GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, AMBAD.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering

ACADEMIC YEAR- 2021-22

A MICRO-PROJECT ON

“ Transformer ”
FOR THE AWARD OF

DIPLOMA IN ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

(MECHANICAL ENGINEERING-ME 3I)

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF : PROF G. S. JEDHE

SUBMITTED BY

Name of student : aghade vaibhav raju

Enrollment no : 2011620288
 GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC,AMBAD.

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE & HUMANITIES

THERMAL ENGINEERING - 22337

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Micro-project entitled “Transformer”

being submitted here with for the award of DIPLOMA IN ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY in

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING of MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD & TECHNICAL

EDUCATION (MSBTE) is the result of Micro-project work completed by aghade vaibhav raju

under the supervision and guidance of PROF G. S. JEDHE

It is to the best of my knowledge and belief that the work embodied in this Micro-project has
not formed earlier the basis for the award of any degree or diploma of this or any other Board
or examining body.
Academic Year: 2021-2022 Semester: (3I) Enrollment No: 2011620288

Place: Ambad

Date:

PROF. G. S. JEDHE DR.P. T. KALE Dr. A. M. Jinturkar

Micro-project Guide H.O.D Principal

 DECLARATION
I, the undersigned hereby declare that the project entitled “Transformer”
is written and submitted by me to Government Polytechnic Ambad during Year
2020-21, first Semester for partial fulfillment of the ‘Micro Project’ requirement of
‘Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering ’ course under
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education, Mumbai curriculum, under the
guidance of Prof. S is my original work.

The empirical findings in this project are based on the collected data and are
not copied from any other sources.

Name of student : Aghade Vaibhav Raju

Enrollment no : 2011620288

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
 have great pleasure to express my immense gratitude towards a dynamic

person and my project guidance, PROF G. S. JEDHE , Department of SCIENCE &

HUMANITIES Government Polytechnic, Ambad for giving me an opportunity to work
on an interesting topic over one semester. The work presented here could not have
been accomplished without his most competent and inspiring guidance, incessant
encouragement, constructive criticism and constant motivation during all phases of
our group Micro-project work. I am highly indebted to him.

I am very much thankful to Prof. DR.P. T. KALE, Head Department of SCIENCE

& HUMANITIES, all HODs of various departments and Prof. Dr. A.M.JINTURKAR Sir,
The Principal of Government Polytechnic, Ambad for his encouragement and
providing me a motivating environment and project facilities in the Institute to carry
out experiments and complete this Micro-project work.

I would like to extend my thanks to all our professors, staff members

and all our friends who extended their co-operation to complete the project.

I am indeed indebted to my parents and other family members for their

immense help at all levels with moral, social & financial support, care and
support throughout my studies without which my work would not have seen
light of the day.

With warm regards,

Yours Sincerely,

Place: Ambad Mr Vaibhav Raju Aghade

Date:

 What is a Transformer?
A transformer is a device used in the power
transmission of electric energy. The transmission
current is AC. It is commonly used to increase or
decrease the supply voltage without a change in the
frequency of AC between circuits. The transformer
works on basic principles of electromagnetic
induction and mutual induction.

 Transformer Types

Transformers are used in various fields like power

generation grid, distribution sector, transmission and
electric energy consumption. There are various
types of transformers which are classified based on
the following factors;

 Working voltage range.

 The medium used in the core.
 Winding arrangement.
 Installation location.
 

 Based on Voltage Levels

Commonly used transformer type, depending upon

voltage they are classified as:

 Step-up Transformer: They are used between

the power generator and the power grid. The
secondary output voltage is higher than the
input voltage.
 Step down Transformer: These transformers are
used to convert high voltage primary supply to
low voltage secondary output.
  Based on the Medium of Core Used

In a transformer, we will find different types of cores

that are used.

 Air core Transformer: The flux linkage between

primary and secondary winding is through the
air. The coil or windings wound on the non-
magnetic strip.
 Iron core Transformer: Windings are wound on
multiple iron plates stacked together, which
provides a perfect linkage path to generate flux.

