A

TECHNICAL REPORT

ON

STUDENTS INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)

AT

REALITY RADIOVISION SERVICES IWO, OSUN STATE

PRESENTED BY

EJIFOLABI EMMANUEL OLUDARE

EE20190201375

SUBMITTED TO

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

TECHNOLOGY, FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC EDE, OSUN STATE

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE AWARD OF NATIONAL DIPLOMA(ND)

IN

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

DECEMBER 2021
 CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that Ejifolabi Emmanuel Oludare with Matriculation Number

EE20190201375 of the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
School of Engineering Technology, Federal Polytechnic Ede, Osun State, has
successfully completed his three months Student Industrial Work Experience
Scheme (SIWES) at Reality Radiovision Services Iwo, from 23 rd August, 2021 to
12th November, 2021

Ejifolabi Emmanuel Oludare ………………………………

(Student) Signature/Date

Engr. Badrudeen Adedayo ………………………………

(SIWES Supervisor) Signature/Date

Engr. …………………………..

(Departmental SIWES Coordinator). Signature/Date

Engr. Tijani M.A. ……………………………

(Head of Department) Signature/Date

 DEDICATION

This work is dedicated to Almighty God for His superior act of love during the
integrated course of my SIWES program, and my parents, Dr. Ejifolabi Elijah
and Mrs. Ejifolabi Serah Omoboade for their financial support toward my
academic pursuit.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

With gratitude, I want to acknowledge the Almighty God ( most superior) for
His continuous Love, Grace, Favour, Faithfulness throughout the period of my
SIWES program.

I want to acknowledge the Engineering Department of Reality Radiovision

Services especially, ENGR. WURAOLA, ENGR. FRANCIS ODEWOYE, ENGR. TOPE
for their moral support in the course of this program.

I also acknowledge my friend OLASUNKANMI and others. I am grateful for all

your support.

This report will be incomplete if I failed to acknowledge my supervisor, ENGR.

BADRUDEEN ADEDAYO for taking his time to supervise this work. I am grateful

And to all Department of Engineering Reality Radiovision Services Iwo, I say

thank you for the opportunity and privileged of meeting you that was well
used.

Thanks to you all

 ABSTRACT

This reports hold a review of Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme

(SIWES) at the Reality Radiovision Services Iwo. The nature of this report spans
the duration and findings during the program, including daily activities, majorly
broadcasting, and the equipment used.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1. HISTORY OF SIWES

SIWES was established by industrial Training Fund (ITF) in 1973 to solve the
problem of lack of adequate practical skills preparatory for employment in
industries by Nigerian graduates of tertiary institutions.

The Scheme exposes students to industry based skills necessary for a smooth
transition from the classroom to the world of work. It affords students of
tertiary institutions the opportunity of being familiarized and exposed to the
needed experience in handling machinery and equipment which are usually
not available in the educational institutions.

The Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is an accepted skills

training program, which forms part of the approved minimum academic
standards in the various programs for all the Nigerian tertiary institutions. It is
an effort to bridge the gap existing between theory and practice of engineering
and technology, science, agriculture, medical, management and other
professional educational programs in the Nigerian tertiary institutions.

1.2. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF SIWES

The aims and objectives of SIWES include:

• It gives the student exposure to the future as in practicing the course of

study and also gives an insight to what is expected after we must have
completed our academic training.
 • It makes the student appreciate the beauty of the course of study and
thus prepared to fit into the society and also ready to contribute to the
growth and development of the society we find ourselves after
graduation from the university.
• It provides the student with the opportunity of interacting with the
society and labour market at large while still an undergraduate.
• It sharpens, remolds and enables the students to acquire genuine moral
characters and behaviors expected in the corporate world. For example,
being punctual and obeying set rules and steps involved in solving a
problem etc.
• It helps the student realize that their success is not only predicted on
academic grades and performance but also their practical knowledge of
applying what has been taught them in the university
1.3. BRIEF HISTORY OF REALITY RADIOVISION SERVICES, IWO

The idea to establish a Television Service in Iwo was by the Bola Ige
Administration of 1979 to 1983 to compliment the effort of the Radio Service
in informing, educating and entertaining the people of the Oyo State and its
environs. The vision of government was to establish a Television Station that
will form a centre point for participation but all professional stakeholders of
Television Broadcasting such that the station would become the best in Africa.
The station was them called Television Service of Oyo State ( TSOS) and had his
operational house in Ibadan sharing accommodations with Radio O. Y. O now
called BCOS after a merger of the two in 1984 by the military that seized power
from the civilian administration in December 1983.

