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    Lecture On Computatiional Fluiid Dynamiics

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    Mohamed Abashar Musmar
    The document provides an overview of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) including its applications, processes, methodologies, commercial software like Fluent and Gambit, tutorials, case studies, benefits, and limitations. CFD uses computational methods and tools to solve and analyze fluid engineering problems by modeling the governing equations and numerically solving them using techniques like finite volume methods. It discusses how CFD can be used to study a variety of engineering applications and provides more details on specific CFD processes, software, and tutorials.

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    Lecture On Computatiional Fluiid Dynamiics

    Uploaded by

    Mohamed Abashar Musmar
    30 views48 pages
    The document provides an overview of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) including its applications, processes, methodologies, commercial software like Fluent and Gambit, tutorials, case studies, benefits, and limitations. CFD uses computational methods and tools to solve and analyze fluid engineering problems by modeling the governing equations and numerically solving them using techniques like finite volume methods. It discusses how CFD can be used to study a variety of engineering applications and provides more details on specific CFD processes, software, and tutorials.

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    The document provides an overview of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) including its applications, processes, methodologies, commercial software like Fluent and Gambit, tutorials, case studies, benefits, and limitations. CFD uses computational methods and tools to solve and analyze fluid engineering problems by modeling the governing equations and numerically solving them using techniques like finite volume methods. It discusses how CFD can be used to study a variety of engineering applications and provides more details on specific CFD processes, software, and tutorials.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    30 views48 pages

    Lecture On Computatiional Fluiid Dynamiics

    Uploaded by

    Mohamed Abashar Musmar
    The document provides an overview of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) including its applications, processes, methodologies, commercial software like Fluent and Gambit, tutorials, case studies, benefits, and limitations. CFD uses computational methods and tools to solve and analyze fluid engineering problems by modeling the governing equations and numerically solving them using techniques like finite volume methods. It discusses how CFD can be used to study a variety of engineering applications and provides more details on specific CFD processes, software, and tutorials.

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    of 48

    CFD

    LECTURE ON
    COMPUTATIIONAL FLUIID
    DYNAMIICS
    Computational Fluid Dynamics
    Contents:-
    • Problem solving in Fluid Dynamics:-
    • _ Applications of CFD
    • _ CFD Process
    • _ CFD Methodologies
    • _ Commercial software's
    • _ Fluent software
    • _ List of Tutorials
    • _ Case Study
    • _ Benefits and Limitations of CFD
    • _ Suggestions
    • _ References
    Problem Solving in Fluid Dynamics
    Fluid Analysis

    • For solving fluids engineering systems,


    the following tools are available:
    • _ Analytical Fluid Dynamics (AFD)
    • _ Experimental Fluid Dynamics (EFD)
    • _ Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
    • AFD is typically provided through lectures
    and CFD and EFD through labs.
    Problem Solving in Fluid Dynamics
    Fluid Analysis
    • Analytical Fluid Dynamics;
    • _ Apply theories of mathematical physics:
    • _ problem & formulation
    • _ Methodologies:
    • _ Control-volume based integral analysis
    • _ Fluid-element based differential (PDE) analysis
    • _ Solutions:
    • _ Exact solutions only exist for simple geometry
    and conditions
    • _ Approximate solutions for practical applications
    Problem Solving in Fluid Dynamics
    Fluid Analysis
    • Linear
    • _ Empirical relations using EFD data
    • Analytical Fluid Dynamics
    • _ Example: laminar pipe flow
    • Exact solution:
    • Friction factor:
    Assumptions: Fully developed, Low
    Re (<2000)
    Approach: Simplify momentum equation,
    integrate, apply boundary conditions (no-
    slip wall) to determine integration
    constants and use energy equation to
    calculate head loss
    Experimental Fluid Dynamics (EFD)

    • Steps in EFD process:-


    • 1. Setup facility
    • 2. Install model
    • 3. Setup equipment
    • 4. Setup Data Acquisition
    • 5. Perform calibrations
    • 6. Data Analysis and Data Reduction
    • 7. Uncertainty Analysis
    • 8. Comparison with CFD results
    • 9. Documentation and Reporting
    Experimental Fluid Dynamics (EFD)
    Experimental Fluid Dynamics (EFD)
    • Scales: model, and full-scale

    • Selection of the model scale:


    governed by dimensional analysis and
    similarity
    Computational Fluid Dynamics
    (CFD)

    • Computational Fluid Dynamics is the science of


    predicting fluid flow, heat transfer, mass transfer,
    chemical reactions, and related phenomena by
    solving mathematical equations that represent
    physical laws using a numerical process.
    • _ CFD use computational methods for solving
    fluid engineering systems, including modeling
    (mathematics & physics) and numerical methods
    (solvers, finite differences, grid generations, etc.).
    Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
    • Rapid growth in CFD depends on advancement in computer
    technology.
    • _ The objective of CFD is to model the continuous fluids with
    Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) and discretise PDEs into
    an algebra problem, solve it, validate it and achieve simulation
    based design instead of “build & test”
    • _ Simulation of physical fluid phenomena that is difficult to be
    measured by experiments:
    • _ scale simulations (full-scale ships, airplanes),
    • _ hazards (explosions, radiations, pollution),
    • _ physics (weather prediction, planetary boundary layer, and
    stellar evolution)
    Applications of CFD

    • Applications of CFD are numerous!