 Based on the Winding Arrangement

 Autotransformer: It will have only one winding
wound over a laminated core. The primary and
secondary share the same coil. Auto also means
“self” in language Greek.
 Based on Install Location

 Power Transformer: It is used at power

generation stations as they are suitable for high
voltage application
 Distribution Transformer: Mostly used at
distribution lanes for domestic purposes. They
are designed for carrying low voltages. It is very
easy to install and characterized by low
magnetic losses.
 Measurement Transformers: These are further
classified. They are mainly used for measuring
voltage, current, power.
 Protection Transformers: They are used for
component protection purposes. In circuits,
some components must be protected from
voltage fluctuation etc. Protection transformers
ensure component protection
 Working Principle of a Transformer

The transformer works on the principle of Faraday’s

law of electromagnetic induction and mutual
induction.
There are usually two coils primary coil and
secondary coil on the transformer core. The core
laminations are joined in the form of strips. The two
coils have high mutual inductance. When an
alternating current pass through the primary coil it
creates a varying magnetic flux. As per faraday’s law
of electromagnetic induction, this change in
magnetic flux induces an emf (electromotive force)
in the secondary coil which is linked to the core
having a primary coil. This is mutual induction.
Overall, a transformer carries the below operations:

1.Transfer of electrical energy from circuit to

another
2.Transfer of electrical power through
electromagnetic induction
3.Electric power transfer without any change in
frequency
4.Two circuits are linked with mutual induction
The figure shows the formation of magnetic
flux lines around a current-carrying wire. The normal
of the plane containing the flux lines are parallel to
normal of a cross-section of a wire.

The figure shows the formation of varying magnetic

flux lines around a wire-wound. The interesting part
is that reverse is also true, when a magnetic flux line
fluctuates around a piece of wire, a current will be
induced in it. This was what Michael faraday found
in 1831 which is the fundamental working principle
of electric generators as well as transformers.
  Parts of a Single-phase Transformer

The major parts of a single-phase transformer

consist of;
1. Core
The core acts as a support to the winding in the
transformer. It also provides a low reluctance path
to the flow of magnetic flux. The winding is wound
on the core as shown in the picture. It is made up of
a laminated soft iron core in order to reduce the
losses in a transformer. The factors such as
operating voltage, current, power etc decide core
composition. The core diameter is directly
proportional to copper losses and inversely
proportional to iron losses.
2. Windings
Windings are the set of copper wires wound over the
transformer core. Copper wires are used due to:

 The high conductivity of copper minimizes the

loss in a transformer because when the
conductivity increases, resistance to current
flow decreases.
 The high ductility of copper is the property of
metals that allows it to be made into very thin
wires.
o

There are mainly two types of windings. Primary
windings and secondary windings.

 Primary winding: The set of turns of windings to

which supply current is fed.
 Secondary winding: The set of turns of winding
from which output is taken.
The primary and secondary windings are insulated
from each other using insulation coating agents.
3. Insulation Agents
Insulation is necessary for transformers to separate
windings from each other and to avoid short circuit.
This facilitates mutual induction. Insulation agents
have an influence on the durability and the stability
of a transformer.
Following are used as an insulation medium in a
transformer:

 Insulating oil
 Insulating tape
 Insulating paper
 Wood-based lamination

 Ideal Transformer
The ideal transformer has no losses. There is no
magnetic leakage flux, ohmic resistance in its
windings and no iron loss in the core.
  EMF Equation of Transformer

N1 – number of turns in primary.

N2 – number of turns in secondary.
Φm – maximum flux in weber (Wb).
T – time period. Time is taken for 1 cycle.
The flux formed is a sinusoidal wave. It rises to a
maximum value Φm and decreases to negative
maximum Φm. So, flux reaches a maximum in one-
quarter of a cycle. The time taken is equal to T/4.
Average rate of change of flux = Φm/(T/4) = 4fΦm
Where f = frequency
T = 1/f
Induced emf per turn = rate of change of flux per
turn
Form factor = rms value / average value
Rms value = 1.11  (4fΦm) = 4.44 fΦm [form factor of
sine wave is 1.11]
RMS value of emf induced in winding = RMS value of
emf per turn  x  no of turns
Primary Winding
Rms value of induced emf = E1 = 4.44 fΦm * N1
Secondary winding:
Rms value of induced emf = E2 = 4.44 fΦm * N2

This is the emf equation of the transformer.

