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Lab No. # 11 Transient Response Analysis of Series RC Circuit

The document describes a lab experiment on the transient response of a series RC circuit. When a resistor is connected in series with a capacitor, the voltage across the capacitor increases over time as it charges, while the voltage across the resistor decreases. The time it takes for the voltages to reach their final steady-state values is defined by the circuit's time constant, tau (τ), which equals the resistance multiplied by the capacitance. The lab procedure involves building series RC circuits in a simulation, applying a transient input, and analyzing the output graphs to observe how changing component values affects the transient response curves and calculated tau values.

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Waqas Ameen
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158 views6 pages

Lab No. # 11 Transient Response Analysis of Series RC Circuit

The document describes a lab experiment on the transient response of a series RC circuit. When a resistor is connected in series with a capacitor, the voltage across the capacitor increases over time as it charges, while the voltage across the resistor decreases. The time it takes for the voltages to reach their final steady-state values is defined by the circuit's time constant, tau (τ), which equals the resistance multiplied by the capacitance. The lab procedure involves building series RC circuits in a simulation, applying a transient input, and analyzing the output graphs to observe how changing component values affects the transient response curves and calculated tau values.

Uploaded by

Waqas Ameen
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lab No.

# 11

Transient Response Analysis of Series RC Circuit

OBJECTIVE:
The basic purpose of this lab is to know about the fundamentals of basic component resistor and
capacitor; also when they are connected in series what would be the transient response of a
circuit.

THEORY:

RESISTOR:
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as
a circuit element. Resistors act to reduce current flow, and, at the same time, act to lower voltage
levels within circuits. Fixed resistors have resistances that only change slightly with temperature,
time or operating voltage. Variable resistors can be used to adjust circuit elements (such as a
volume control or a lamp dimmer), or as sensing devices for heat, light, humidity, force, or
chemical activity.

CAPACITOR:
A capacitor is a passive two-terminal electrical component used to store electrical energy
temporarily in an electric field. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at
least two electrical conductors separated by a dielectric (i.e. an insulator that can store energy by
becoming polarized). The conductors can be thin films, foils or sintered beads of metal or
conductive electrolyte, etc. The non-conducting dielectric acts to increase the capacitor's charge
capacity. Unlike a resistor, an ideal capacitor does not dissipate energy. Instead, a capacitor
stores energy in the form of an electrostatic field between its plates.
When there is a potential difference across the conductors (e.g., when a capacitor is attached
across a battery), an electric field develops across the dielectric, causing positive charge +Q to
collect on one plate and negative charge −Q to collect on the other plate. If a battery has been
attached to a capacitor for a sufficient amount of time, no current can flow through the capacitor.
However, if a time-varying voltage is applied across the leads of the capacitor, a displacement
current can flow.

CIRCUIT RESPONSE:
Output response of a circuit is mainly composed of two types.

 Transient response

 Steady state response

TRANSIENT RESPONSE:
In electrical engineering, a transient response or natural response is the response of a system to a
change from equilibrium. The transient response is not necessarily tied to "on/off" events but to
any event that affects the equilibrium of the system. The impulse response and step response are
transient responses to a specific input. It’s a temporary response.

STEADY STATE RESPONSE:


In electronics, steady state is an equilibrium condition of a circuit or network that occurs as the
effects of transients are no longer important. It’s a permanent response.

DAMPING:

The response can be classified as one of three types of damping that describes the output in
relation to the steady-state response.
UNDER-DAMPED:

An under-damped response is one that oscillates within a decaying envelope. The more under-
damped the system, the more oscillations and longer it takes to reach steady-state. Here damping
ratio is always <1.

CRITICALLY DAMPED:

A critically damped response is the response that reaches the steady-state values the fastest
without being under-damped. It is related to critical points in the sense that it straddles the
boundary of under-damped and over-damped responses. Here, damping ratio is always equal to
one. There should be no oscillation about the steady state value in the ideal case.

OVER-DAMPED:

An over-damped response is the response that does not oscillate about the steady-state value but
takes longer to reach than the critically damped case. Here damping ratio is >1 it is the response
of a system with respect to the input as a function of time.

TRANSIENT RESPONSE OF SERIES RC CIRCUIT:


When resistor is connected in series with a capacitor, at t<0 the voltage drop across the capacitor
is minimum and maximum across the resistor. When time is increased t>=0 the voltage drop
begins to increase across capacitor since it will start charging and decrease acrossresistor.

Time Constant (τ)

It is a measure of time required for certain changes in voltages and currents in RC and RL
circuits. Generally, when the elapsed time exceeds five time constants (5τ) after switching has
occurred, the currents and voltages have reached their final value, which is also called steady-
state response.
The time constant of an RL circuit is the equivalent inductance divided by the resistance as
viewed from the terminals of the equivalent inductor.

τ= R*C

PROCEDURE:
 Open the software and add new file.

 From the tool bar select the desired components. In this experiment resistor, inductor,
ground and dc power supply is used.
 Connect all the components with the help of cursor. When the cursor select the terminal a
black spot will appear. Hold it by clicking the left mouse button and join it with the
required component.

 Now when the circuit is complete go to Circuit>Schematic option>show nodes. This will
select the nodes and number it.

 Now go to Analysis>Transient>Set to zero>Add nodes and Accept it.

 Now again select Analysis>Transient and Simulate in dialog box.

 This will display the graph of transient response on a screen. You can edit the title, axis
and grid from graph dialog box.

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM AND ANALYSIS GRAPH (1):

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:


CALCULATE (τ):

τ1 =

τ2=

τ3=

τ4=

CONCLUSIONS:

LAB TASK:
 Change the value of capacitor and resistor and repeat the whole procedure.
 Observe the effect of graph.
 Calculate the “τ” value.

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