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CH 09

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409 views101 pages

CH 09

Uploaded by

Enes Yavuz
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© © All Rights Reserved
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*4.3 P= 5 kNim? “93 The pressure distribution on the I-m-diameter circular disk in Fig PO. ie given in the table. Determine te drag on disk. FIGURE P9.3 ree D=(pdi-( pd =( plemrdr) —p, 0%, since df =20rdr ! 2 r=o Thus, D= 20 pr dr (-s4h) Blin) =20( prdr + 9.9851 ° o.5m OS 7 where pk, rm Evaluate the integral numerically using the flowing integrand: rom eo kW/m r(m) p(kN/m?) 0 0 0 434 0.05 OnM 0.05 ae aio Se ui 0.15 0.558 can aa 0.20 0.620 on oaE 0.25 0.695 0.30 237 oe O71 0.35 1.89 0.35 0.662 0.40 141 0.40 0.564 0.45 0.74 0.45 0.333 0.50 0.0 0.50 0,000 = Using a standard numerical integration technique with the abeve integrand gives oF = 5.43 kN r3 94 24 A 0.10 mdiameter circular cylinder moves through air With @ speed U. The pressure distribution on the cylinder's surface is approximated by the three straight line segments shown in Fig. P9.4, Determine the drag coefficient on the cylinder, Neglect shear forces. oe % 60 60 100 180 140 160 1 HFIGURE Poa Ae Spor cos@ do = br (pease do : 7 or, = 2b 8 dB Cea ce Break up the integration into the following three segments: dA = brdo )0<0¢70 =/,222 rad where b=/length 739043 ©, where O~rad. ? ge. pl =3 and Al =-6 6-0 9<1222 2) 70'S p if viscous effects are to be important oe the flow. For standard air V=L57x/6*# Thos, 2.08K10"| 7 54¢x/07 3.33x107| 0.47) smokestack 262x105 e 9.10 9.10 A viscous fluid flows past a flat plate such that the boundary layer thickness at a distance 1.3 m from the leading edge is 12 mm. Determine the boundary layer thickness at distances of 0.20, 2.0, and 20 m from the leading edge. Assume laminar flow. For Jaminar flow § = CVX , where C is a constant, "Cd 0, 00¥70| 0.0748 0.0470 9.11 If the upstream velocity of the flow in Problem 9.10 is U = 1.5 m/s, determine the ki- nematic viscosity of the fluid. 7a For laminar flow S= Sa or V= ay Thus, _ a 2Duax0" . v= SAE = 6.65x)0 62 7 10 LAP 9.12 Water flows past a fiat plate with an upstream velocity of U = 0.02 m/s, Determine the water velocity a distance of 10 mm from the plate at distances of x = 1.5m andx = 15m from the leading edge. From the Blasivs solution for boundary layer flow on a flat plate, u=U fin) where n, the similarity variable, is = yf Ge . Valves of fn) are given in Table %L Since Rog= US SPE Mig). 5 50x10 js less than the critical Rey.,= 540%, if follows that the bondary layer flow is laminar. At x=15m and y=10x0%m we obtain: _ 3) | 0, on = > (10810 m) Chiaxie 828) (sm) = 00" Linear interpolation from Table %/ gives? 0.2647) f’= 0.2647 + 03188-0267) |, 06 06) 2 9,369 (1.2 -0.8) Hence, 4, = UE) =0.02-#) (0.359) = aoo71e Similarly, at X,* 15m and y=10xI0%m we obtain: 3) | ooak . % = (/0x/0%m) Taaxw HE) (75) = 0,345 Linear interpolation from Table 9.1 gives: . (0.1329 - 0.0) Fe 0.0 on (0345 -0.0) = 0.145 Hence, Uy = US (n,) =(0.02-2Yo.8) = 0.00229 2 —= 9.13* | (cond Also, the momentum @= (e-4 thickness , ®, is 9.0268 )dy = ere #94[h \dy Numerical integration of the tabulated data gives @ = 2.23x10%m Yam oO 0.0021 0.0043 0.0064 0.0107 0.0150 0.0193 0.0236 0.0268 0.0293 0.0327 (1- #9¢1h) / 0.491 0,282 0.210 0,109 0,051 0.0194 0. 00584 0 oO 0 i (1-4941F) 0 0.0506 0.0410 0.0335 0.0197 0. 0098) 0. 