Microprocessor

Microcontroller Systems

Chapters 5 & 6
Introduction to the
PIC Microcontroller

‫ ﻭﺟﺩﻱ ﺳﻠﻳﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﻠﺑﻲ‬.‫ ﻡ‬.‫ ﺩ‬:‫ﻣﺩﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻕ‬

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 Outline of the Chapters 5 & 6
 Microprocessor Vs. Microcontroller
 PIC Microcontroller history and features
 PIC16F84 Microcontroller features
 PIC Clock Generator
 Reset
 Ports
 Center Processing Unit (CPU)
 Memory organization
 Timer & Prescalar
 Flash Memory
 RAM
 ROM
 EEPROM

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 Microcontrollers
 Definition.

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 Microcontrollers
 Overview.

 Basically, a microcontroller is a device which integrates a number of

the components of a microprocessor system onto a single microchip.

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 Microprocessor Vs. Microcontroller
 Microcontroller vs General-Purpose Microprocessor

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 Microcontroller vs General-Purpose Microprocessor

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 Microprocessor Vs. Microcontroller
 Microcontroller vs General-Purpose Microprocessor

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 Microcontroller Features
 Microcontroller features.
 Processor
– Usually general-purpose but can be app-specific
 On-chip memory
– Often RAM for data, EEPROM/Flash for code
 Integrated peripherals
– Common peripherals
 Parallel I/O port(s)
 Clock generator(s)
 Timers/event counters
– Special-purpose devices such as:
 Analog-to-digital converter (sensor inputs)
 Mixed signal components
 Serial port + other serial interfaces (SPI, USB)
 Ethernet
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 Microcontroller Features
 Microcontroller features.

 Benefits
 Typically low-power/low-cost
 Target for embedded applications
 Easily programmable
 Simple ISAs (RISC processors)
 Use of development kits simplifies process
 Limitations
 Small storage space (registers, memory)
 Restricted instruction set
 May be required to multiplex pins
 Not typically used for high performance

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 Microcontroller Features
 There are five major 8-bit microcontrollers:
 Freescale Semiconductor's (formerly Motorola)
68HC08/68HC11
 Intel's 8051
 Atmel's AVR
 Zilog's Z8
 PIC from Microchip Technology.
 Each of the above microcontrollers has a unique
instruction set and register set; therefore, they are
not compatible with each other. Programs written
for one will not run on the others.
 There are 16-bit and 32-bit microcontrollers.

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 PIC microcontrollers
history and features
 A Brief History of PIC microcontroller.

 In 1989, Microchip Technology Corporation

introduced an 8-bit μC called PIC (Peripheral
Interface Controller).
 This 8 pins chip contains a small amounts of data
RAM, a few hundred bytes of onchip ROM for
program, one timer, and a few pins for I/O ports.
 The family of 8-bit μC: 10xxx, 12xxx, 14xxx,
16xxx, 17xxx, and 18xxx

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 PIC microcontrollers
history and features
 A Brief History of PIC microcontroller.

http://www.microchip.com
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 PIC microcontrollers
history and features
 A Brief History of PIC microcontroller.

 They are all 8-bit processors that the CPU can work on
only 8 bits of data a time.
 Problem: not all 100% upwardly compatible in terms of
software when going from one family to another family.
 Ex.: 12xxx - 12-bit wide instructions
16xxx- 14-bit wide instructions
PIC18xxx - 16-bit wide with many new instructions

http://www.microchip.com
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 PIC microcontrollers
history and features
 Advantages of PIC:

 30 to 100 times faster than other μCs (program

memory is integrated to the chip)
 Smaller size (on-board memory)
 Easy to program, reusable and
 inexpensive

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 PIC microcontrollers
history and features
 Some typical applications:

 Automotive air bag systems

 Remote control
 Handheld tools
 Appliances – coffee pot, mixer, stove, refrigerator,
dish washer, washer, dryer
 Major home systems – heating and cooling
 Cordless phones and cell phones
 Security systems
 TV, DVD player/recorder, DVR, PVR
 Sound system
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 PIC microcontrollers
history and features
 Microcontroller choice parameters

 Number of I/O pins

 Amount of program and data memory
 Speed
 Timer Resources
 Interrupt control
 Robustness
 Error recovery – watchdog timers
 Power, I/O expansion, math support

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 PIC16F84 Microcontroller Features
 18 pins, DIP18 type (Dual in Package) or SMD type

 Remarks:
RA0 - RA3: Pins on port A. No additional function
RA4 : TOCK1 which functions as a timer
RB0 : Interrupt input is an additional function.
RB1 - RB5: Pins on port B. No additional function.
RB6 : 'Clock' line in program mode.
RB7 : 'Data' line in program mode
MCLR : Reset input and Vpp programming voltage
Vss : Ground of power supply.
Vdd : Positive power supply pole.
OSC1 - OSC2 : Pins for connecting with oscillator.

