COR JESU COLLEGE, INC.

COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES

Sto. Rosario, Digos City, Davao del Sur

Concept Notes Laboratory Individual Quiz Formative Summative

Exercise/Drill Art/Drawing Pair/Group Others, specify

Module 1: The Human Body

Topic: THE HUMAN BODY: AN ORIENTATION

Learning 1. Identify the human body’s landmarks, regions and the meaning
of Anatomy and Physiology.
Targets:
2. Determine the surface, landmark and regions;
3. Recognize the parts of the body landmark and its division.
References: Marieb, Elaine Nicpon,Hoehn, Katja. Human anatomy &
physiology
/Boston : Pearson,. MLA Citation. Marieb, Elaine
Nicpon,Hoehn, Katja. (2017)

https://www.edx.org/learn/human-anatomy

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sUXwG5XVoMs

1. TO ENGAGE

Try to advance read your lesson for Body Orientation.

Try to identify the anatomical position, surface, landmarks and body regions.

1. What is Anatomy?
2. What is Physiology?

2. TO EXPLORE

 To understand, try to differentiate and correlate Anatomy and Physiology.

 Try also to demonstrate your own body standing in the mirror doing the position. Assume
the anatomical position, and notice that it is not particularly comfortable. The hands are
held unnaturally forward rather than hanging partially cupped toward the thighs.
  Draw and identify the surface, landmark and regions of the human body. What can be the
difference between axial and appendicular? What are the anterior and posterior
landmarks?

3. TO EXPLAIN

To verify your answers to the questions above, consider these definitions:

Human anatomy and physiology is the study of the structure and function of the human
body. The human body consists of many intricate parts with coordinated functions that are
maintained by a complex system of checks and balances. The coordinated function of all the
parts of the human body allows us to detect stimuli, such as observing a sunset; respond to
stimuli, such as removing a hand from a hot object; perform mental functions, such as
remembering and thinking; among many other functions.

In this course, however we will focus our discussion on anatomical terminology.

Particularly in this module, you will deal more with terminologies relating to anatomical parts.

4. TO ELABORATE (to extend, connect, rationalize, and

apply) OVERVIEW OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

Anatomy:the scientific study of the body’s structures

The word “anatomy” comes from a Greek root that means “to cut apart.” (Tome - to cut)
Two main types of anatomy:

 Gross anatomy is the study of the larger structures of the body, those visible without the
aid of magnification
 Microscopic anatomy is the study of structures that can be observed only with the use of
a microscope or other magnification devices
Two general approaches to the study of the body’s structures:

1. Regional Anatomy - the study of the interrelationships of all of the structures in a specific
body region
2. Systemic Anatomy - the study of the structures that make up a discrete body system—
that is, a group of structures that work together to perform a unique body function.
Physiology: the scientific study of the chemistry and physics of the structures of the body and
the ways in which they work together to support the functions of life

Homeostasis: is the state of steady internal conditions maintained by living things.

“It is difficult to study structure (anatomy) without knowledge of function (physiology). The two
disciplines are typically studied together because form and function are closely related in all
living things.”

STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY

1. Chemical Level
2. Cellular Level
3. Tissue Level
4. Organ Level
5. Organ System Level
6. Organismal Level
FUNCTIONS OF HUMAN LIFE

1. Maintaining Boundaries
2. Movement - actions of the body
3. Responsiveness – ability of an organisms or a system to adjust to changes in conditions
4. Digestion
5. Metabolism – sum of all of the body’s chemical reactions
 Anabolism - assembly of more complex molecules from simpler molecules
 Catabolism - breaking down of more complex molecules into simpler molecules
6. Excretion
7. Reproduction -process by which new organisms are generated
8. Growth - process of increasing in size

REQUIREMENTS OF HUMAN LIFE

1. Oxygen
2. Nutrient
3. Temperature
4. Atmospheric Pressure

HOMEOSTASIS

 Negative Feedback - homeostatic mechanism that tends to stabilize an upset in the

body’s physiological condition by preventing an excessive response to a stimulus,
typically as the stimulus is removed
 Positive Feedback Loop - mechanism that intensifies a change in the body’s
physiological condition in response to a stimulus
ANATOMICAL TERMINILOGY

 Anatomical Position - standard body “map”, is that of the body standing upright, with
the feet at shoulder width and parallel, toes forward. The upper limbs are held out to each
side, and the palms of the hands face forward.
A body that is lying down is described as either prone or supine:

 Prone - describes a face-down orientation

 Supine - describes a face up orientation.

Figure 1: Anatomical Position (Anterior & Posterior View)

TWO MAJOR DIVISONS OF BODY:

1. Axial: relating to head, neck, and trunk, the axis of the body.
2. Appendicular: relating to limbs and their attachments to the axis.