For an ideal transformer at no load condition,
E1 = supply voltage on the primary winding.
E2 = terminal voltage (theoretical or calculated) on
the secondary winding.
  Voltage Transformation Ratio

K is called the voltage transformation ratio, which is

a constant.
Case1: if N2 > N1, K>1 it is called a step-up
transformer.
Case 2: if N2< N1, K<1 it is called a step-down
transformer.

 Transformer Efficiency
Comparing system output with input will confirm tra
nsformer efficiency. The system is called better
when its efficiency is high.
Efficiency\left ( \eta \right ) = \frac{Output power}{Input
power}\times 100Efficiency(η)=InputpowerOutputpower
×100
Efficiency\left ( \eta \right ) = \frac{P_{out}}{P_{out}+
P_{loses}}\times 100Efficiency(η)=Pout+PlosesPout×100
Efficiency\left ( \eta \right ) = \frac{V_{2}I_{2}cos\theta }
{V_{2}I_{2}cos\theta + P_{c} +P_{cm}}\times
100Efficiency(η)=V2I2cosθ+Pc+PcmV2I2cosθ×100
Where Pcu = Psc
            Pc = Poc
\eta(_{full load}) = \frac{VAcos\theta }{VAcos\theta +
P_{c} + P_{cm}}\times 100η(fullload)=VAcosθ+Pc+Pcm
VAcosθ×100
\eta(_{load n}) = \frac{nVAcos\theta }{nVAcos\theta +
P_{c} + n^{2}P_{cm}}\times 100η(loadn)=nVAcosθ+Pc
+n2PcmnVAcosθ×100

 Applications Of Transformer
 The
transformer transmits electrical energy through 
wires over long distances.
 Transformers with multiple secondary’s are use
d in radio and TV receivers which require
several different voltages.
 Transformers are used as voltage regulators.
  Transformer Related Solved Examples
1.  A transformer has 600 turns of the primary
winding and 20 turns of the secondary winding.
Determine the secondary voltage if the secondary
circuit is open and the primary voltage is 140 V.
Given
Total number of turns of the primary coil (N1) = 600
turns
Total number of turns of the secondary coil (N2) =
20 turns
Primary voltage (V1) = 140 V
Solution:
The voltage on the primary coil = N1V1
The voltage on the secondary coil = N2V2
The voltage on one turn
 
V_{t} = \frac{V_{2}}{N_{2}} = \frac{V_{1}}{N_{1}}Vt=N2V2
=N1V1
 
k = \frac{V_{2}}{N_{2}} = \frac{V_{1}}{N_{1}}k=N2V2=N1
V1
 
k is a transformation ratio
 
V_{2} = \frac{N_{2}}{N_{1}}\times V_{1}V2=N1N2×V1
 
V_{2} = \frac{20}{600}\times \times 140V2=60020××140
 
V2 = 4.6 V
2. A transformer has a primary coil with 1600 loops
and a secondary coil with 1000 loops. If the current
in the primary coil is 6 Ampere, then what is the
current in the secondary coil.
Given:
Primary coil (N1) = 1600 loops
Secondary coil (N2) = 1000 loops
The current in the primary coil (I1) = 4 A
Solution :
\frac{I_{2}}{I_{1}} = \frac{N_{1}}{N_{2}}I1I2=N2N1
\frac{I_{2}}{4} = \frac{1600}{1000}4I2=10001600
I2 = 6.4 A
Current on the secondary coil is 6.4 Ampere

REFRENCE:-
1) www.google.com
2) www.youtube.com

3)Book
4)Other websites