00386 0, 00118 oO O 0 9-13 9.13* “4,13 A Pitot tube connected to a water-filled U-tube ma- rnometer is used to measure the total pressure within a boundary layer. Based on the data given in the table below, determine the boundary layer thickness, 6, the displacement thickness, 5*, and the momentum thickness, 0. From the Bernoulli equation, with Cain < Pago it follows that — y (mm), 4 (um), 2 a Distance above Plate Manometer Reading PAZ Ci? = ft Blain’, where “amerenrie _ramnes Seine Vir Wx, fy=0, and fy Yyoh Th "La tyoh’ _ febs00 Behm 2 Pair 423 3, or “= /26.2h , where h~m, un # For y>26.8mm we see that h= 4.0mm Thus, VU =/26.2y(0.04/) = 25.55 =e For ¥=23.6mm , U=126,2 (0.0405) =25.402 25,40 pens = O94 Thus, 5* 23.6 mm SZ The displacement thickness, &, is 8=((I-#)dy or since 3 aft, 126.2Vh" _ yo i Vc costees 4h this becomes 0.0268 m Se ( (l-a94ih) dy | Numerical integration of the tabulated data gives &*- (cont) 9-12 VIE 914 Because of the velocity deficit, U — w, in the boundary layer, the streamlines for flow Past a flat plate are not exactly parallel to the Plate. This deviation can be determined by use of the displacement thickness, 5*. For air blowing Past the flat plate shown in Fig. P9.14, plot the streamline A~B that passes through the edge of the boundary layer (y = dp atx = €) at point B. That is. plot y = y(x) for streamline A-B. As- FIGURE P9.14 sume laminar boundary layer flow. I 4 5 Since Re Y= ease =2,7#K10°< 5X10" the boundary layer flow remains laminar along the entire plate. Hence, 55th b= 5] or byes Le a) = 0.0382 $ The flourate carried by the actoal boundary layer is by definition equal to that carried by v a uniform velocity with the plate displaced by an amount 5° Since there is no flw 6 through the plate or streamline A-8, \ Qa = Qe, or Uy = (bg-5g)U where 6°=1.721}-4% 4 i re Mim | = 0.0/3/5 m z bg =1721 Thus, i. Ya = Sa ~ dg = 0.0382 m -0.013/5m = 0,025/m Hence, for any x- location Qn= 0 or Vy =Uy-Ss*) ores eee streamline y Ya = 0.0251 + 6.58x/0 |X_m, where X~m IS 9.15 opening as is shown in Fig. P9.18. Because the boundary layer displacement thickness increases in the direction of flow, itis necessary to increase the cross-sectional size of the duct if a constant U = 2 ft/s velocity is to be maintained outside the boundary layer. Plot a graph of the duct size, 4, as a function of x for 0 = x = 10 ft if U is to Temain constant. Assume laminar flow. Air enters a square duct through a L-ft i FIGURE P9.15 fer dncompressible flow Qo = Qt) where G= ee fe the de ‘ig Q0)= UA, where A=(d -25")" js the effective area of the duct (allowing for the decreased flowrate in the Thus, boundary layer), Qo=U(d-25")” or d= /fe 26°, a where ss 172K BE = nar Heres) x Hence, from £4, (1) d= |+0,030¢)x ft For example , 421 fat x=0 and d= 1.096 ft af x= Jott, 0.0152. UX ft, where x~tt 9.16 A smooth, flat plae of length € = 6 m and width b = 4 m is placed in water with an upstream velocity of U = 0.5 m/s. Determine the boundary layer thickness and the wall shear stress atthe center and the trailing edge ofthe plate. Assume a laminar boundary layer. 6 m> * . 5 [eee EK puane VE m, where xem 5g 5-5 PE and 3 Ws % : 34 | (e998) (nx? ME Ty 0.932 USE 20,332 (058) Cree ie ae) = O24 WV 2 ee O-2 Thus, af X= 3m 5=7.48xI0"|F = 9.0130 m Ta Ot . 0.076 WH, ene where X~m mm while af X =6m 6 = 7.48X/0° 8 = 0.0183 m uy x T= = 0.0506 % : e é GAT 9.17 _ Anatmospheric boundary layer is formed when the wind blows over the earth's surface. ‘Typically, such velocity profiles can be written as w= 3040 a power law: w = ay", where the constants a and n depend on the roughness of the terrain. As is indicated in Fig. P9.17, typical values are n = 0.40 for urban areas, n = 0.28 for woodland or suburban areas, and n = 0.16 for flat open coun- try (Ref. 23). (a) If the velocity is 20 ft/s at the 159) bottom of the sail on your boat (y = 4 ft), what is the velocity at the top of the mast (y = 30 ft)? o (b) If the average velocity is 10 mph on the tenth floor of an urban building, what is the average velocity on the sixtieth floor? 