REGIONAL TERMS: (refer to Figure 1: Anatomical Position)

Anterior Body Landmarks *Note the following regions in Figure 1 (A)

 Abdominal: Pertaining to the anterior body trunk region inferior to the ribs.
 Acromial: Pertaining to the point of the shoulder.
 Antebrachial: Pertaining to the forearm.
 Antecubital: Pertaining to the anterior surface of the elbow.
 Axillary: Pertaining to the armpit
 Brachial: Pertaining to the arm
 Buccal: Pertaining to the cheek
 Carpal: Pertaining to the wrist
 Cervical: Pertaining to the neck region
 Coxal: Pertaining to the hip
 Crural: Pertaining to the leg
 Digital: Pertaining to the fingers or toes
 Femoral: Pertaining to the thigh
 Frontal: Pertaining to the forehead
 Hallux: Pertaining to the great toe
 Inguinal: Pertaining to the groin
 Mammary: Pertaining to the breast
 Mental: Pertaining to the chin
 Nasal: Pertaining to the nose
 Oral: Pertaining to the mouth
 Orbital: Pertaining to the bony eye socket (orbit)
 Palmar: Pertaining to the palm of the hand
 Patellar: Pertaining to the anterior knee (kneecap) region
 Pedal: Pertaining to the foot
 Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis region
 Fibular (peroneal): Pertaining to the side of the leg
 Pollex: Pertaining to the thumb
 Pubic: Pertaining to the genital region
 Sternal: Pertaining to the region of the breastbone
 Tarsal: Pertaining to the ankle
 Thoracic: Pertaining to the chest
 Umbilical: Pertaining to the navel

Posterior Body Landmarks *Note the following body surface regions in Figure 1 (B)
 Acromial: Pertaining to the point of the shoulder
 Brachial: Pertaining to the arm
 Calcaneal: Pertaining to the heel of the foot
 Cephalic: Pertaining to the head
 Dorsum: Pertaining to the back
 Femoral: Pertaining to the thigh
 Gluteal: Pertaining to the buttocks or rump
 Lumbar: Pertaining to the area of the back between the ribs and hips; the loin
 Manus: Pertaining to the hand
 Occipital: Pertaining to the posterior aspect of the head or base of the skull
 Olecranal: Pertaining to the posterior aspect of the elbow
 Otic: Pertaining to the ear
 Perineal: Pertaining to the region between the anus and external genitalia
 Plantar: Pertaining to the sole of the foot
 Popliteal: Pertaining to the back of the knee
 Sacral: Pertaining to the region between the hips (overlying the sacrum)
 Scapular: Pertaining to the scapula or shoulder blade area
 Sural: Pertaining to the calf or posterior surface of the leg
 Vertebral: Pertaining to the area of the spinal column

DIRECTIONAL TERMS:

 Anterior (or ventral) Describes the front or direction toward the front of the body. The
toes are anterior to the foot.
 Posterior (or dorsal) Describes the back or direction toward the back of the body. The
popliteus is posterior to the patella.
 Superior (or cranial) describes a position above or higher than another part of the body
proper. The orbits are superior to the oris.
 Inferior (or caudal) describes a position below or lower than another part of the body
proper; near or toward the tail (in humans, the coccyx, or lowest part of the spinal
column). The pelvis is inferior to the abdomen.
 Lateral describes the side or direction toward the side of the body. The thumb (pollex) is
lateral to the digits.
 Medial describes the middle or direction toward the middle of the body. The hallux is the
medial toe.
  Proximal describes a position in a limb that is nearer to the point of attachment or the
trunk of the body. The brachium is proximal to the antebrachium.
 Distal describes a position in a limb that is farther from the point of attachment or the
trunk of the body. The crus is distal to the femur.
 Superficial describes a position closer to the surface of the body. The skin is superficial
to the bones.
 Deep describes a position farther from the surface of the body. The brain is deep to the
skull.

Figure 2: Directional Terms

BODY PLANES:

 The sagittal plane is the plane that divides the body or an organ vertically into right and
left sides. If this vertical plane runs directly down the middle of the body, it is called the
midsagittal or median plane. If it divides the body into unequal right and left sides, it is
called a parasagittal plane or less commonly a
longitudinal section.

 The frontal plane is the plane that divides the body or an organ into an anterior
(front) portion and a posterior (rear) portion. The frontal plane is often referred to as
a coronal plane. (“Corona” is Latin for “crown.”)

 The transverse plane is the plane that divides the body or organ horizontally into upper
and lower portions. Transverse planes produce images referred to as cross sections.
 Figure 3: Body Planes

BODY CAVITIES & SEROUS MEMBRANES

Dorsal Body Cavity – Posterior

 Cranial Cavity
 Vertebral Cavity
Ventral Body Cavity –
Anterior

 Thoracic Cavity
 Abdominal Cavity
 Pelvic Cavity
 Abdominopelvic Cavity (Abdomen + Pelvic)
 Figure 4: Body Cavities

A serous membrane (also referred to a serosa) is one of the thin membranes that cover the walls
and organs in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

The parietal layers of the membranes line the walls of the body cavity (pariet- refers to a cavity
wall). The visceral layer of the membrane covers the organs (the viscera).

Between the parietal and visceral layers is a very thin, fluid-filled serous space, or

cavity There are three serous cavities and their associated membranes.

 Pleura is the serous membrane that surrounds the lungs in the pleural cavity;
 Pericardium is the serous membrane that surrounds the heart in the pericardial cavity;
 Peritoneum is the serous membrane that surrounds several organs in the abdominopelvic
cavity.
ABDOMINAL REGIONS AND QUADRANTS

The regions of the abdomen are theoretical divisions used by clinicians to help localize, identify
and diagnose a patients symptoms. There are two main forms of categorization, the first which is
simpler and is mapped out by dividing the abdomen into four quadrants, while the second
method divides it into nine segments/regions. (See image above.