI¿FLHQFLHVDUH
YROXPH DUH  N-NJ. DQG  N-NJ . DQGUHVSHFWLYHO\0D[LPXPF\FOHWHPSHUDWXUH
UHVSHFWLYHO\  LV&7KHZRUNLQJÀXLGFDQEHWDNHQDVDLU&S=
D 'UDZ WKH WHPSHUDWXUHHQWURS\ GLDJUDP WR N-NJ.J ZKLFKHQWHUVWKHFRPSUHVVRU
UHSUHVHQW WKH SURFHVVHV RI WKH VLPSOH JDV DWDWPDQGq&7KHSUHVVXUHUDWLRLV7KHIXHO
WXUELQHV\VWHP XVHG KDV FDORUL¿F YDOXH RI  N-NJ 7KHUH LV
E &DOFXODWH WKH SRZHU GHYHORSHG LQ N: SHU DORVVRIRIFDORUL¿FYDOXHLQWKHFRPEXVWLRQ
NJ RI JDV SHU VHFRQG DQG WKH H[KDXVW JDV FKDPEHU  (GATE-ME-98)
WHPSHUDWXUH  (GATE-ME-92)
 ,Q DQ LGHDO DLU ± VWDQGDUG *DV WXUELQH F\FOH
 $ FORVHG F\FOH LGHDO JDV WXUELQH SODQW RSHUDWHV WKH PLQLPXP DQG PD[LPXP WHPSHUDWXUHV DUH
EHWZHHQWHPSHUDWXUHOLPLWVRIqC and 30qC and UHVSHFWLYHO\.DQG.'UDZWKHF\FOHRQD
SURGXFHVDSRZHURIN:7KHSODQWLVGHVLJQHG 76GLDJUDPDQGFDOFXODWHWKHRSWLPDOSUHVVXUHUDWLR
VXFKWKDWWKHUHLVQRQHHGIRUDUHJHQHUDWRU$IXHO RIWKHF\FOHIRUPD[LPXPZRUNRXWSXW$VVXPHIRU
RIFDORUL¿FYDOXHN-NJLVXVHG&DOFXODWHWKH air _ γ − 1 i /γ LVWKHUDWLRRIVSHFL¿FKHDWV 
PDVVÀRZUDWHRIDLUWKURXJKWKHSODQWDQGWKHUDWH (GATE-ME-00)
RIIXHOFRQVXPSWLRQ$VVXPH&P N-NJ.DQG
WKHUDWLRRIVSHFL¿FKHDWV (GATE-ME-94)  $%UD\WRQF\FOHDLUVWDQGDUGKDVDSUHVVXUHUDWLRRI
DQGLQOHWFRQGLWLRQVRIRQHVWDQGDUGDWPRVSKHULF
 ,Q D JDV WXUELQH WKH FRPSUHVVRU LV GULYHQ E\ WKH SUHVVXUHDQGq&)LQGWKHDLUÀRZDUHUHTXLUHGIRU
KLJK SUHVVXUH WXUELQH 7KH H[KDXVW IURP WKH KLJK N:SRZHURXWSXWLIWKHPD[LPXPWHPSHUDWXUH
SUHVVXUHWXUELQHJRHVWRDIUHHORZSUHVVXUHWXUELQH in the cycle is 1000q&$VVXPHJ = 1.4 and CS = 1.0
ZKLFK UXQV WKH ORDG 7KH DLU ÀRZ UDWH LV  NJV N-NJ.   (GATE-ME-01)
DQGWKHPLQLPXPDQGPD[LPXPWHPSHUDWXUHVDUH
UHVSHFWLYHO\  . DQG  .7KH FRPSUHVVRU

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad  Delhi  Pune  Bengaluru Lucknow  Chennai  Vijayawada  Vizag  Tirupati  Kolkata  Ahmedabad
 495 Gas Turbine

08. Air at 327q&DQGN3DZLWKDYROXPHÀRZUDWHRI 02. Ans: (d)

P3VÀRZVWKURXJKDWXUELQHDQGH[LWVDWN3D c-1
c-1
Sol: ηth = 1 − d r n = 1 − c 1r m
1 c
and 182q&,IWKHH[SDQVLRQSURFHVVLVSRO\WURSLF
p k
FDOFXODWH SRZHU RXWSXW UDWH RI KHDW WUDQVIHU DQG
:KHUHUS 3UHVVXUH5DWLR
UDWHRIFKDQJHLQHQWURS\VSHFL¿FKHDWDWFRQVWDQW
rk &RPSUHVVLRQ5DWLR
SUHVVXUHRIDLU N-NJ.DQG*DVFRQVWDQW
P2 P3
RIDLU N-NJ. (GATE-ME-02) Pressure ratio _ rp i
P1 P4
v1
 $Q LGHDO DLU VWDQGDUG UHJHQHUDWLYH %UD\WRQ F\FOH Compression ratio ^rkh v2
LV ZRUNLQJ EHWZHHQ PLQLPXP DQG PD[LPXP
WHPSHUDWXUHVRI.DQG.UHVSHFWLYHO\ P
(GATE-ME-02) 2 3
D )LQG RXW WKH YDOXH RI FULWLFDO SUHVVXUH UDWLR
ZKHUH WKH GHJUHH RI UHJHQHUDWLRQ EHFRPHV
]HUR
 &DOFXODWH WKH HI¿FLHQF\ RI WKH F\FOH ZKHQ WKH
1 4
RSHUDWLQJ SUHVVXUH UDWLR LV  RI WKH FULWLFDO
SUHVVXUHUDWLR V

KEY & Detailed Solutions 03. Ans: (a)

Sol: *DVWXUELQHSRZHUSODQWLVVPDOOHULQVL]HFRPSDUHG
One Mark Questions WRVWHDPSRZHUSODQWIRUVDPHSRZHURXWSXW
01. (c) 02. (d) 03. (a) 04. 0.803
15. 350.51 04. Ans: 0.803 (range 0.79 to 0.81)
Tmin
Two Marks Questions Sol: 0.3
Tmax
01. (d) 02. (*) 03. 42.04 04. 
 3UHVVXUHUDWLR US 
05. (c)   07. (a) 08. (a) 09. (a) J = 1.4
10. (c) 11. (a) 12. 108.072  c- 1
0 .4