However, while the operation of the T. S. O. S begin in 1982, within the

premises of O. Y. O construction work had early begin in Iwo where the
permanent site was located. When government changes hand in 1983 because
of political incongruence of the state, the project which was 40% completed as
at the end of Bola Ige’s regime was abandoned by the succeeding governor, Dr.
Omololu Olunloyo, though the time administration staff of the station has
moved into the building in September 1983 shortly before the change of
government.

Government that emerged in old Oyo and in Osun State since it’s creation in
1981 also did not attend to it until 2004 when Prince Olagunsoye Oyinlola was
the Governor of Osun State decided to complete the project after about a
quarter of abandonment. The glant steps the Station has recorded so far begin
in 2010 when Ogbeni Rauf Aregbesola took the bull by the horns to establish
the station properly.

1.4. THE GOALS AND OBJECTIVE

The goals and objectives of REALITY RADIOVISION SERVICES IWO are to

educate, entertain and enlightened the viewing audience by providing an
effective courage of Nigeria and to broadcast internationally acceptable
programs.

Some of the prime goals of REALITY RADIOVISION SERVICES includes:-

• Promoting knowledge of available product through balance and

controlling information.
• To encourage the production and consumption of local product in order
to achieve our sufficiency and self reliance.
 • To fast the spirit of hardwork and high production with a view to
increase the states wealth and to elevate the quality of life of the
people.

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. RADIO STUDIO

The Radio Studio is an enclosed room which has acoustic foam on the wall to
prevent echo. The Radio Studio is where all radio programs are been carried
out ( either live or into recording tape). In the radio studio, we have the
Microphone, Audio Mixing Console, Speaker, Radio Monitor, Playback
Machines, Computer

2.1.1. MICROPHONE

A microphone, also classified as input transducer is a sound sensor that

convert sounds to electrical signal. It produce an electric analogue output
signal that is proportional to the acoustic sound waves.

Fig 2.1 Microphone

Microphone are used in many applications such as telephony, public address
system for concert halls, public event, live and recorded audio engineering,
megaphones, radio and television broadcasting and in computers for recording
voice, speech recognition. There are several types of microphone but those
that are use in the station are unidirectional microphone which works in one
direction and multidirectional microphone which works from different
directions.

2.1.2. HEADPHONES

Headphones in the early days of telephony and radio are a pair of small
loudspeaker drivers that are designed to be worn on or around the head over a
user’s ears. They are electroacoustic transducers, which convert an electrical
signal to a corresponding sounds in the user’s ears.

Fig 2.2 Headphone

2.1.3. LOUDSPEAKER

A loudspeaker is an electroacoustic transducer, which converts an electrical

audio into a corresponding sound.
 Fig 2.3 Speaker

2.1.4. PLAYBACK MACHINES

Playback Machines is an Electronic equipment used in radio studio for different

function like playing of tapes and disk. Example of playback machine are Audio
CD and Audio Cassette Player.

2.1.5. COMPUTER

Computer is an electronic device which is capable of receiving information in a

particular form and performing a sequence of operations in accordance with a
predetermined but variable set of procedural instructions (program) to
produce a result in the form of information or signal.

Fig 2.4 Computer

2.2. TELEVISION STUDIO

Television studio, also called a television production studio, is an installation

room in which video productions take place, either for the production of live
television and its recording onto video tape or other media such as SSDs, or for
the acquisition of raw footage for post-production.

2.2.1 EDITING ROOM

The Editing Room is an enclosed area in television studio where recorded
programs are been worked on and errors are been corrected before taken to
the Master Control Room (MCR) for broadcasting.

2.2.2. COMPUTER

Computer in Editing Room are used in editing programs, erasing of unwanted

part and adding of necessary things to the program before coping it to a disc or
tape.

2.3. THE STUDIO FLOOR

The studio floor is the room in the studio where presenters sit to present their
programmes either for live broadcast or for recording purposes. Studio floor
facilities include the video cameras, teleprompter, microphones, the lighting
grid, monitor and a communication system.

2.3.1 PROFESSIONAL VIDEO CAMERA

The studio has three High Definition (HD) video cameras which are used for
creating electronic moving picture. Triaxial cable was used to provide power
and signal connectivity between the camera and the camera control unit
(CCU).
 Fig 2.6 Video Camera

2.3.2 TELEPROMPTER

The teleprompter is a display device that prompts the presenter/newscaster

with an electronic visual text of speech and scripts. The screen is in front of a
professional HD Camera. The text on the screen is reflected to the eye of the
presenter using a sheet of clear glass.

Fig 2.5 Teleprompter

2.3.3 MICROPHONES

A microphone is an input transducer that converts sound to electrical signal. It

converts the voice of the presenter in the studio to electrical signal. The studio
has five microphones; one wired and four wireless.