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 PIC16F84 Microcontroller Features

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 PIC16F84 Microcontroller Features

PIC Clock Generator

 To provide a clock for executing a program or
program instructions of microcontroller.
 Types of PIC clock generator:
 A crystal & two capacitors
 Resonators or external resistor-capacitor pair
 Built-in resistor-capacitor Timer Resources

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 PIC16F84 Microcontroller Features

PIC Clock Generator

 PIC16F84 can operate in four different oscillation
modes:
 LP low power crystal
 XT crystal/resonator
 HS high speed crystal/resonator
 RC resistor/capacitor
 Two configuration bits, FOSC1 & FOSC0 are
used to select one of these four modes

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 PIC16F84 Microcontroller Features

PIC Clock Generator

 Crystal Oscillator/Ceramic Resonators
 For XT, LP or HS OSC configurations
 Crystal or ceramic resonator is connected to the
OSC1/CLKIN & OSC2/CLKOUT pins

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 PIC16F84 Microcontroller Features

PIC Clock Generator

 A parallel cut crystal is used to design PIC16F84A

 The use of a series cut crystal may give a freq. out
of the crystal manufacturer’s Specifications

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 PIC16F84 Microcontroller Features

PIC Clock
Generator

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 PIC16F84 Microcontroller Features

PIC Clock Generator

 RC Oscillator
 Reduce cost for timing insensitive applications
 Variation of the oscillator frequency:
 operating temperature
 process parameter variation
 difference in lead frame
capacitance between package
types (low CEXT values)
 tolerance of the external
R & C components

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 PIC16F84 Microcontroller Features

Reset
 Power-on Reset (POR)
 MCLR during normal operation
 MCLR during SLEEP
 WDT Reset (during
normal operation)
 WDT Wake-up
(during SLEEP)

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 PIC16F84 Microcontroller Features

PORTS
 Physical connection of CPU and outside world – monitor
OR control other components OR devices
 A group of pins which can be accessed simultaneously OR
set the desired combination of zeros and ones
 All port pins can be designated as input OR output

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 PIC16F84 Microcontroller Features

PORTS: PORTB & TRISB

 PORTA is a 5-bit wide, bi-directional port
 TRISA: data direction register of PORTA
 TRISA = 1, PORTA is
an input (output driver
in Hi-impedance mode)
 TRISA = 0, PORTA is
an output (contents of
the output latch on
the selected pin)

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 PIC16F84 Microcontroller Features

PORTS: PORTB & TRISB

 PORTB is a 8-bit wide, bi-directional port
 TRISB: data direction register of PORTB
 TRISB = 1, PORTB is
an input (output driver
in HI-impedance mode)
 TRISB = 0, PORTB is
an output (contents
of the output latch on
the selected pin)

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 PIC16F84 Microcontroller Features

Center Processing Unit (CPU)

 The brain of the µC
 Connect all parts of the µC through a data bus & and an
address bus
 Find, fetch, decode & execute the right instruction
 CPU resources:
 Registers: store temporary information
 ALU: performing arithmetic functions
 Program counter: point to the address of the next instruction to be
executed
 Instruction decoder: interpret the instruction fetched into the CPU

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 PIC16F84 Microcontroller Features

Center Processing Unit (CPU)

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 PIC16F84 Microcontroller Features

Center Processing Unit (CPU)

 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
 Add, subtract, move (left @ right within a register) and logic
operations
 PIC16F84 contains an 8-bit ALU & 8-bit working registers
(WREG)
 ALU instructions: two operands OR one operand
 Two operands: WREG + file register OR immediate constant
 Registers: GPR (General Purposes Registers) & SFP (Special
Function Registers)
 One operand: WREG OR a file register
 Execution of ALU instructions can affect STATUS bits, which are
carry (C), digit carry (DC), and zero (Z).