450) 300 (a) u=Cy?"* | where Cis a constant Thus, Ue _ py, iol _ ve Ge) or U,= 20-5 () wal y* where © is a constant Thos, eed (4) or ul, = 1omph( FIGURE P9.17 4-17 [F7e 9.18 A 30-story office building (each story is 12 ft tall) is ‘builtin a suburban industrial park. Plot the dynamic pressure, ‘pu?/2, as a function of elevation if the wind blows at hurricane strength (75 mph) atthe top of the building. Use the atmospheric dary layer information of Problem 9.17. From Fig, P%/7 the boundary layer yelocity profile is given by P28 where C is a constant. U,=75mph (325) =noft Me RP w @ = SX q : ae Ss s ast 7 & . ole oe Doooo or oss Horie bet /44(abr) where y~tt This is plotted in the figure below. joo | yvs pu" | 400 350 | 300 | 250 = 200 S 150 100 50 919 9.19 The typical shape of small cumulous clouds is as indicated in Fig. P9.19. Based on boundary layer ideas, explain why it is clear that : —_— the wind is blowing from right to left as indicated. comme OP ch or teob Somme FIGURE P9.19 As indicated in Fig. P8217, because of the atmaspheric boundary layer the velocity of the wind generally increases with altitede. Thus, the top portions of a cloud travels faster than its base — the clovds tend to “tip” toward the direction of the wind. That is, the wind is from right to left, uy 450) uy £ 300) uy 150] - oll FIGURE P9417 19 9.20 9.20 Show that for any function f= f(n) the velocity omponens w und v determined by Eqs, 9.12 and 9.13 satisty the incompressible continuity equation, Ey. 9.8, Given uUFln , v= where n= Coy’ is Show thet +39 * =0 for any ao Bvt vet Pt aderd yy gt Thus, ‘ HUF ee] -- oS @ a ¥ (22) pee nin ¥ Ae 7] GE irae = (Bee Pl, sen cee a: 4 2G yor (a a oe f (2) By combining Egs. (1) and (2) we see that +44 <0 for any function (7). 9.21 Show that by writing the velocity in terms of the similarity variable 7 and the function /(1") the momentum equation for boundary layer flow on a flat plate (Eq. 9.9) can be written as the ordinary differential equation given by Eq. 9.14 The governing eqations are we # =O and ” Consider u=U fin) and v= (Por “£) where (Yee can and 9=(f)*y Th = 7 so that ea (ut)-0 4b - vg$ ae --g ast @ and - v an M = (LPR nt EF ne 1 EO Be estar “ Thus, by using Eqs. (#) and (8) we see thal Eg is satistied for any function £(%). key Also, = HB = 3 (UP IVE X*] =(GE) f @ and Le : GREE EEE 0 Thus, by using Eqs. (2-1),(8), and (7) with £y.(2) we obtain (VEEL (Bt RE ok which simplifies to * 2t"- ff"=0 From £¢.(2) the bundary conditions at y=0 (¢.0. 9=0) become u=0=VFt0) and v=0=(¥¥)*(0 fo)- f(0)) That is, (0)=0 and fio)=0 Similarly, as yr © (2, 02) we require u--V. Thos, from Eg) f+ 1 as ym. 9.22 9.22 An airplane flies at a speed of 400 mph at an altitude of 10,000 ft. If the boundary layers on the wing surfaces be- have as those on a flat plate, estimate the extent of laminar boundary layer flow along the wing. Assume a transitional Reynolds number of Reg, = 5X 10°. Ifthe airplane its 400-miph speed but descends to sea level elevation, will the Portion of the wing covered by a laminar boundary layer increase or decrease compared with its value at 10,000 11? Explain, At 10,000 ft: UX. Ihe_)/5280$t) o57 ft @ Rex, = “7, where U = Hoomph (seeets) (282K) eee a 2 3:53 4K/10" bs and from Table Cl, 7 = % = 1756x107 Ss [ = 2.010 * Hence, with -_ one Xo Y Ree _ 2.o1nid* # (5x105) era # = 0.171 4 At sea-level® (8) Reg, = U xr, where V= #00 mph ( 8.