2.3.4 THE LIGHTING GRID

Television studio lighting plays a vital role in creating the right level of
brightness and exciting mood. RTS DTS has over-head lighting grid with
fluorescent lighting system and the spot light. The lighting control system
controls the light remotely.
2.3.5 STUDIO FLOOR MONITORS

The studio video monitors provide visual feedback from the PCR. The studio
has two flat screen monitors.

2.4 PRODUCTION CONTROL ROOM (PCR)

The PCR in a television studio is the place in which composition of the outgoing
program takes place. It is also known as the studio control room where
activities such as switching from camera to camera, recording and lighting
control are coordinated. Facilities in the PCR include the CCU, the vision mixer,
video monitors, audio mixing console, waveform monitor and communication
equipment.

2.4.1 THE CAMERA CONTROL UNIT (CCU)

The CCU is a part of live transmission broadcast chain. It is responsible for

powering the professional video camera and handling signal sent over the
triaxial camera cable to and from the camera. It can be used to control various
camera parameters such as the iris remotely.

2.4.2 THE VISION MIXER

The vision mixer is used to select the camera source and other various sources
to be recorded or seen on air. The digital video mixer used for this project has
an integrated digital video effect.

2.4.3 VIDEO MONITOR

The video monitors at the PCR are used to monitor the video output from the
various sources in the television studio. Small LCD monitors and big multi-
screen plasma television set were used for this purpose

2.4.4 AUDIO MIXING CONSOLE

The audio output of all the studio floor and PCR source are terminated on the
audio mixing console. The professional audio mixing console is for audio
selection.

2.4.5 WAVEFORM MONITOR

The waveform monitor is a special type of oscilloscope used in television

production to measure and display the level or voltage of a video signal with
respect to time. The level of a video signal usually corresponds to the
brightness or luminance of the part of the image being drawn onto a video
screen at the same point in time. Waveform monitor allows for the
measurement of the overall characteristics of a video signal. REALITY
RADIOVISION SERVICES DTS has two waveform monitors, one for the PCR and
the other for the MCR.

2.5. MASTER CONTROL ROOM (MCR)

The master control room in a television studio is the place where the on air
signals is controlled. Facilities at the MCR include the character generator,
matrix switcher, VTRs, distribution amplifiers, monitors, and the patch panel.
The MCR output feeds the transmitter.

2.6. TRANSMISSION ROOM

The transmitting room is the heart of broadcasting station. It is the room

where the signal will be radiated in form of electromagnetic waves with the
help of an antenna. The Transmitting room consists of Radio Transmitter,
Television Transmitter, Automatic Voltage Regulator, Uninterrupted Power
Supply and Dummy Load and Air Conditioners

2.6.1 RADIO TRANSMITTER

The transmitter is a solid state 5.5 kW Frequency Modulated (FM) transmitter
operating at 96.3 MHz. Figure 3.6 shows the picture of the transmitter. It
consists of a number of sub-system each having a specific function.

Fig 2.6 RRS Radio Transmitter

The exciter converts the input base band signal into FM radio frequency (RF)
signal. The output of the exciter is used to drive the two 3 kW power amplifier
modules which boost the signal to the desired level. The output of the
amplifiers when combined provides the signal level required to drive the
transmitter antenna. Cooling of each amplifier is achieved by means of heat
sink and powerful blowers in order to guarantee a safe operation even in harsh
climatic condition. The system control unit monitors, protect and gives
necessary commands to the sub-systems in order to achieve the desired result.

2.6.2 TELEVISION TRANSMITTER

It is an electronic device that radiates radio waves that carry a video signal
representing moving images, along with a synchronized audio channel, which is
received by television receivers (‘televisions’ or ‘TVs’) belonging to a public
audience, which display the image on a screen.

The Transmitter is a solid state 10kW operating at Very High Frequency (VHF
66). It consists of sub-system each having their function. The Television
Transmitter consists of two exciter and four amplifier.

2.6.3 UNINTERRUPTED POWER SOURCE (UPS)

Uninterruptible Power Source (UPS) is an electrical apparatus that provides

emergency power to a load when the input power source or mains power fails.
A UPS differs from an auxiliary or emergency power system or standby
generator in that it will provide near-instantaneous protection from input
power interruptions, by supplying energy stored in batteries. The on-battery
run-time of most uninterruptible power sources is relatively short (only a few
minutes) but sufficient to start a standby power source or properly shut down
the protected equipment.

2.6.4 AIR CONDITIONER

An appliance or system used to control the humidity, ventilation, and

temperature in a building or vehicle, typically to maintain a cool atmosphere in
warm conditions.