^ηthhB = 1 − d r n = 1 − c m = 0.4
1 c 1 1 .4
14. 0.515
p 6
Tmin c-1
^ηthhideal regen = 1 − . _ rp i c
One Mark Solutions Tmax

= 1 − 0.3 ]6 g 1.4 = 0.49816

1.4 - 1

01. Ans: (c)

Sol: $JDVWXUELQHF\FOHZLWKLQ¿QLWHO\ODUJHQXPEHURI ^ηthhB
= 0.4 = 0.803
VWDJHVGXULQJFRPSUHVVLRQDQGH[SDQVLRQOHDGVWR ^ηthhIR 0.498
(ULFVRQF\FOH

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad  Delhi  Pune  Bengaluru Lucknow  Chennai  Vijayawada  Vizag  Tirupati  Kolkata  Ahmedabad
Chapter 12 Refrigeration
06. Environment friendly refrigerant R134a is used
One Mark Questions
in the new generation domestic refrigerators. It
chemical formula is (GATE-ME-04)
01. In a vapour compression refrigeration system, (a) CH C1F2 (b) C2 C13 F3
liquid to suction heat exchanger is used to (c) C2 C12 F4 (d) C2 H2 F4
(a) Keep the COP constant (GATE-ME-00)
(b) Prevent the liquid refrigerant from entering the 07. In an ideal vapour compression refrigeration cycle,
compressor WKHVSHFL¿FHQWKDOS\RIUHIULJHUDQWLQN-NJDWWKH
(c) Sub-cool the liquid refrigerant leaving the following states is given as:
T
condenser
2
(d) Sub-cool the vapour refrigerant from the
evaporator 3

02. Global warming is caused by (GATE-ME-00)

4 1
(a) ozone (b) carbon dioxide
s
(c) nitrogen (d) carbon monoxide
Inlet of condenser: 283
 $JDVKDYLQJDQHJDWLYH-RXOH7KRPSVRQFRHI¿FLHQW Exit of condenser: 116
(P<0), when throttled, will (GATE-ME-01) Exit of evaporator: 232
(a) become cooler The COP of this cycle is (GATE-ME-09)
(b) become warmer (a) 2.27 (b) 2.75 (c) 3.27 (d) 3.75
(c) remain at the same temperature
08. Which one of the following is a CFC refrigerant ?
(d) either be cooler or warmer depending on the
(GATE-ME-14-SET-1)
type of gas
(a) R744 (b) R290 (c) R502 (d) R718

 $SRVLWLYHYDOXHRI-RXOH7KRPVRQFRHI¿FLHQWRID 09. Consider an ideal vapour compression refrigeration

ÀXLGPHDQV(GATE-ME-02) cycle. If the throttling process is replaced by an
(a) Temperature drops during throttling LVHQWURSLFH[SDQVLRQSURFHVVNHHSLQJDOOWKHRWKHU
(b) Temperature remains constant during throttling processes unchanged, which one of the following
(c) Temperature rises during throttling VWDWHPHQWVLVWUXHIRUWKHPRGL¿HGF\FOH"
(d) None of these (GATE – 19 – SET – 1)
D &RHI¿FLHQWRISHUIRUPDQFHLVORZHUWKDQWKDW
05. In the window air conditioner, the expansion device of the original cycle.
used is (GATE-ME-04) (b) Refrigerating effect is lower than that of the
(a) capillary tube original cycle.
(b) thermostatic expansion valve F &RHI¿FLHQWRISHUIRUPDQFHLVKLJKHUWKDQWKDW
(c) automatic expansion valve of the original cycle.
 GÀRDWYDOYH G &RHI¿FLHQWRISHUIRUPDQFHLVWKHVDPHDVWKDW
of the original cycle

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad  Delhi  Pune  Bengaluru Lucknow  Chennai  Vijayawada  Vizag  Tirupati  Kolkata  Ahmedabad
 503 Refrigeration

10. For an ideal gas, the value of the Joule-Thomson Common Data for Q.Nos. 05 & 06
FRHI¿FLHQWLV(GATE–20–SET–1) A refrigerator based on ideal vapour compression cycle
(a) zero operates between the temperature limits of 20oC and
(b) negative 40oC. The refrigerant enters the condenser as saturated
(c) positive vapour and leaves as saturated liquid. The enthalpy and
(d) indeterminate entropy values for saturated liquid and vapour at these
temperatures are given in the table below.
Temp hf hg sf sg
Two Marks Questions (qC) N-NJ N-NJ N-NJ. N-NJ.
 20 20 180 0.07 0.7366
01. A refrigeration compressor, designed to operate 40 80 200 0.3 0.67
ZLWK5BBBBBFDQFDQQRWEHRSHUDWHGZLWK5
because the condensing pressure of R22 at any  ,I UHIULJHUDQW FLUFXODWLRQ UDWH LV  NJV WKH
JLYHQ WHPSHUDWXUH LV KLJKHUORZHU WKDQ WKDW RI refrigeration effect is equal to (GATE-ME-03)
R12. (GATE-ME-92)  DN:  EN:
 FN:  GN:
02. The use of Refrigerant–22(R–22) for temperatures
below –30qC is not recommended due to its 06. The COP of the refrigerator is (GATE-ME-03)
(GATE-ME-93) (a) 2.0 (b) 2.33
(a) good miscibility with lubricating oil (c) 5.0 (d) 6.0
(b) poor miscibility with lubricating oil
(c) low evaporating temperature 07. A R-12 refrigerant reciprocating compressor
(d) high compressor discharge temperature operates between the condensing temperature of
30oC and evaporator temperature of 20oC. The
03. Clearance volume of a reciprocating compressor is clearance volume ratio of the compressor is 0.03.
100 ml, and the volume of the cylinder at bottom 6SHFL¿F KHDW UDWLR RI WKH YDSRXU LV  DQG WKH
dead centre is 1.0 liter. The clearance ratio of the VSHFL¿F YROXPH DW WKH VXFWLRQ LV  P3NJ
compressor is (GATE-ME-97) Other properties at various states are given in the
 D EF G ¿JXUH7RUHDOL]H7RQVRIUHIULJHUDWLRQWKHDFWXDO
volume displacement rate considering the effect of
04. List – I clearance is (GATE-ME-04)
A. Liquid to suction heat exchanger
B. Constant volume heat addition
3 300c 2
&1RUPDOVKRFN  745
D. Ammonia – water
P Bar

