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Rectangular Method

The rectangular rule of integration, also known as the midpoint rule, approximates the area under a curve using a series of rectangles. It uses Riemann sums with subintervals of equal width, where the midpoint of each subinterval is used instead of the left or right endpoint. The integral is estimated as the sum of the function evaluated at each midpoint multiplied by the subinterval width. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating integrals using the midpoint rule with different numbers of subintervals.

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Asder Red
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116 views

Rectangular Method

The rectangular rule of integration, also known as the midpoint rule, approximates the area under a curve using a series of rectangles. It uses Riemann sums with subintervals of equal width, where the midpoint of each subinterval is used instead of the left or right endpoint. The integral is estimated as the sum of the function evaluated at each midpoint multiplied by the subinterval width. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating integrals using the midpoint rule with different numbers of subintervals.

Uploaded by

Asder Red
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Rectangular Rule of

Integration

Prepared by:

Ronald P. Bual
Dept. of Chemical Engineering and Technology
MSU-IIT

5/24/20 1
What is Integration
b

ò f ( x )dx
Integration: y
a

f(x)
The process of measuring
the area under a function
plotted on a graph.

b
I = ò f ( x )dx
a

Where:
f(x) is the integrand
a= lower limit of integration
a b x
b= upper limit of integration

2
Rectangular Method (a.k.a. The
Midpoint Rule)
The area under the curve
is approximated using a
series of rectangles. The
integral

%
# & ' (' = *+,* -.(,+ /ℎ, 1-+2,
$

= 3-! 4& /ℎ, *+,*3 4& /ℎ, +,1/*.56,3

The midpoint rule for estimating a definite integral uses a Riemann sum
with subintervals of equal width and the midpoints, !", of each subinterval
in place of .

3
Assume that f(x) is continuous on [a,b]. Let n be a positive
integer. If [a,b] is divided into n subintervals, and mi is the
midpoint of the ith subinterval, set

Then

4
Example 1

a. Use the midpoint rule to estimate


# %
∫" $ &$ using four subintervals.
b. Compare the result with the actual
value of this integral.

5
Solution
a. Each subinterval has length
$−& 1−0 1
∆" = = =
' 4 4
Therefore, the subintervals consists of
+ + + + . .
[0, ,
], [,, -], [-, ,], and [,, 1].
+ . 0 1
The midpoints of these subintervals are { / , / , /
, /
}.
+ + + . + 0 + 1
Thus, 2, = 34 + 34 + 34 + 34
, / , / , / , /
1 1 1 9 1 25 1 21 21
= 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 =
4 64 4 64 4 64 4 64 64

6
Solution
b. Since
#
1
! $ % &$ =
" 3
# %# #
the error in this approximation is: *
− ,- = #.%
≈ 0.0052,
and we see that the midpoint rule produces an estimate
that is somewhat close to the actual value of the definite
integral.

7 http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu
Example 2
#
Estimate the length of the curve ! = % $
$
on [1, 4] using six subintervals.

8
Solution
#
The length of ! = $ % $ on [1, 4] is
( $
+!
&=' 1+ +%
# +%
,- (
Since ,.
= 1, this integral becomes ∫# 1 + % $ +%. If [1,
4] is divided into six subintervals, then each subinterval
123 (2# #
has length ∆% = 4 = 5 = $, and the midpoints of the
6 8 9 ## #: #6
subintervals are , , , , ,
( ( ( ( ( (
. If we set ; % =
1 + % $,

9
Solution
!"
1 5 1 7 1 9 1 11 1 13
= &' + &' + &' + &' + &'
2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4
1 15
+ &'
2 4
1
≈ (1.6008 + 2.0156 + 2.4622 + 2.9262 + 3.4004
2
+ 3.8810) = 8.1431 56789

10
Example 3

Use the midpoint rule to estimate


#"
∫" $ %& using n = 2.

#'
Ans. ()
11
Example 4

Use the midpoint rule to estimate


#$
∫" 2& " '& using ( = 1 and ( = 2 .

Ans. 576, 640


12
Example 5

Integrate ! " = " $ between the interval


[1, 2] using four subintervals.

Ans. 3.725
13

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