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 PIC16F84 Microcontroller Features

Center Processing Unit (CPU)

 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
 Add, subtract, move (left @ right within a register) and logic
operations
 PIC16F84 contains an 8-bit ALU & 8-bit working registers
(WREG)
 ALU instructions: two operands OR one operand
 Two operands: WREG + file register OR immediate constant
 Registers: GPR (General Purposes Registers) & SFP (Special
Function Registers)
 One operand: WREG OR a file register
 Execution of ALU instructions can affect STATUS bits, which are
carry (C), digit carry (DC), and zero (Z).
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 PIC16F84 Microcontroller Features

Center Processing Unit (CPU)

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 PIC16F84 Microcontroller Features

MEMORY ORGANIZATION
 PIC16F84 has two separate memory blocks: data &
program
 Data block: GPR and SFR registers in RAM memory
(read/write memory- static memory), EEPROM memory
 Program block: FLASH memory

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 PIC16F84 Microcontroller Features

Memory Organization
of PIC16F84

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 MEMORY ORGANIZATION:
Program Memory
 Used for storing programs (opcodes), directly under control of
program counter (PC)
 Wake up memory (address 0000H) when PIC is powered up.
 Has been carried out in FLASH technology (indicated by the
letter F in the part number, C for one-time programmable
(OTP)): possible to program a µC many times
 Size of 1024 locations, 14 bits width
 Locations 0000h & 0004h are reserved for reset & interrupt
vector, respectively
 The 1st 1Kx14 (0000h-03FFh) are physically implemented
address
 Accessing a location of physically implemented address will
cause a wraparound
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 MEMORY ORGANIZATION:
Program Memory

Program Memory
Organization

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 MEMORY ORGANIZATION:
Data Memory
 Also known as file register: data storage, scratch pad & registers for internal
use and functions
 Special Function Registers (SFR).
 8-bit wide
 ALU status, timers, serial communication, I/O ports, ADC, & etc
 function of each SFR is fixed in design, used to control µC or peripheral
 access either directly (names @ addresses) or indirectly (FSR – File Select Register)
 classified into core and peripheral sets
 control bits (RP1, RP0) in STATUS register are used for bank selection
 General Purpose Registers (GPR)
 8-bit wide
 also called general purpose RAM (GP RAM)
 used for data storage & scratch pad
 accessed directly
 addresses in Bank 0 & Bank 1 are mapped together
 Location of SFR and GPR vary from chip to chip, even among members of
the same family
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 MEMORY ORGANIZATION:
Program Memory

Data Memory
Organization

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 MEMORY ORGANIZATION:
Program Memory

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 MEMORY ORGANIZATION:
Program Memory
 SFR File Memory
 Legend: x = unknown, u = unchanged, - = unimplemented, read
as '0', q = value depends on condition
 Note
 1: The upper byte of the program counter is not directly accessible.
PCLATH is a slave register for PC<12:8>. The contents of PCLATH can
be transferred to the upper byte of the program counter, but the contents
of PC<12:8> are never transferred to PCLATH.
 2: The TO and PD status bits in the STATUS register are not affected by
a MCLR Reset.
 3: Other (non power-up) RESETS include: external RESET through
MCLR and the Watchdog Timer Reset.
 4: On any device RESET, these pins are configured as inputs.
 5: This is the value that will be in the port output latch.

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 PIC16F84 Microcontroller Features

Timer & Prescalar

 Establish relation between a real dimension such as “time” and
a variable which represents status of a time within a
microcontroller
 PIC16F84 has an 8-bit timer, whose its value is continually
increasing to 255 and then it starts all over again: 0, 1, 2, 3, …,
255, 0, 1,… etc
 Prescaler divides oscillator clock before it reaches logic that
increases timer status.
 The first three bits in OPTION register defines divisor
 256 is the highest divisor, means timer clock would increase by
one at every 256th clock
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 PIC16F84 Microcontroller Features

Timer &
Prescalar

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 PIC16F84 Microcontroller Features

Flash Memory
 Store permanent information on some palmsized computers
(operating system & core applications)
 Unlike RAM (random-access memory), flash memory can
continue to store information in the absence of a power source.
 Unlike ROM (read-only memory), we can write/update to flash
memory
 More expensive than ROM

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 PIC16F84 Microcontroller Features

RAM
 Random-access memory
 The most common computer memory to perform necessary
tasks while the computer is on
 An integrated circuit memory chip allows information to be
stored or accessed in any order and all storage locations are
equally accessible.

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 PIC16F84 Microcontroller Features

ROM
 Read Only Memory
 Non-volatile: hold programs and data that must be retained
even the computer is turned off
 data cannot be easily written to ROM; depending on the
technology used in the ROM, writing may require special
hardware, or may be impossible.
 A computer's BIOS may be stored in ROM.

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 PIC16F84 Microcontroller Features

EEPROM
 Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
 ROM that can be erased electronically and reprogrammed in-
circuit (or with a device programmer).
 EEPROM is very similar to flash memory. The biggest
difference is that the bytes (words) of an EEPROM can be
erased individually.

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