List – II 150 -200c

4
1. Vapour absorption refrigeration
2. Vapour compression refrigeration
3. Diesel cycle 65 176 207
hkj/kga
4. Otto cycle
5. Converging nozzle (a) 6.35 # 10 -3 m3 /s (b) 63.5 # 10 -3 m3 /s
6. Converging – diverging nozzle (c) 635 # 10 -3 m3 /s (d) 4.88 # 10 -3 m3 /s

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad  Delhi  Pune  Bengaluru Lucknow  Chennai  Vijayawada  Vizag  Tirupati  Kolkata  Ahmedabad
 504 Thermodynamics

08. The vapour compression refrigeration cycle is Superheated R-134a

UHSUHVHQWHGDVVKRZQLQWKH¿JXUHEHORZZLWKVWDWH 3N3D T(oC) KN-NJ VN-NJ.
1 being the exit of the evaporator. The coordinate 800 40 276.45 0.95
V\VWHPXVHGLQWKLV¿JXUHLV(GATE-ME-05)
 7KHUDWHDWZKLFKKHDWLVH[WUDFWHGLQN-VIURPWKH
2 refrigerated space is
3 (a) 28.3 (b) 42.9 (c) 34.4 (d) 14.6

 7KHSRZHUUHTXLUHGIRUWKHFRPSUHVVRULQN:LV
4 1
(a) 5.94 (b) 1.83 (c) 7.9 (d) 39.5

(a) p  h (b) T  s (c) p  s (d) T – h

12. A heat pump with refrigerant R22 is used for space
heating between temperature limits of –20qC and
09. Which combination of the following statements is
25q& 7KH KHDW UHTXLUHG LV 0-K $VVXPH
correct? (GATE-ME-07)
VSHFL¿FKHDWRIYDSRXUDWWKHWLPHRIGLVFKDUJHDV
P. A gas cools upon expansion only when its
 N-NJ. 2WKHU UHOHYDQW SURSHUWLHV DUH JLYHQ
-RXOH7KRPVRQ FRHI¿FLHQW LV SRVLWLYH LQ WKH
EHORZ7KHHQWKDOS\LQN-NJRIWKHUHIULJHUDQWDW
temperature range of expansion.
isentropic compressor discharge is ______
Q. For a system undergoing a process, its entropy
(GATE –ME-14-SET-2)
remains constant only when the process is
reversible. Satu-
5 7KH ZRUN GRQH E\ D FORVHG V\VWHP LQ DQ ration 6SHFL¿F 6SHFL¿F
Pressure
tempe- enthalpy entropy
adiabatic process is a point function.
rature
S. A liquid expands upon freezing when the slope
of its fusion curve on Pressure Temperature P hf hg sf sg
Tsat (°C)
diagram is negative. (MPa) N-NJ N-NJ N-NJ. N-NJ.
(a) R and S (b) P and Q
–20 0.2448 177.21 397.53 0.9139 1.7841
(c) Q, R and S (d) P, Q and R
25 1.048 230.07 413.02 1.1047 1.7183

Common Data for Q.Nos. 10 & 11

 7KH WKHUPRG\QDPLF F\FOH VKRZQ LQ ¿JXUH T-s
$ UHIULJHUDWRU RSHUDWHV EHWZHHQ  N3D DQG  N3D
diagram) indicates. (GATE –15 –Set 3)
in an ideal vapor compression cycle with R-134a as the 2
refrigerant. The refrigerant enters the compressor as
p=c
saturated vapor and leaves the condenser as saturated T
3
OLTXLG7KHPDVVÀRZUDWHRIWKHUHIULJHUDQWLVNJV
1
Properties for R–134a are as follows. p=c
(GATE-ME-12)
4

S
Saturated R – 134a
(a) Reversed Carnot cycle
P hf hg sf sg
T(oC) (b) Reversed Brayton cycle
N3D N-NJ N-NJ N-NJ. N-NJ.
120 -22.32 22.5 237 0.093 0.95 (c) Vapor compression cycle
800 31.31 95.5 267.3 0.354 0.918 (d) Vapor absorption cycle

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad  Delhi  Pune  Bengaluru Lucknow  Chennai  Vijayawada  Vizag  Tirupati  Kolkata  Ahmedabad
 505 Refrigeration

14. Refrigerant vapor enters into the compressor of 17. A standard vapor compression refrigeration cycle
a standard vapor compression cycle at –10qC operating with a condensing temperature of 35qC
K   N-NJ DQG OHDYHV WKH FRPSUHVVRU DW and an evaporating temperature of –10qC develops
50qC (h N-NJ,WOHDYHVWKHFRQGHQVHU  N: RI FRROLQJ 7KH SK GLDJUDP VKRZV WKH
at 30qC (h N-NJ7KH&23RIWKHF\FOH enthalpies at various states. If the isentropic
is ____ (GATE –15 –Set 3) HI¿FLHQF\RIWKHFRPSUHVVRULVWKHPDJQLWXGH
RIFRPSUHVVRUSRZHULQN:LVBBBBBFRUUHFWWR
15. A refrigerator uses R-134a as its refrigerant two decimal places).
and operates on an ideal vapour-compression
refrigeration cycle between 0.14 MPa and 0.8 MPa. 35qC