(a) Show that this profile satisfies the appropriate bound ary conditions. (b) Use the momentum integral equation to de~ termine the boundary layer thickness, 8 ~ (2). (a) o gl) = 2y-¥* where Y= y/6 Thus, 4] =0 as if most, ye as it must. Alss, gt = U[ 2-22] so that Hof -F1-0 te Bl = 2-121 or u-Valy-s yb (b) From the momentum integral equation, i. b= 77 , where C= ( gli-gidT and c= 2| : yo This, _ 6 = { QY-¥*) (1-20 +YAT = ((29-srey-Y dT =/-S+/-4 =2 a. . and G = (2-2y] -2 so that i 2iz)vx_ _ | 20vx Ce ee ae 7 Hence, with Re, = BE, 6. We _ 5K Xx” WR” Tex 9-23 (za 9.25 A laminar boundary layer velocity pro- file is approximated by the two straight-line seg- ments indicated in Fig. P9.25 Use the momen- tum integral equation to determine the boundary layer thickness, 6 = (x), and wall shear stress, ty = T(x). Compare these results with those in Table 9.2. ° zu 3 FIGURE P9.25 From the momentum integral equation 1 =f , where C= (gll-g)d¥ and a-4| o ° yo ae with Ye¥ For O«Ye} , 9= a+b, Y with the constants a, and 6, obtained tran 9-H at Y=% and 970 al Y=0, Thus, 9-0, b= a for 02Y<4 and Hence, Gc: @) Similar, for B laminar boundary flow. Explain your answer physi @ SFIGURE Po2s For case (a): b= EUG A where Gye 1228 = 4328. d Axl The, oi Tg Get ee 2? = 0,664 eU* wp o For case (b) Ly LU Cy A where Cop = 1228. and Az (10) (4) = £2 Thus, v by, = tev" ae p = 4 (0.seepu% 7 2%) @ By comparing Egs.(1) and (2) we see that 4, = 2.0 4, Tn case (b) the boundary layer on the rear plale is thicker than on the front plate. Hence the shear stress is lees on the rear plate than it is on that plate in configuration (a), giving less drag for case (6) than for case (a), even though the total areas are the sane. 9.29 9.29 The two flat plates shown in Fig. P9.29 are to have the req ‘same drag. Determine the upsiream velocity U, in terms of Y, and n, Assume laminar flow. Explain your answer phys- ically. D, = Ls or FOUTALG, =#0Us Ay Coy aM where Aa Ay= (lL and Cy 528 or Cogs BP, Gy Fee Thus, £4.(0) gives Up Cog = Us Coy 7 Ue Ue : TR, Tra where Re, Hanes, a ur’ Vinh * =U a In %, Thus, Yan's UL and Rey = Hele , jw , > ‘| —> (pute ] a @ C EFIGURE P9290 9-28 9.30 If the drag on one side of a flat plate parallel to the upstream flow is 9 when the up- stream velocity is U, what will the drag be when the upstream velocity is 2U; or U/2? Assume laminar flow. For laminar flow B= eV". A, where Co, = 2222 mp Ty ‘D Thos, PE b= teu" 28H 9 = 0.664 CAE -— Hence, ey A, and - Do Pup 9.3] 931 Air flows past a parabolic-shaped flat plate oriented purallel to the free stream shown in Fig, P9.31. Integrate the wall shear stress over the plate to determine the friction drag fon one side of the plate. Assume laminar flow, U3 ts Gur Treat each strip af thickness dy and length L-hy) as a small flat plate with drag di? where for laminar flow . 328 I, dD= Cy dev" dA with d= Ldy and Cy, Tia = a oe Thos, 1,328 2 % d= LeU'L dy = 0.66% we U* UE dy ve teres Bot L= 4-y* so that #2 3 = Sub = {0.664 Ing U* Vy? dy roe 2 =2(0.sewpe U* { Ve-yF dy 2 = 13286 | ye +4 sin'(L)) (4) ° =/328 Ie UT asin (NCE) a =1328\ye U (27)(2) ~~ Nole: The units on the integral Thos, ae i are ft (is. 2rel 4) B= 1.320] 3,7¢x10" tbs (e.20n0? sige HY) H% = 6ATKIO ND 9-30 732 9.32 It is relatively easy to design an efficient nozzle to accelerate a fluid. Conversely, itis very difficult to build an efficient diffuser to decelerate a fluid without boundary layer Separation