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Engg EI 4th Sem Signal and Systems Code BT 403 Z Transform Solved Example Part 1

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96 views13 pages

Engg EI 4th Sem Signal and Systems Code BT 403 Z Transform Solved Example Part 1

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Faaiz
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Pxample 7.16, Find the gina naform and the ROC of the signal. adn) [82")~ a08")| -uony solution + The given pignal jy (nN) |B(2!") A(3")|-udn) ae Avouming that wy (n) ai and %(n) = 3".uln) Then the signal x(n) may be written as (Nn) ™ Bx,(n) ~ 4x,(n) BAe According to linearity property, the z-transform of equation (ii) is Xz) = 3 - Also, we know that OBO ae) ; on alu(n) —L+ Trapt ROC: fz| > lal Ati) Substituting « = 2 and a = 3 in equation (iii), we get x(n) = 2".u(n) 4+ Xz) 1 or x(n) Saaoet ROC ; |z| > 2 and: x4(n) = 8%.uln] 2+ X,(2) 1 ” {n) = — ROG: |z| > 8 It may be observed that the intersection of the ROC of X,(z) and X,(z) is |z| be 3. ‘Therefore the overall z-transform X(z) will be 3 4 Be 1-22" 1-327 Example 7.37. Evaluate the z-transform of the following signal: n x(n) = (3) un) Solution ; The given signal is n a(n) = Gj -u(n) a signal x{n] is expressed as ROC: |z| >3 es 7 ei) st si We know that z-transform of Aisi) = Xe) = 207" pmaite the value of x[n}, we get ; Beant Aon : iti 2) une" — ('s w(n) exists only for positive 1] x= 3 (3) Sra nwo S (tet) ore(tet}o(2e) +(tet or X@ = 2 2° “si 2 2 2 salty a i ‘ ‘The above expression is & well-known geometric progression of the form if |x| <1 Lextetd+ ‘Therefore, the equation (ii) becomes 1 23 1 1 el |e roria>5 2 a Hence X@ = ZF ROC: |z| >> a 2 Example 7.38. Find the z-transform of the signal x(n) = -a" u(-n-1) = { Oo nz0 -a ns-l Solution : The given signal is x(n) =-o"ucn-1)= [0 nz0 -a ns-l wolf) We know that 2-transform is expressed as Alelm)) = Xe) = YX) 7 n= n pee mea e = ee n X@ =-Y cet" m=) Putting m Using the formula x.+x2+x9+..... = i= for |x| <1 RL) (b) = ae AG) tit) tors | oda her or'| a] =i (oll 1-o27 or %@=-_1_ y A ROC: |z| < Ja] Hxarnple 7.80. Find the r-transfonn of the signal #1) = nar, Solution : The given signal is. ee ea. tC = not ain) =p the signal in equation @ may be expressed as nx,(n) where (1) = a".u(n) . But, we know that ics ls wi) = aun) 25 X@)= yz ROC: || > Lal Also the differentation Property states that If x(n)» X(2) then nx(n)e—-2-5 -2. 2X@) dz 1 aX (2) _ Therefore, na”.u(n)¢4» X(2) = -z Hr ROC: lal > lal dz ae Example 7.40. Find the discrete-time signal x[n] whose z-transform is given as X(2) = log (1+az j21> lal Solution : The given expression is X(2) = log (1 + az) lzl > lal Taking the differentiation, we get dX(2) _ o) n=0 ope Sarees, (2) nao nao ’ Fl <1 or |2|> or X@) =1+4+(4) +( z \a>|a z \z eee ROC: |z| > Ja| oro XG) =e - From equation (i, it is clear that X(2) has one zero at 2; = 0 and one pole 4. Py=a. Figure 7.12. shows the pole-zero plot. RQ) Fig. 7.12. Pole-zero plot for the causal exponential signal x[n] =a".u[n]. It may be noted that the pole at p, = a is not included in the region of the convergence (ROC) since the z-transform does not converge at a pole. Example 7.42. Find the z-transform of the following sequences : @ x,(n) = (1,2, 3, 4,5, 0,7} (i) xq(n) = (1, 2, 8, 4, 5, 0, 7} a Solution: (i) Let us consider the first sequence x,(n], Its samles are x0) = 1 (4) =5 x() = 2 x,(5) =0 (2) = 8 x(6) =7 (3) = 4 The z-transform of this sequence may be obtained with the help of the ex- pression X@ = Lame" joe ‘j[0] has the values from n = 0 to n = 6. above equation becomes Here, Thus, 6 X@ = Yaw 2 n=0 | Substieutiog the valuew of y (n) and bene values of x, expanding, wo wot he et irtikdees gate ehienee ut AA A Bt day peo, | Ai Bete Tet a X@ wie 847 Now, lot uw determine the jarin’ = jow, ermine the region of Convergence for this z-transform, X (2) has finite valuow except at em 9, arn Honce X\(@) in convergent for : " all values of 2 oxcopt at z= 0, Therefore, the region of SoAVergonce (ROO) eal ei ee ROC : Entire splanco Oxcopt z = 0, : (ii) Lot U8 consider tho secon X@ becomes infinite. nd sequence x,[n}, Its samples are XgQ(= 3) = 1 % (1) = 5 ; % (-2) = 9 iG = | CD) = 3 440) =7 *,(0) = 4 Here, x(n) has the values from n= - Bton=3, Thus, z-transform will bo expressed as 3 X,@) = Ym 2 ne=3 Substituting the values of x,{n} in above equation and expanding, we get XY@) = 1. 