,IWKHPDVVÀRZUDWHRIWKHUHIULJHUDQWLVNJV
the rate of heat rejection to the environment is ___ p
N: (kPa)
 10qC
Given data:
 $W3 03DK N-NJ
  V N-NJ.   
h(kJ/kg)
At P = 0.8 MPa,
  K N-NJVXSHUKHDWHGYDSRXU (GATE – 18 – SET – 2)
At P = 0.8 MPa,
  K N-VDWXUDWHGOLTXLG Five Marks Questions
(GATE – 16 – SET – 2)
01. A reciprocating compressor produces 10tons of
 ,QWKHYDSRXUFRPSUHVVLRQF\FOHVKRZQLQWKH¿JXUH
refrigeration at an evaporator temperature of 5qC
the evaporating and condensing temperatures are
and a condenser temperature of 35qC. Estimate how
.DQG.UHVSHFWLYHO\7KHFRPSUHVVRUWDNHV
much cooling effect it can produce at an evaporator
in liquid-vapour mixture (state 1) and isentropically
temperature of –30qC, the condenser temperature
compresses it to a dry saturated vapour condition
remaining un-altered.
VWDWH7KHVSHFL¿FKHDWRIWKHOLTXLGUHIULJHUDQW
Given: Refrigerant : R-12, clearance = 5%, index
LVN-NJ.DQGPD\EHWUHDWHGDVFRQVWDQW7KH
of compression(in both cases) is 1.15.
enthalpy of evaporation for the refrigerant at 310 K
Extract from refrigerant property tables:
LVN-NJ
(GATE-ME-87)
T 6SHFL¿FYROXPH
(QWKDOS\N-NJ
Pressure (m3/kg)
Temp
3 2 (bar)
Liquid
Vapour Liquid Vapour
× 103
0
4 1 –30qC 1.005 0.672 0.1600 8.88 174.96

+5qC 3.631 0.725 0.0478 40.81 190.88

s
+35qC 8.501 0.787 0.0208 69.74 202.96

The difference between the enthalpies at state points

DQGLQN-NJLVBBBB (GATE – 16 – SET – 3) 02. A Freon – 12 vapour compression system is operating
DW D FRQGHQVHU SUHVVXUH RI  EDU  N3D DQG

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad  Delhi  Pune  Bengaluru Lucknow  Chennai  Vijayawada  Vizag  Tirupati  Kolkata  Ahmedabad
 506 Thermodynamics

DQ HYDSRUDWRU SUHVVXUH RI  EDU  N3D ,WV 06. A refrigeration compressor of 50 mm bore and 40
refrigerating capacity is 15 tons. The values of PPVWURNHRSHUDWHVDWDVSHHGRIUSPEHWZHHQ
enthalpy at the inlet and the outlet of the evaporator condensing and evaporating pressure limits of 1.219
DUHN-NJDQGN-NJ7KHVSHFL¿FYROXPH MPa and 0.151 MPa. The clearance ratio is 5%,
at the inlet to reciprocating compressor is 0.082 UDWLRRIVSHFL¿FKHDWVRIUHIULJHUDQWLVVSHFL¿F
m3NJ 7KH LQGH[ RI FRPSUHVVLRQ RU SRO\WURSLF volume of refrigerant at suction is 0.11 m3NJDQG
exponent) for the compressor is 1.13. the enthalpy change of refrigerant in the evaporator
Determine (GATE-ME-88) LV  N-NJ &DOFXODWH WKH UHIULJHUDWLRQ ORDG WKH
D7KHSRZHULQSXWLQN: compressor can serve. (GATE-ME-94)
E7KHFRHI¿FLHQWRISHUIRUPDQFH
 $ UHIULJHUDWLRQ F\FOH XVHV )UHRQ± DV ZRUNLQJ
03. A reciprocating compressor in a vapour ÀXLG 7KH WHPSHUDWXUH RI WKH UHIULJHUDQW LQ WKH
compression refrigeration system has a clearance evaporator is – 10qC. The condensing temperature is
IDFWRURISHUFHQWDQGDVZHSWYROXPHRIOLWHUV 40qC. The cooling load is 150 W and the volumetric
VHFRQG,IWKHPDVVÀRZRIUHIULJHUDQWLVNJV HI¿FLHQF\RIWKHFRPSUHVVRULV7KHVSHHGRI
DQG WKH VSHFL¿F YROXPH RI YDSRXU DW FRPSUHVVRU WKHFRPSUHVVRULVUSP&DOFXODWHWKHPDVVÀRZ
VXFWLRQDQGGLVFKDUJHDUHOLWHUVNJDQGOLWHUV rate of the refrigerant and the displacement volume
NJUHVSHFWLYHO\FDOFXODWHWKHFOHDUDQFHYROXPHWULF of the compressor. (GATE-ME-95)
HI¿FLHQF\ DQG WKH DFWXDO YROXPHWULF HI¿FLHQF\ RI
the compressor. (GATE-ME-89) Properties of Freon – 12
Saturation (QWKDOS\N-NJ 6SHFL¿FYROXPH
Temp Saturated
04. A refrigeration system of 15 tons capacity operates pressure (m3NJ
(qC)
(MPa) Liquid Vapour Saturated vapour
on standard simple vapour compression cycle
–10 0.22 26.8 183.0 0.08
using Refrigerant–22 at an evaporator temperature
40 0.96 74.5 203.1 0.02
5qC and condensing temperature of 50qC. Draw
the p-h diagram for the cycle. Calculate.
08. In a simple vapour compression cycle, following
L 7KHUHIULJHUDQWPDVVÀRZUDWHDQG
are the properties of the refrigerant R –12 at various
LL 7KHFRPSUHVVRULQWDNHYROXPHÀRZUDWHLIWKH
points: (GATE-ME-96)
FRPSUHVVRUYROXPHWULFHI¿FLHQF\LV
Use the refrigerant property data given in &RPSUHVVRULQOHW
Table below. (GATE-ME-93) h1 N-NJ Y1 = 0.0767 m3NJ