and its subsequent inefficient flow behavior. Use the ideas of favorable and adverse pressure gradients to explain . For a nozzle as shown, the pressure decreases in the direction of flow and 90. Thus the boundary layer fluid flows in a region of favorable pressure gradient , 9¢-<0, This redvess the chance of boundary layer —x inviscid core separation. The flvid follows the nozzle contour with little difiicolty, regardless of ils shape. bomdary layer For q diffuser as shown, the pressure increases in the direction of flow and 44<0. Thus the boundary layer fluid flows in a region of adverse pressure gradient, ¥>0. Tf the pressure gradient is too large (c.e, the diffuser angle too large), the boundary layer will separate and the diffuser will not tinction proporly. 9.33 938 circular cylinder as shown in Fig. P9.33. Thus, when air flows past the cylinder, air will circulate through the interior of the sylinder ata rate of Q = K (p, ~ p,), where the constant K de- pends on the geometry of the passage connecting the two holes. : It is assumed that the flow around the cylinder is not affected by either the presence of the two holes or the small flowrate (0) through the passage. Let Qy denote the flowrate when 8 = 0. Plot a graph of Q/Q, as a function of @ for0 = @ = n/2if(a) ~~ oo the flow is inviscid, and (b) ifthe boundary layer on the cylin- der is turbulent (see Fig. 9.17c for pressure data). (b) For a turbulent boundary layer : (4) For inviseid flow : ‘Two small holes are drilled opposite each other in a —_S @ FIGURE P9.33 Gr oe = /~ #in*9 Thus, Q = K (fs-pa) = Kl (p-fe)-(p-pol = K[40U*(1-4sin?8) - £007(1-4sin*(o+m)] but sin*8 = sin* (0 +7) Hence, Q= Q for inviscid tlow , Note + This is to be expected Secause of the symmetrical pressure distribution. = Kf pe) = LBP) (pr-pel] = 20 KG,- Ge] Where ps for ® and Gals for 180-6 dey, Obtain G data trom Fig. 9.17. Note? G =/ for 0-8 and rot for 0=1bedeg Ths, Qo “4 = £eU°k[/-(-0.4)] = 4¥(£p0"k) so that Q . 400K ep.) _ Gr -G @, WEE pU*K) 14 The resvits are tabvlated and plotfed helow. (con't) 9-32, 7.33 (con't) ®,deg 180-8,deg c,, Gc oo 0 180 1009.40 1.00 18 165 070 040 © 079 30 150 000 © 0420.30 45 185 0 «0.90 043-034 60 12000 «4.70 045-089 75 105-210-130 057 90 90 1.90 190 0.00 Q/Q, vs 0 9-33 9.34 9.34 Water flows pasta triangular flat plate oriented paral- lel to the free stream as shown in Fig. P9.34, Integrate the wall shear stress over the plate to determine the friction drag on one side of the plate. Assume laminar boundary layer flow. M FIGURE P9.34 [Y = (Ty dA where Ty = 0.392 0% [EP Thus, 3 B= 0.2220 few | ¥ dA X=0.5_ y =0,5-X = 0.3320 * |p (2)( f oye x=0 yo % “08 = = 0,332 0 Tew af ee dx xK=0 Os = 033208 [pp (2)[o.602x* - 3x4] ° % = 0.664(0.22)*1999 8 (.iaya8WS )[ You - 2(0.5)% m3 m* or JD = 0,0296N usozms — Lom 9-34 9.36 9.36 A ceiling fan consists of five blades of 0.80-m length and (0.10-m width which route at 100 rpm. Estimate the torque needed to overcome the friction on the blades if they act as flat plates. Let dll= torque tomthe drag on element dA of the blade oe 4 i AL art dy 2=0lm IMN= (Dg! Lata )¥=2CE OU Cyy My | * D— ey where U= wy and w=looLe ( Hmin 270ed) aF orw =10,47 Lad L=0.8m ——-| The maximum Reg will occur af point ) where y=L or = UL . whl _ (1047 %)(0.8m) (0.1m) ae THR BE Thus, at all points on the blade Rey 4 (19H T Cy, (248) on B= 93.00" [0.