International Journal of Electrical Electronics & Computer Science Engineering

Volume 2, Issue 3 (June, 2015) | E-ISSN : 2348-2273 | P-ISSN : 2454-1222

Available Online at www.ijeecse.com

Procedure of Arriving at Kaprekar’s Constant using C Programme

Suresh Shivarudrappa Hiremath1, Shripad Gurunathrao Kulkarni 2
1
Assistant Professor, General Engineering &Sciences, Brahmdevdada Mane Institute of Technology, Solapur, India
2
Assistant Professor, Computer Science &Engineering, Brahmdevdada Mane Institute of Technology, Solapur, India
1
[email protected], [email protected]

Abstract: In this paper we have given computer programme to #include<math.h>

obtain Kaprekar’s constant using C. Using which one can start #include<dos.h>
with any number from set of all positive four digit numbers
where none of its any three digits are equal as input and will void main()
get directly a Kaprekar’s Constant. {
Keywords: Kaprekar’s constant, C programme, Fixed point, int n;
Iterative function, Four digit numbers. clrscr();
printf("\n\nEnter any four digit no.\n");
I. INTRODUCTION
scanf("%d",&n);
D R Kaprekar invented different number properties printf("\n\nfound %d",fixpoint(n));
throughout his life. He was not well known, however
getch();
despite many of his papers being reviewed in
Mathematical Reviews. International fame came in1975 }
when Martin Gardener wrote about Kaprekar and his int fixpoint(int no)
numbers in his ‘Mathematical Games’ column in the {
March issue of Scientific American. The fascination for int d[4],a,b,diff,ono;
numbers which Kaprekar had as a child continued static int c=0;
throughout his life. He realized that he was addicted to
ono=no;
number theory[6].
d[3]=no%10;
Kaprekar’s name today is well known and many //printf("\n%d",d[3]);
mathematicians have found themselves intrigued by the
//delay(1000);
ideas about numbers which Kaprekar found so addictive.
The best known of Kaprekar’s results is the following no=no/10;
which relates to the number 6174, today called Kaprekar’s d[2]=no%10;
Constant. One starts with any four digit number whose //printf("\n%d",d[2]);
any three digits are not equal. Rearrange the digits to form //delay(1000);
the largest and smallest numbers with these digits and no=no/10;
subtract the smaller from the larger. Continue this process
d[1]=no%10;
with the resulting number. Finally we obtain the four digit
number 6174 where this process terminates. The process //printf("\n%d",d[1]);
of obtaining Kaprekar’s constant by using iterative //delay(1000);
method is explained in [1] no=no/10;
Knowing this procedure it seems somewhat difficult to d[0]=no%10;
obtain Kaprekar’s constant from any four digit number //printf("\n%d\n",d[0]);
manually. Also if we want to know about the number of no=no/10;
iterations that required to obtain Kaprekar’s constant. a=as(d);
Then it becomes somewhat tedious job. So in order to
//delay(1000);
study different properties in this regard we think of the
following systematic procedure that is C programme for getch();
Kaprekar’s constant. printf("your no. %d is in assending order
is=%d\n",ono,a);
II. C P ROGRAMME FOR KAPREKAR’S b=ds(d);
CONSTANT //delay(1000);
#include<stdio.h> //getch();
#include<conio.h>

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 International Journal of Electrical Electronics & Computer Science Engineering
Volume 2, Issue 3 (June, 2015) | E-ISSN : 2348-2273 | P-ISSN : 2454-1222
Available Online at www.ijeecse.com

printf("your no. %d is in dessending order x[j]=temp;

is=%d\n",ono,b); }
// printf("%d\n",b); }
diff=abs(a-b); }
//getch(); sum=x[0]*1000+x[1]*100+x[2]*10+x[3];
printf("the diff betn %d and %d is= %d",a,b,diff); return(sum);
c++; }
//getch();
In [1] Hiremath and Kakde has given the detail procedure
printf("\nrequired iterations are=%d\n",c); for obtaining Kaprekar’s constant manually. While
//printf("%d",diff); generating above programme we have used the following
if(ono==diff) definition of Kaprekar’s constant.
return(diff);
III. DEFINITION
printf("In iteration %d i didn't get ur no. so i am going to
find one more time\n",c); Let X be the set of all positive four digit numbers. Define
fixpoint(diff); f : X  X such that , then there exists a
}  
unique element x  X such that f x  x . This unique
int as(int x[4]) four digit number is called Kaprekar’s Constant and it is a
{ fixed point of iterative function f : X  X and is given
int i,j,temp,sum; by 6174.
for(i=0;i<=2;i++) Where x is a positive four digit number. denotes the
{ number obtained from x by rearranging its digits in
for(j=i+1;j<=3;j++) descending order and denotes the number obtained from
{ x by rearranging its digits in ascending order.
if(x[i]>x[j]) IV. SUMMARY
{
The C programme given in this paper is useful to arrive at
temp=x[i];
Kaprekar’s constant starting with any four digit number
x[i]=x[j]; within few seconds and is also useful to study different
x[j]=temp; properties of such four digit numbers.
}
V. REFERENCES
}
} [1] Kaprekar’s Constant as a Fixed Point of Iterative
sum=x[0]*1000+x[1]*100+x[2]*10+x[3]; Function by Hiremath S S and Kakde R V IOSR
Journal of Mathematics (IOSR-JM) Volume 9, Issue
return(sum);
3 (Nov.– Dec. 2013), PP 06-07.
}
int ds(int x[4]) [2] Investigations into the Kaprekar Process by Robert
{ W. Ellis and Jason R. Lewis.
int i,j,temp,sum; [3] An Interesting Property of the Number 6174, Scripta
for(i=0;i<=2;i++) Math, 21(1955)304 by D R Kaprekar.
{ [4] The Determination of Kaprekar Convergence and
for(j=i+1;j<=3;j++) Loop Convergence of All Three-Digit numbers.
American Monthly,95(1988,105-112) by Klaus E.
Eldridge and Seok Sangong.
{
if(x[i]<x[j]) [5] The Kaprekar Routine and Other Digit Games for
{ Undergraduate Exploration by K Peterson and H
temp=x[i]; Pulapaka.
x[i]=x[j]; [6] Mac Tutor History of Mathematics, Article by J J
O’Connor and E F Robertson.
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