(QWKDOS\ 9ROXPH
Compressor discharge:
Sat. Sat. h2 N-NJ Y2 = 0.0164 m3NJ
Temp Pressure Sat. Sat. Liquid Vapour
0
C bar Liquid Vapour m3/kg m3/kg
N-NJ N-NJ Condenser exit:
5 5.836 205.9 407.1 0.791 0.0404 h3 N-NJ Y3 = 0.00083 m3NJ
50 19.423 263.3 417.7 0.922 0.0117
The piston displacement volume for the compressor
 6NHWFK WKH VWDQGDUG YDSRXU FRPSUHVVLRQ LVOLWUHVSHUVWURNHDQGLWVYROXPHWULFHI¿FLHQF\
refrigeration cycle on the enthalpy (y-axis) –entropy is 80%. The speed of the compressor is 1600 rpm.
(x-axis) plane, indicate the directions and processes  )LQGDSRZHUUDWLQJRIWKHFRPSUHVVRUN:
clearly. (GATE-ME-94)   EUHIULJHUDWLQJHIIHFWN:

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad  Delhi  Pune  Bengaluru Lucknow  Chennai  Vijayawada  Vizag  Tirupati  Kolkata  Ahmedabad
 507 Refrigeration

09. In a standard vapour compression refrigeration  $Q LFH PDNLQJ SODQW XVLQJ UHIULJHUDQW 5± LV
cycle, operating between an evaporator temperature having an evaporator saturation temperature of
of 10qC and the condenser temperature of 40qC, the –25qC and the condenser saturation temperature
enthalpy of the refrigerant, Freon–12, at the end of of 35qC. The vapour is leaving the compressor at
FRPSUHVVLRQLVN-NJ6KRZWKHF\FOHGLDJUDP 65qC. The following table shows the properties of
on T-s plane. Calculate (a) the COP of the cycle the refrigerant. (GATE-ME-02)
(b) the refrigerating capacity and the compressor Temp Pressure 6DWXUDWLRQ(QWKDOS\N-NJ
SRZHUDVVXPLQJDUHIULJHUDQWÀRZUDWHRINJPLQ (qC) (kPa) Liquid Vapour
You may extract of the Freon – 12 property table -25 123.7 13.3 176.5
given below. (GATE-ME-97) 35 850.0 69.6 201.5
Enthalpy of superheated refrigerant
T(qC) P(MPa) hfN-NJ hgN-NJ DWN3DDQGq& N-NJ

–10 0.2191 26.85 183.1 D &DOFXODWH WKH &RHI¿FLHQW RI SHUIRUPDQFH

40 0.9607 74.53 203.1 (COP) of this system
E ,IWKHFDSDFLW\RIWKHSODQWLVN:FDOFXODWH
10. An R-717 (ammonia) system operates on the PDVVÀRZUDWHRIUHIULJHUant
basic vapour compression refrigeration cycle. The
evaporator and the condenser pressures are 0.119 KEY & Detailed Solutions
03D DQG  03D UHVSHFWLYHO\ 7KH PDVV ÀRZ
UDWH RI UHIULJHUDQW LV  NJV ,I WKH YROXPHWULF One Mark Questions
HI¿FLHQF\ RI WKH FRPSUHVVRU LV  'HWHUPLQH 01. (c) 02. (b) 03. (b) 04. (a) 05. (a)
the compressor displacement rate. If the COP of
06. (d) 07. (a) 08. (c) 09. (c) 10. (a)
the cycle is 2, determine the power input to the
compressor. Two Marks Questions
Saturation properties of R-717 (ammonia) 01. (*) 02. (d) 03. (c) 04. (*) 05. (a)
6SHFL¿F (QWKDOS\N-NJ 06. (b) 07. (a) 08. (d) 09. (a) 10. (a)
Temp. Pressure
9ROXPH
qC MPa Liquid Vapour 11. (c) 12. N-NJ 13. (b) 14. 5.5
m3/kg
–30 0.119 0.9638 63.9 1423.6 15. 8.9315 16. 1103.44 17. 10
36 1.389 0.0930 371.4 1488.6
(GATE-ME-99)
One Mark Solutions
 ,Q D  N: FRROLQJ FDSDFLW\ UHIULJHUDWLRQ V\VWHP 01. Ans: (c)
operating on a simple vapour compression cycle, the
6RO
refrigerant enters the evaporator with an enthalpy of
N-NJDQGOHDYHVZLWKDQHQWKDOS\RIN-NJ
4
The enthalpy of the refrigerant after compression is
4c
N-NJVKRZWKHF\FOHRQ76RU3KGLDJUDP
c
Calculate the following: (GATE-ME-00)  

(a) COP
(b) Power input to compressor and Liquid to suction heat exchanger is used to subcool
(c) Rate of heat transfer at the condenser. the liquid refrigerant (from 4 to 4c) leaving the
condensor. This improves refrigerating effect.

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad  Delhi  Pune  Bengaluru Lucknow  Chennai  Vijayawada  Vizag  Tirupati  Kolkata  Ahmedabad
 Thermodynamic Relations
Chapter 13 & Reciprocating Compressors
,IWKHLVHQWURSLFHI¿FLHQF\RIWKHFRPSUHVVRULV
One Mark Question
SHUFHQWWKHGLIIHUHQFHLQHQWKDOSLHVRIDLUEHWZHHQ
WKHH[LWDQGWKHLQOHWRIWKHFRPSUHVVRULVBBBBBBB
01. For a simple compressible system, v, s, p and T N-NJURXQGRIIWRQHDUHVWLQWHJHU
DUH VSHFL¿F YROXPH VSHFL¿F HQWURS\ SUHVVXUH (GATE–20–SET–1)
DQG WHPSHUDWXUH UHVSHFWLYHO\ $V SHU 0D[ZHOO¶V
2v
relations, c m LVHTXDOWR(GATE–19–SET–2) KEY & Detailed Solutions
2s p
2p One Mark
2s 2T 2T Two Marks Questions
(a) c m (b) c m (c) d n (d) d n Question
2T p 2v p 2p s 2v T
01. (c)   