¥55/(log (40K g)f */700/ (140x106 0) The results from this equation are plotted below. U, He measured valves a DNAARHYK ~ (A+~ theory| ale (Eq.04) oO m FIGURE P9.37 Loe < z < € 2 apn a re) (3) a 4-36 9.38 A sphere of diameter D and density p, falls at a steady Oo z rate through a liquid of density p and viscosity . Ifthe Rey- olds number, Re = pDU/, is less than 1, show that the vis- ez ‘cosity can be determined from p = gD*(p, — p)/18 U. M4 diameter D For steady flow ZF; =O ty 0 +Ke =W , where Fz -buyant force = eg ¥= eg £)m(2)° W = weight = 9 ¥ =e9 (4)m(S) and f= drag=C, 20 xD", or since Reé U = 0.9542 —~ Re = 3.24K)0"—* 6, = 0.4 40.5 Assume Cy=0.4 —* Vs 106 2 —» Re = 3.624/0°—» Cy =0, 4 (checks) Thus, U= Woke + Because of the graph (Fig.9.21.) the answers are nd accurate to three significant figures. m 9-40 59. Hl 4944 A 3:m-ciameter meteorological balloon that weighs 6N when dfiatedis filed with helium having 7 = 1.63 Nin, Plot a graph of the rate a which it res as a fonction of aliyde fora ttudes from sea level to its maximum altitude Assume standard amospheri conditions (Table Grting C.2) and that the diameter remains constant.* é a Far steady rise E2E*0 or Ig =W1d) +My hy where B= 6,4 pU*ED* and f= 04 =py F(F) a Th Mog HE 2 m= 6N1G FEU Ea m)* +(r032,) 2m)? pat -23, where U~® , px H, « Iso, Re = pea see, where pn Me Finally, from Fig,9.23 % —— — a Re For a given altitude obtain @,. trem TableC.2, Then a trial and error solution for Ui Resome Cy; obtain U trom £y,(1), Re trom £4.02); check Cy trom £4.(3), the graph. Note: The maximum altitede will occur when U=0 (ée, B=0 so thot Fa=W#Wy_), From Ey.(3) this gives p= 2:26 = 0.2) kg This occurs at an altitude of approximately 2* 15,000 m. 1 dia, D=3m Since Fig. 9.23 is not in equation formcombine a camputer /graph solvtion: a) select an altitude 2<15,000m ; b) lookup , (see table C.2 ; 0) assume a vale of Cy and calculate U from Ep. (1); d)calculole Re from Eg.(2) and lookup Cp in Fig.923; €) compare new Cy valve with the assumed one — iterate until they agree; 1) back to step a), The results are shonin below. "In an actual weather balloon the diameter increases considerably as it rises (i,¢, as the surrounding pressure decreases. (con't) rH! 9.44% | (con't) 0 11.41 1000 11.76 2000 11.62 3000 14.71 4000 14.78 5000 11.55 6000 11.56, 7000 41.52 9000 11.42 9000 11.25 10000 10.97 11000 10.83 12000 10.47 13000 9.59 14000 «6.72 15000 0 U, mis © 2000-4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 9-42. 9.45 9.48 A SOO-N cube of specific gravity SG = 1.8 falls through water at a constant speed U, Determine U if the cube falls (a) as oriented in Fig. P9.45a, (b) as oriented in Fig. P9.45b, . || & o EFIGURE Peso For steady fall, £& Fe ma=0 or W= D+F , where W= weight =500N : Fg = buoyant force = ¥ D’ and O=40U GA =drag But, W=YeD'= SC ED" or 500N = 1.8(9.20x10!, )D Thus, D=0.305m so that from Eq.) 500N = 4(999 #8) VG, (0.305 m)* +(4.80x10°4,) (0.305m)° or U*C, = 478 where V~ 2 (a) For case (a) C)= 0.80 (see Fig. 9.29) Hence, U= (228 Jt e244 (b) For case (b) C, = 1.05 4B 4,78 nm Hence, U= (fgg) = 2.13% fae, GA6 9.46 A snowflake with a diameter of 0.15 in, is observed to fall rough still air with a speed of 2.5 fi/s. The drag coefficient is assumed to be 1.5. (a) Estimate the weight of the snowflake. (b) Estimate the number of these snowflakes it would take, ‘when melted, to fill a one-gallon jug with water. (@ If the falling speed is constant, then the weight is balanced by the drag. We bt = 2 pv" AC, =¥ (0.00237 SHE). BY g (ous Hy (15) = 1.36 x16 shy £ or W = 1.36x10%lb (b) Since 1 gallon = 231in? = 0.1337 #P if follows that the weight of A gallon of water is Wea = Vyqy 8 or Wh = 0.1337 (62.4 fs) = 8.94 ib Thos if n= number of snowflakes that it takes to make a gallon of water, ny =U, lake 94! or fe 2 