2.7 POWER PLANT

Power plant consist of a transformer with an output of 500kVA, Three

Generator with an output of 500kVA, 350kVA and 50kVA with a change over
switch and distribution board

2.7.1 GENERATOR
The generators are been supply by 12V dry batteries and they produce
different output of 500kVA, 350kVA and 50kVA. The generators consists of
both electrical and mechanical parts. The generators make the use of diesel
engine with tanks that can contain nothing less than 100 litres of diesel oil.

2.7.2 DISTRIBUTION BOARD

The circuit breaker of the three generators and the IBEDC power are on the
distribution board

2.8 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

In telecommunication, proper precautions need to be ensured so as not to be

prone to hazard, and also to achieve standard setup and transmission. Some of
the precautions to be ensure are listed below:-

 Food are not to be eaten in Broadcasting Studio

 Noise should be prohibited in studio area
 Maintenance is to be done at regular interval
 At the Transmitter room, extra care must be employ when on duty
 Never assume on any of the equipment’s
 Non technical individuals should not be allowed into sensitive room such
as control room
 Monitoring of output of the Studio should be given full concentrations
 CHAPTER THREE

TECHNICAL EXPERIENCE GAINED

3.1. OPERATING OF THE TRANSMITTER

The Switching on of the Transmitter starts from the distribution board where
the circuit breaker to the Transmitter are located, we first of all switch the
circuit breaker for each of the Transmitter and check the voltage that flows
into it, if the voltage is above 250V, we cannot power the air conditioner, we
have to wait for it to reduce to avoid burning of the AC components. If the
voltage is less than 250V, then we can continue with the process of switching
the Transmitter. We have to switch of the circuit breaker for each of the
equipments on the transmitter and also switch on the exciter and then we wait
for about 30 seconds for the Transmitter to come up. After coming up, the
Transmitter will send the signal in form of electromagnetic (through wave
guide) to the antenna for radiation

3.2 OPERATING OF TELEVISION STUDIO EQUIPMENTS

Switching on of the Television Studio start from the Distribution Board where
the circuit breaker to the Television and it’s Lights are located, the first thing
to do is to switch on the circuit breakers and after switching on the circuit
breakers the next thing is to go directly to the Television Studio to power ON
the Uninterrupted Power Source. There are three steps to follow in other to
Power the UPS of the Television Studio:-

 Switch ON the BYPASS Breaker

 Switch ON the BATTERY Breaker and wait for 15 seconds
 Press the ON button on the UPS for three seconds for the UPS to come
up
 Switch ON the main UPS ON/OFF Circuit Breaker

After Switching ON of the main UPS Circuit Breaker, all the equipments in the
Television Studio will comes Up. The last thing to do it to ON the Air
Conditioners in the Television Studio

3.3 OPERATING OF THE GENERATORS

The power generating plants consists of two parts which are electrical parts
and mechanical parts, the largest power generating plants has the capacity to
generate 500kVA and it’s been powered by 12V battery and it has a sensor
which can automatically shutdown the system in case of emergency.
 CHAPTER FOUR

TECHNICAL PROBLEMS ENCOUNTER AND THEIR SOLUTIONS

4.1 TRANSMISSION SIGNAL FAILURE

This was a common fault in the Television Transmitter and this occur when
there is problem with the signal cable use for the transmission of signals from
the Television Studio to the Television Transmitter.

The solution to the situation is that;

 new signal cable (coaxial cable) was brought

 The cables was terminated with XLR connector
 Old Signal cable was replaced with new cable

4.2 J AND P FUSE RUPTURED

This fault occurred two times during my SIWES program at REALITY

RADIOVISION SERVICES and it occurred during the transmission. The engineers
were looking for the cause of power outage in transmission and it was later
discovered that the J and P fuse of one out of the three phases got ruptured

The solution to the situation is that:-

  The Engineering Department sent a message to the IBEDC substation
 IBEDC technician was sent from the substation for the repairing

During the repair, I was able to know the function of the three phases on the
transmitters in the station, if anything happens to one of the phases, the
Transmitter will not ON.

CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

CONCLUSION

During the of this tour of experience, I was exposed to various equipments and
facilities that have only been know to me on paper. The knowledge and
experience gotten from REALITY RADIOVISION SERVICES IWO is valuable and
will go a long way helping me in my academic pursuits and life generally. I can
now manage the studio and equipment both in the control and Transmitter
room. I have a very good experience working with the engineers of the station
which will be very useful in time of needs. Practically, I have improved and
achieved

RECOMMENDATION

Due to the gains and favourable reception, it is advisable as a course of action,

that students of the university who do not engage in the Student Industrial
Work Experience Scheme (S.I.W.E.S), should be allowed to participate and
involve themselves as this will go a long way enhancing and promoting their
welfare giving them great opportunities in acquiring skills for the future.
Also, financial support should be made available before the commencement of
the training so as to aid students in their mobility.