Two Marks Questions One Mark Solution

 )RUZDWHUDWqC, dPs/dTs = 0.189 kPa/K (Ps is the 01. Ans: (c)
2v 2T
VDWXUDWLRQ SUHVVXUH LQ N3D DQG7s LV WKH VDWXUDWLRQ Sol: $FFRUGLQJWR0D[ZHOO
VUHODWLRQ c m d n.
2s p 2p s
WHPSHUDWXUH LQ . DQG WKH VSHFL¿F YROXPH RI
GU\ VDWXUDWHG YDSRXU LV  PNJ $VVXPH
WKDW WKH VSHFL¿F YROXPH RI OLTXLG LV QHJOLJLEOH LQ
FRPSDULVRQZLWKWKDWRIYDSRXU8VLQJWKH&ODXVLXV Two Marks Solutions
&ODSH\URQHTXDWLRQDQGHVWLPDWHRIWKHHQWKDOS\RI
HYDSRUDWLRQRIZDWHUDWqC (in kJ/kg) is _______ 01. Ans: 2443.25 kJ/kg (range 2400 to 2500)
(GATE – 16 – SET – 1) dPs kPa
Sol: 0.189
dTs K
 ,Q D VWDJH DLU FRPSUHVVRU WKH LQOHW SUHVVXUH LV Tsat  .
P1, discharge is P DQG WKH LQWHUPHGLDWH SUHVVXUH vg PNJ
are P and P and P (P < P7KHWRWDOSUHVVXUHRI vI = 0
WKHFRPSUHVVRULVDQGWKHSUHVVXUHUDWLRVRIWKH vIJ = vg – vI
VWDJHVDUHHTXDO,I31 N3DWKHYDOXHRIWKH  0
SUHVVXUH3 (in kPa) is _____ (GATE–16–SET–3)   P/kg

dP h fg
 $LU LGHDO JDV HQWHUV D SHUIHFWO\ LQVXODWHG
dT = Tsat # v fg
FRPSUHVVRUDWDWHPSHUDWXUHRI.7KHSUHVVXUH
hfg hfg
UDWLRRIWKHFRPSUHVVRULV6SHFL¿FKHDWDWFRQVWDQW 0.189
Tast # vfg #
298 43.38
SUHVVXUHIRUDLULV-NJ.DQGUDWLRRIVSHFL¿F
KHDWV DW FRQVWDQW SUHVVXUH DQG FRQVWDQW YROXPH LV
hIJ N-NJ
$VVXPHWKDWVSHFL¿FKHDWVRIDLUDUHFRQVWDQW

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad  Delhi  Pune  Bengaluru Lucknow  Chennai  Vijayawada  Vizag  Tirupati  Kolkata  Ahmedabad
Chapter 14 IC Engines
One Mark Questions Two Marks Questions

01. With increasing temperature of intake air, IC engine 01. The power output from a spark ignition engine is
HI¿FLHQF\ (GATE-ME-98) YDULHGE\  (GATE-ME-90)
(a) decreases (b) increases (a) Changing the ignition timing.
(c) remains same (d) depends on other factors (b) Regulating the amount of air-fuel inducted.
(c) Regulating the amount of air-fuel mixture.
02. For a spark ignition engine, the equivalence ratio(I) (d) Regulating the amount of fuel.
of mixture entering the combustion chamber has
values. (GATE-ME-03)  )RUGHWHUPLQLQJWKHLJQLWLRQTXDOLW\RIFRPSUHVVLRQ
(a) I < 1 for idling and I > 1 for peak power ignition engine fuels, the reference fuels used are
conditions. (a) Iso-octane and n-heptane (GATE-ME-91)
(b) I > 1 for both idling and peak power conditions. (b) Cetane and DPHWK\OQDSWKDOHQH
(c) I > 1 for idling and I < 1 for peak power (c) Hexadecane and n-heptane
conditions. (d) cetane and iso-octane
(d) I < 1 for both idling and peak power conditions.
03. If air fuel ratio of the mixture in petrol engine is
 $ GLHVHO HQJLQH LV XVXDOO\ PRUH HI¿FLHQW WKDQ D PRUHWKDQ  (GATE-ME-91)
spark ignition engine because (GATE-ME-03) (a) NOX is reduced (b) CO2 is reduced
D GLHVHO EHLQJ D KHDYLHU K\GURFDUERQ UHOHDVHV (c) HC is reduced (d) CO reduced
more heat per kg than gasoline
E WKH DLU VWDQGDUG HI¿FLHQF\ RI GLHVHO F\FOH %+3RIDGLHVHOHQJLQHFDQEHLQFUHDVHGE\
LV KLJKHU WKDQ WKH 2WWR F\FOH DW D ¿[HG (GATE-ME-91)
compression ratio (a) Increasing the pressure of intake air
(c) the compression ratio of a diesel engine is (b) Increasing the temperature of intake air
higher than that of an SI engine  F,QFUHDVLQJWKHGHQVLW\RILQWDNHDLU
(d) self ignition temperature of diesel is higher  G'HFUHDVLQJWKHGHQVLW\RILQWDNHDLU
than that of gasoline
05. Alcohols are unsuitable at diesel engine fuels
04. At the time of starting, idling and low speed EHFDXVH   (GATE-ME-92)
operation, the carburetor supplies a mixture which D 7KHFHWDQHQXPEHURIDOFRKROIXHOVLVYHU\ORZ
can be termed as (GATE-ME-04) ZKLFKSUHYHQWVWKHLULJQLWLRQE\FRPSUHVVLRQ
(a) lean E 7KHFHWDQHQXPEHURIDOFRKROIXHOVLVYHU\KLJK
 EVOLJKWO\OHDQHUWKDQVWRLFKLRPHWULF ZKLFKSUHYHQWVWKHLULJQLWLRQE\FRPSUHVVLRQ
(c) stoichiometric F 7KHRFWDQHQXPEHURIDOFRKROIXHOVLVYHU\ORZ
(d) rich ZKLFKSUHYHQWVWKHLULJQLWLRQE\&RPSUHVVLRQ
(d) None of the above.