esl. 8366 = = 6,13 xj08 6 ade Wy h36x0%b = That is, 6.13 million snowflake per gallon! +44 G47 9.47 A 22 in, by 34 in, speed limit sign is supported on a 3-in, wide, 5-ft-long pole. Estimate the bending moment in the pole at ground level wheu a 30-mph wind blows against the sign, (See Video V9.6.) List any assumptions vused in your calculations. For egualibrivm, 2M, =O or Mp = 2.51 bp +(54 dB) A, where Ly ~ drag on the pole and a = drag on the sign a) T From Fig. 9.28 with L/p <0.1 for the sign, D ae I From Fis.9./9 if the past acts as a square rod ake with sharp corners Cop = 2.2 Thus, with U= 30mph = +e Fy =40U'Cn, Ay = £ (0.00238 HEE) (4p BY*U19)( 22 BDH) 279 op and Sp°8 OV Cop hp = £ (0.00220 SH) (yp P(2.2)( A (S)4P) = 6.a90 Thus, from Eq.tl)* Mg = 2.8 ft (6-346) +(5 +42 )H (22.71) = 162 fib 9-45 9.51 ee eee Seen ot aseecy Some ee ce lomcactae te P= power = Voll = UG,400'A =G,40UR Thos, Bs _ Ghe(65YA s = a = — ye 154, provided the valves of Cy 6 Cx 0(55) A are independent of V (c.2, Re). e 3 fence, Bs = 11582, =154(20hp) = 305 228hp 9-48 G49 1 he tp ple Ser Bo yg aaced 4-140, for flags td, vu T 4, 0, 4 For equilibrivm, I=, +(,-$2)bs fo a) where 4=20m, h=2.5m, and D,=2m. Gy F From the selvtion to Problem 248, £:6,= 7,080 Wm @) Also, fo Lr,=C,¢0U°L D, , where trom Fig, 9.30 with Bn eve weoblain C= 0.08. Thos, [ A, = 0.06 (4) (1.23 4)(202)°(2.5m)(2m) = 98,4 @) By combining Eqs. (),(2), and (2) we obtain M= 7,080 Wm +(20m~-Im)(98.4N) = 8,950 Nem G47 G48 9.48 Determine the moment needed at the base of 20-m-tall, D (0.12-m-diameter flag pole to keep it in place in a 20 m/s wind. | Ye For equilibrium, M= 40 where | : a J=6, 4 eV 72D Y : (20#)(0.12m) Since Re =} o 1x aE that Gye 1.2 Thus, B= 1.2 (4)(123 %)(208)* (20m)(0.12m) = 708N Hence, from Eg. ()) M= 28m (708) =_7,080N'm 184X108 , it follows from Fig, 221 G6 92 9.52 How much more power is required to peddle a bicycle at 15 mph into a 20-mph head- ‘wind than at 15 mph through still air? Assume a frontal area of 3.9 ft and a drag coefficient of Co = 0.88. = = = 6,4 0U7A , where Up= speed of the bike P= power = YP and A= C, te , where ie (iat ya and t= wind speed relative to bike. Font Thos, ' 2 | P = (22 #)(0.88)(4)(eoc2e MM )U"(3.9 1) = 0.0898 7 with Voft ~ bow a) With a 20mph headwind , Vals 20) (2H )o 5108 Thos r a b) With still ain, U=15 mph= 22 Thos, : on R = 0.0898 (22) = 43.5 2" ar Hence, need an additions! power of &- 8 = (236-438) "5" (ss5 Hes) 350hp aga (513) = 236 Hb 9.53 4.53 Estimate the wind velocity necessary to knock over a 10-Ib garbage can that is 3 ft tall and 2 ft in diameter. List your assumptions. If the can is about to tip around comer 0, then 2M, =0, or L50=1W 2 15 G,4eUN=W A typical valve of Cy far a cylinder is Gy=/ (see Fig. 9:21) Thus (15 ANI) (E)(o.002.ae $888) 9 (241)(30) = 10ft, where U> or U= 30.6 9-50 PS4 954 ‘On a day without any wind, your car consumes x gal- Jons of gasoline when you drive at a constant ‘speed, U, from point A to point Band back to point A. Assume tha you repeat the Jourey, diving atthe same speed, on another day wen there isa steady wind blowing fom B to A. Would you expec your fuel consumption to be less than, equal to, or greater than gallons for this windy round-trip? Support your answer with ‘appropriate analysis, Trip with the larger power Jost dve to qeredymamic drag will use tho oe : mast gas, Let () mean 'nowind" and ( ), mean “wind. ) No wind: Lf = GxevA for both A-~B and BA a Thos, B= power = Th, = tp0%A (2) Wind (Uy= wind speed ; assume YyA) and : E,= te(VW UGAL +4 0(0-WY UGAL a = at Fa” (WW) U (0-Q YT © 20° +2077 7 (ai) Hence, Ey Eis! , 42. more fuel needed when windy 9-51 9.58 By paying close attention to design details, the drag Cooffcient fora typical car has been reduced over the years as indicated in Fig. 9.27. How fast can one drive a 2008 style car if it is to have the same aerodynamic drag as a 1940 model being driven at 65 mph. Assume thatthe frontal area ofthe 2005 model is 85% that of the 1940 model. Ly, = ho = hs or aon oa = 65 mph, 4 eUs Aas Cog, = EOUs Aas Gang , where Uy= 65:meh, OMe Pre Cay © 2 Pos Mos Urge Ay = 9-85 Ayy and trom Fig.92) Thos, Coy" 0771 og5= 0-30 We Ae Cg Us Bos Sos 2” ce % : Ue =| et | Uo = Faatiebay] (6Smeh) = 97.2 mph q-52, 9.56 9.56 As shown in Video V9.8 and Fig. P9.56, the aerody- namic drag on a truck can be reduced by the use of appropri- ‘ate air deflectors. A reduction in drag coefficient from Cy = 0.96 to Cp = 0.70 corresponds to a reduction of how many horsepoer needed at a highway speed of 65 mph? b= wiath (a) Cy=0.70 © cy=0.96 @ FIGURE P9.56 Pepower = LU where O- x00 CA Thus, AP = reduction in power “2-2 =2 e7*Alcy, -Cyq] With U= 85 mph = 95.3 fos, DP = ¢(0,00238 i) (95,32) (10 (124) [e.26 - 0.70] w 33000 8 (Li) 584 hp 9-53 9.57 9.57 The structure shown in Fig. P9.57 consists. of a cylindrical ue Support post to which a rectangular fa plate signin alachea Estimate the drag on the structure when a 50-mph wind blows = against it. BFIGURE P9.s7 2 = Lyn pact, where Lin, =£OU Pein Cragg and Gout = 4 EU" Prost Coput 2124 (24H) 2 288 1? and 7 Alss, Acign v Apost = 34 (204) = 904" From Fig. 2.28, for a thin flat plate with L/D 0.1, Cy =1.9 Thus, Onsig =19 Also, for the cylinder (post), Re = a where = L/Lh U Sof (Lhe. ) S28ett = 73,3 # r ae) so that, G73.3#) (24) Hence, from Fig, 2.31, Co pect = 98 By using the above dala, £9. (i) gives B= £00 [Avign Sorigg *Aonet Spec = £ (0.00228 S!Mes)(73,3 £)*[7 ae (1.9) + got7/0.8) : Spin 1 B= 3,960 |b a I-54 9.54 9.59 As shown in Video V9.5 and Fig. P9.59, a vertical ‘wind tunnel can be used for skydiving practice. Estimate the vertical wind speed needed if 2 150-Ib person is to be able to “float” motionless when the person (a) curls up as in a crouch. ing position or (b) lies flat. See Fig. 9.30 for appropriate drag ‘coefficient data, For equilibrium conditions W=B=G,#0u74 "FIGURE Poss = w a Assume W= 16015 and CA = 4 tt? (see Fig. 9-30) Thus, 160 1b = (4)(0.002368I2) U°(9H*) where U~ ft or U=(22 ft (Fe) = 83.2. mh Note? If the skydiver ‘curled up into a ball’, then GyA® 2.5 ff (see Fig.9.30) and U=/58 mph 9-55 760" 9.60" P9,60/is to be used as a wind spee specific weight of the helium is » the weight of the balloon material is 0.20 Ib, and the weight of the anchoring cable is negligible. Plot a graph of 0 as a function of U for 1s US 50 mph. Would this be an effective device over the range of U indicated? Explain ‘The helium-filled balloon shown in Fig. O11 Ib/ft, For the balloon to remain stationary Eh=0 and Lhy-0 Ths, B= T cos@ or T= poe and” Fe WHT sin thy which combine to give =dia.<2ft = tension in cable Fa = Wt D tanO + Wye 2 “ But W=021 , Fy = 0g =(7.6590*#) P(E H) = 0.32046 and Wp = Bye ¥ = (0.01 4) BF (2H1)*= 0.0481 1b Thus, Fg.) becomes 0.320Hb = 0.216 +B tan +0.0%6) Ih oi. 0 = 0.0743 Ib Also, = G,4eU' $07 = G,U7(0.00238 Fd Zam = 0.003746,U* 1b, where U~ ft Hence, 0.0037%.C,U* tan @ = 0.0743 or tanO= ah @ Alec, Re Wea ie row or Re =ha7a0*U oo and from Fig. 9.21 a a w Re Thus, select varios I mph < Us S0mph (1.0, 47 << 73,31 ) and use Eqs. (2),(3),(4) to obtain ©. Plotted resvits are shown below. (con't) 756

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