28 + 224 + B24 az? + 521 + O22 + 12-8 or Xyfz) = 25 + 222 + 824 4 4 52} Ted ee} 5 or X,@) meat eseray le Now let us determine the region of convergence (ROC) for this z-transform. Here, X,(2) is infinite for z = 0 and z = «, The z-transform expressed by above equation is not convergent at z = 0 and z =, Hence the region of convergence will be : ROC : Entire 2-plane except z= Oandz=, Ans. Example 7.43. Find the z-transform and ROC of the following sequence : ay" 1)" x(n) = (- 3) +t (n) ~ (3) -u(-n-1) : The z-transform of x[n] will be given as n ay" Zlx(n)} = X(2) = of(-3) u(r) -(3) eno] satisfies linearity property, therefore we may write above (atest results derived earlier é L X@=Z Be } eee in a 1 1 =: ROC: |a\>t | Zar. win} = 7 1)" Sea ROC: |afo t Therefore, 2(-3) wen} Seer tty iy 7 ROC: |2| Now, using equations (ii) & (iii, the equation (i) may be written as 1 1 1 L ROC: |2[> + and |z|< + 7 }ROC:|al> | and |2|< 5 iin + 1-1 qeset ie 3 3 X@) = The ROC of a> Zand ajc may also be written as = <|z]< >. Hence, ROC is the region between the circles of ra- dius of and i. Figure 7.14 shows this ROC Therefore, the ROC is the intersee- tion or simply the overlap of ROC of in- dividual functions. It is annular region for F——__ - 1 27-3242 @-2@-y B 1 t Gi) ee, (By partial fraction expansion) Taking inverse z-transform of both sides of equation (ii), we have x(n) = 2 [2s] zift]_ pf 2 = 23)" (ea) eat? at x(n) = (2)"=1- (ayn or x(n) =-1-(Q)'- Ans, Example 7.48. Determine the z-transform of the following discrete-time signals. Also find the ROC for each of the following cases: i n (x(n) = 2" winy+9(3] mom) Gd xi =3(-F) wim)— 200)" w(-n—1 Solution: (i) Given signal is xn) = 2" u(n) + (3) un) We know that Two-sided (bilateral) z-transform of x(n) is defined as xe = awimy= D2" = § [ramos wn] < 5 2 u(n)2™ 2 ¥ (3) u(n) 2” n=-= =4y" ae { for “0 - ince u(n) = zn+3 (3) az ( 0, for n<0 ras Di or or or a a LS ied Saat or Xe) > Se +524 1S82 waiv) part — I-part muse eat ts } or X(2) = 7 2 4-521 3 ta le oe ‘Ja-se) (rte Ja-ae) Now, ROC of I-part : haze <0 or Fe <1 a i z"|<2 or A> ea) ®, ROC of I-part : -32"1|> 0 or [ef or 2|<3 od) k ROC of X(2) RoC: {i> 2} ofle} L or ie a where X,(2) = Zim) = al(3) Be “iy ay 2 ROC |i and —-X,(2) = Z[x,(")] = (3) wn] Pe oas lal>s iy 5 Substituting equations (ii) and (ii) in equation (@, we obtain X(@) = X,(2) X,@) 1 1 DE 1 : Bas er eee | sali (1-42 a ae ) G 3° \t se 1 n00:fiai>Z}oflet> 3} = a>t (ii) Using equation (iv), we have 2 Pe z-2|[z-= 3 5 X(z) z we As Ay or eS + ‘ ~1)(2-2 (2-2) (z-4) a 5 3 5 (using partial fraction expansion X(z) 5/2 a -3/2 5/22 3/22 pee ED Ge) Gd 3) X(z) 5/2 3/2 Note that since both the poles are surrounded by ROC, therefore, they only positive time sequence terms. Now, taking inverse z-transform of both sides of equation (iii), we have sn) = 24 ay= 2!}—8/2 98 ia Fi) 5 n a or xin) = 33) win) =3(2) u(n) Ans. Example 7.50. Find the z-transform of the following sequence : 2, n<0 x(n) = 3 (1/2), n=0,2,4 (1/3)", n=1,3,5 —ne z-transform OO) 402 ee PPIeNe is ba . nt 1 ROC for X,(z) : |z| ts s 1: | Merefore, ROC for Xz): ie)<2}{\e1>4} fei» 3} ie = Hslelc2 Ans the convolution x(n) of the following two signals = {4,-2, 1} x(n) ‘ 1, 0sns5 Bish sieerkcn = Same

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