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad  Delhi  Pune  Bengaluru Lucknow  Chennai  Vijayawada  Vizag  Tirupati  Kolkata  Ahmedabad
 519 IC Engines

%UDNH WKHUPDO HI¿FLHQF\ RI WKH WKUHH EDVLF W\SHV (a) 6.075 bar (b) 6.75 bar
RI UHFLSURFDWLQJ HQJLQHV FRPPRQO\ XVHG LQ URDG (c) 67.5 bar (d) 243 bar
YHKLFOHVDUHJLYHQLQWKHLQFUHDVLQJRUGHUDV
(GATE-ME-92)  'XULQJ D 0RUVH WHVW RQ D  F\OLQGHU HQJLQH WKH
(a) 2 Stroke SI engine, 4 stroke SI engine, 4 stroke following measurements of brake power were taken
CI engine at constant speed (GATE-ME-04)
(b) 2 Stroke SI engine, 4 stroke CI engine, 4 stroke  $OOF\OLQGHUV¿ULQJ N:
SI engine  1XPEHUF\OLQGHUQRW¿ULQJN:
(c) 4 Stroke SI engine, 2 stroke SI engine, 4 stroke  1XPEHUF\OLQGHUQRW¿ULQJN:
CI engine  1XPEHUF\OLQGHUQRW¿ULQJN:
(d) 4 Stroke CI engine, 4 stroke SI engine, 2 stroke  1XPEHUF\OLQGHUQRW¿ULQJN:
SI engine  7KHPHFKDQLFDOHI¿FLHQF\RIWKHHQJLQHLV
 DEFG
.QRFNLQJ WHQGHQF\ LQ D 6, HQJLQH UHGXFHV ZLWK
increasing (GATE-ME-93)  $LUFRQWDLQV12DQG22 on a molar basis.
(a) Compression ratio (b) Wall temperature Methane (CH4LVEXUQHGZLWKH[FHVVDLUWKDQ
(c) Supercharging (d) Engine speed UHTXLUHG VWRLFKLRPHWULFDOO\  $VVXPLQJ FRPSOHWH
combustion of methane, the molar percentage of N2
08. An IC engine has a bore and stroke of 2 units each. in the products is _____. (GATE – 17 – SET – 1)
The area to calculate heat loss can be taken as
(GATE-ME-98)
Five Marks Questions
(a) 4S (b) 5S (c) 6S (d) 4

 $QDLUEUHDWKLQJDLUFUDIWLVÀ\LQJDWDQDOWLWXGHZKHUH  ,Q D WHVW RQ D IRXU F\OLQGHU VSDUN LJQLWLRQ HQJLQH
WKHDLUGHQVLW\LVKDOIWKHYDOXHDWJURXQGOHYHO:LWK the following power and fuel consumption
reference to the ground level, the air – fuel ratio measurements were made (GATE-ME-87)
at this altitude will be (GATE-ME-98)  ZLWKDOOF\OLQGHUV¿ULQJN:
1  ZLWKF\OLQGHURQO\QRW¿ULQJ N:
(a) 3
2 (b) (c) 2 (d) 4
2  ZLWKF\OLQGHURQO\QRW¿ULQJ N:
 ZLWKF\OLQGHURQO\QRW¿ULQJ N:
10. The silencer of an internal combustion engine
 ZLWKF\OLQGHURQO\QRW¿ULQJ N:
(a) reduces noise (GATE-ME-99)
The time taken to consume 250 ml of fuel is 85
E GHFUHDVHV %UDNH 6SHFL¿F )XHO &RQVXPSWLRQ
VHFRQGV6SHFL¿FJUDYLW\RIIXHO &DORUL¿F
(BSFC)
value of fuel is 40 MJ/kg. Determine the mechanical
(c) increases BSFC
HI¿FLHQF\ DQG EUDNH WKHUPDO HI¿FLHQF\ RI WKH
G KDVQRHIIHFWRQLWVHI¿FLHQF\
engine

11. An automobile engine operates at a fuel air ratio

02. An engine is used on a job requiring a shaft
RIYROXPHWULFHI¿FLHQF\RIDQGLQGLFDWHG
RXWSXW RI  N: 7KH PHFKDQLFDO  HI¿FLHQF\ RI
WKHUPDOHI¿FLHQF\RI*LYHQWKDWWKHFDORUL¿F
WKH HQJLQH LV  DQG LW XVHV  NJ RI IXHO SHU
YDOXHRIWKHIXHOLV0-NJDQGWKHGHQVLW\RIDLU
hour under conditions of operation. Calculate the
at intake is 1 kg/m3, the indicated mean effective
LQGLFDWHGWKHUPDOHI¿FLHQF\,IDQLPSURYHPHQWLQ
pressure for the engine is (GATE-ME-03)
ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad  Delhi  Pune  Bengaluru Lucknow  Chennai  Vijayawada  Vizag  Tirupati  Kolkata  Ahmedabad
 520 Thermodynamics

HQJLQHGHVLJQUHGXFHVWKHIULFWLRQDOORVVHVE\N: (i) The rate of fuel injection in mg/s through each

calculate the amount of fuel saved per hour. Assume KROHRIDIRXUKROHLQMHFWRU¿WWHGLQWKHHQJLQH
WKDW WKH LQGLFDWHG WKHUPDO HI¿FLHQF\ UHPDLQV WKH F\OLQGHUVDQG
VDPH&DORUL¿FYDOXHRIIXHOLVN-NJ LL 7KHUPDOHI¿FLHQF\RIWKHHQJLQH 
(GATE-ME-90)
 $VLQJOHF\OLQGHUVWURNHGLHVHOHQJLQHUXQQLQJDW
$ IRXU VWURNH IRXU F\OLQGHU VSDUN LJQLWLRQ HQJLQH 1800 rpm has a bore of 85 mm and a stroke of 110
having bore 7 cm and stroke 9 cm develops 20 mm. It takes 0.56 kg of air per minute and develops
kW at 3000 rpm. If the clearance volume in each a brake power output of 6 kW while the air fuel
F\OLQGHU LV  FP3 WKH  EUDNH WKHUPDO HI¿FLHQF\ UDWLRLV7KHFDORUL¿FYDOXHRIWKHIXHOXVHGLV
LV  RI DLU VWDQGDUG HI¿FLHQF\ DQG WKH FDORUL¿F N-NJDQGWKHDPELHQWDLUGHQVLW\LVNJ
YDOXHRIWKHIXHOLV0-NJ¿QGRXWWRUTXHEUDNH m3. Calculate (GATE-ME-95)
WKHUPDOHI¿FLHQF\DQGIXHOFRQVXPSWLRQ D7KHYROXPHWULFHI¿FLHQF\DQG 
(GATE-ME-91) E%UDNHVSHFL¿FIXHOFRQVXPSWLRQ

$VLQJOHF\OLQGHUIRXUVWURNH'LHVHOHQJLQHKDYLQJ 08. The power output of an I.C. Engine is measured

bore 18 cm and stroke 32 cm develops torque 390 E\DURSHEUDNHG\QDPRPHWHU7KHGLDPHWHURIWKH
Nm and indicated mean effective pressure (imep) EUDNH SXOOH\ LV  PP DQG WKH URSH GLDPHWHU LV
700 kPa at 280 rpm. The following observations 25 mm. The load on the tight side of the rope is
were made during experiment; fuel consumption 50 kg mass and the spring balance reads 50 N. The
 NJKU FRROLQJ ZDWHU ÀRZ  NJPLQ LQFUHDVH LQ engine running at 900 rev/min consumes the fuel,
cooling water temperature 35qC, air fuel ratio 22, RIFDORUL¿FYDOXHN-NJDWDUDWHRINJK
room temperature 20qC and barometric pressure $VVXPHJ PV2. Calculate
 EDU ,I WKH FDORUL¿F YDOXH RI WKH IXHO LV  0-  D%UDNHVSHFL¿FIXHOFRQVXPSWLRQ
NJ¿QGRXW,+3LQGLFDWHGWKHUPDOHI¿FLHQF\Kth),  E%UDNHWKHUPDOHI¿FLHQF\(GATE-ME-97)
PHFKDQLFDO HI¿FLHQF\ Km YROXPHWULF HI¿FLHQF\
(Kvol) and heat lost in cooling water. 09. A Diesel engine develops a Brake power of 4.5
(GATE-ME-91) N:,WVLQGLFDWHGWKHUPDOHI¿FLHQF\LVDQGWKH
PHFKDQLFDO HI¿FLHQF\ LV  7DNH WKH FDORUL¿F
$IRXUF\OLQGHUIRXUVWURNHVSDUNLJQLWLRQHQJLQH value of the fuel as 40000 kJ/kg and calculate
develops a maximum brake torque of 160 N.m at (a) The fuel consumption in kg/h and
3000 rpm. Calculate the engine displacement, bore E7KHLQGLFDWHGVSHFL¿FIXHOFRQVXPSWLRQ
and stroke. The brake mean effective pressure at the (GATE-ME-00)
maximum engine torque point is 960 kPa. Assume
bore is equal to stroke. (GATE-ME-92) 10. A mechanic has an engine from a 1970 model
FDU ZKLFK ZRUNV RQ WKH EDVLV RI 2WWR F\FOH 7KH
$ VL[ F\OLQGHU IRXU VWURNH &, HQJLQH GHYHORSLQJ engine displaces 1.8 liters, has a compression
a power output of 270 kW at 1000 rpm has a fuel UDWLRQRIDQGKDVVL[F\OLQGHUV7KHSLVWRQV
consumption of 0.25 kg/kWh. The injection takes in the original engine are 120 mm in diameter. The
place over 20q crank angle with pressure across the PHFKDQLFERUHVWKHF\OLQGHUDQGUHSODFHVWKHSLVWRQ
LQMHFWRURUL¿FHRI03D)LQG with new pistons that are 2 mm larger in diameter
(GATE-ME-93) than the originals.

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad  Delhi  Pune  Bengaluru Lucknow  Chennai  Vijayawada  Vizag  Tirupati  Kolkata  Ahmedabad
 521 IC Engines

(a) Keeping all other factors same, what will be 02. Ans: (b)
the percentage change in power output? Sol:
E %\ZKDWSHUFHQWDJHZLOOWKHHQJLQHHI¿FLHQF\
change? (GATE-ME-01)
I!

11. The Willan’s line measured for a four-stroke, four-

F\OLQGHULVH[SUHVVHGDV Idling Cruising Peak
power
 )& u B.P., where FC is the rate of fuel
consumption in gm/s and B.P. is the brake power in
N:7KHERUHRIHDFKF\OLQGHULVPPDQGVWURNH
03. Ans:(c)
is 90 mm and the speed is 3000 rpm.
 &DOFXODWH LQGLFDWHG SRZHU PHFKDQLFDO HI¿FLHQF\ Sol: rk > 12 for Diesel engines
and indicated mean effective pressure, when the rk d 10 for SI engines
engine is developing a brake power of 20 kW.
(GATE-ME-02) 04. Ans: (d)
Sol: At the starting time, more fuel is required to run the
HQJLQHWKDWLVZK\FDUEXUHWRUVXSSOLHVULFKPL[WXUH
KEY & Detailed Solutions
WRWKHHQJLQHF\OLQGHU
One Mark Questions
01. (a) 02. (b) 03. (c) 04. (d) Two Marks Solutions
Two Marks Questions
01. (c) 02. (b) 03. (d) 04. (a&c) 05. (a) 01. Ans: (c)
06. (a) 07. (d) 08. (c) 09. (b) 10. (a) Sol:
11. (a) 12. (c) 13.  Power Stoichiometric
condition

Lean mixture
Rich mixture
One Mark Solutions maximum
power
Power
01. Ans: (a)
Sol: If the inlet temperature of air increases, the
compression ratio will decrease. Fuel
consumption
T2 c - 1
Compression ratio ^ Vh e o
r 12.6 14.7
Best fuel economy
15.4
T1 A/F ratio

If T1 n Ÿ rvp
The power output of an SI engine varies with fuel-
1
efficiency η = 1 − .k air ratio. A rich mixture is required for maximum
^rVhc - 1
work output from an SI engine. The power output
 N IRU2WWRF\FOH
vs A/F ratio graph is shown.
ρc − 1
k = IRUGLHVHOF\FOH>U FXWRIIUDWLR@
γ _ρ − 1 i
If rvp Ÿ Kp

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad  Delhi  Pune  Bengaluru Lucknow  Chennai  Vijayawada  Vizag  Tirupati  Kolkata  Ahmedabad