    • _ flow and heat transfer in industrial processes
    (boilers, heat exchangers, combustion
    equipment, pumps, blowers, piping, etc.)
    • _ aerodynamics of ground vehicles, aircraft,
    missiles
    Applications of CFD

    • film coating, thermoforming in material processing


    applications
    • _ flow and heat transfer in propulsion and power
    generation systems
    • _ ventilation, heating, and cooling flows in buildings
    • _ chemical vapor deposition (CVD) for integrated
    circuit manufacturing
    • _ heat transfer for electronics packaging applications
    • _ and many, many more...
    CFD Process

    • Governing equations
    • _ Navier-Stokes equations (momentum),
    continuity equation (mass), pressure Poisson
    equation, energy equation, ideal gas law,
    combustions (chemical reaction equation),
    multi-phase flows(e.g. Rayleigh equation), and
    turbulent models (RANS, LES, DES).
    • _ Coordinates
    CFD Process
    • Cartesian, cylindrical and spherical coordinates
    result in different form of governing equations
    • _ Initial conditions
    • _ Initial guess of the solution
    • _ Boundary Conditions
    • _ No-slip wall, free-surface, zero-gradient,
    symmetry, velocity/pressure inlet/outlet
    • _ Flow conditions
    • _ Geometry approximation, domain, Reynolds
    number, Mach number, etc.
    • CFD process is the steps to set up a
    problem and run the code, which
    include:
    • 1. Geometry: Geometry created or
    imported into preprocessor for
    meshing.
    • 2. Physics: Fluid properties, viscous
    modeling and boundary conditions
    • Mesh: coarse, medium and fine meshes.
    Mesh is generated for the fluid region
    (and/or solid region for conduction).
    • _ A fine structured mesh is placed
    around solid body to help resolve
    boundary layer flow.
    • _ Unstructured mesh is used for
    remaining fluid areas.
    • . Mathematical model of a physical
    problem.
    • _ Conservation of matter, momentum, and
    energy must be satisfied throughout the
    region of interest
    • _ Simplifying assumptions are made in order
    to make the problem tractable Incompressible
    or compressible flows, Internal or external
    flows Laminar or turbulent flows, Moving
    boundary flows Newtonian, non-Newtonian
    with variable properties Combustion,
    chemical kinetics, plasma chemistry
    Multiphase flows
    • _ Providing appropriate initial and/or
    boundary conditions for the problem.
    • Solve: different solvers and numerical
    methods
    • 6. Report: time history of
    convergence of variables
    • 7. Post-processing: visualizations
    (contours, vectors), validation and
    verification
    • Domain is discretised into a finite set of
    control volumes or cells. The discretised
    domain is called grid or mesh.
    • _ Meshing strategies:
    • _ Type of mesh: quad/hex grid, tri/tet grid,
    hybrid grid, or a non-conformal grid?
    • _ What degree of grid resolution is
    required in each region of the domain?
    • _ How many cells are required for the
    problem?
    • _ Is adaption required to add resolution?
    • _ Is computer memory sufficient?
    • CFD applies discretisation to develop
    approximations of the governing equations of
    fluid mechanics in the fluid region of interest.
    • _ Governing differential equations: algebraic.
    • _ The collection of cells is called the grid.
    • _ The set of algebraic equations are solved
    numerically (on a computer) for the flow field
    variables at each node or cell.
    • _ System of equations are solved simultaneously
    to provide solution.
    • _ The solution is post-processed to extract
    quantities of interest
    • _ e.g. lift, drag, torque, heat transfer, separation,
    pressure loss, etc.
    Why commercial CFD codes
    • _ > 100 man-years of CFD development
    • _ Integrated grid generation, solver and post-processing
    • _ Standardized tools (tested and validated) for companies
    • _ Ability to handle complex geometries
    • _ Easy to use user interfaces
    • _ Good technical support
    • _ Ability to import information from other CAD tools and
    interface with other analysis tools
    • _ Faster virtual prototyping leading to quicker design times
    • _ Designed to cost, performance and quality
    • _ Extremely flexible user subroutines that allow creative
    problem solving
    What is FLUENT

    • FLUENT is a computational fluid dynamics (CFD)


    software package to simulate fluid flow problems.
    • _ FLUENT uses the finite-volume method to solve
    the governing equations for a fluid.
    • _ FLUENT provides the capability to use different
    physical models such as:-
    • Incompressible or compressible inviscid or
    viscous, laminar or turbulent, etc.
    • Geometry and grid generation is done using
    GAMBIT which is the preprocessor bundled with
    FLUENT.
    What is GAMBIT?

    • A single, integrated preprocessor for CFD


    analysis:
    • _ Geometry construction and import
    • _ Using ACIS solid modeling capabilities
    • _ Using STEP, Parasolid, IGES, etc. import
    • _ Cleanup and modification of imported data
    • _ Mesh generation for all Fluent solvers (including
    FIDAP and POLYFLOW)
    • _ Structured and Unstructured hexahedral,
    tetrahedral, pyramid, and prisms.
    Gambit Operation

    • _ General sequence of operations


    • _ Initial setup
    • _ Solver selection, Mesh size, Defaults, etc.
    • _ Geometry Creation (ACIS, STEP, Parasolid, IGES or Mesh
    import)
    • _ Create full geometry
    • _ Decompose into mesh-able sections
    • _ Meshing
    • _ Local meshing: Edge and Boundary layers
    • _ Global meshing: Face and/or Volume
    • _ Mesh examination
    • _ Zone assignment
    • _ Continuum and Boundary attachment
    • _ Mesh export
    How to solve problem using Fluent

    • A solution can be obtained by following these


    seven steps:
    • 1. Create Geometry in GAMBIT
    • 2. Mesh Geometry in GAMBIT
    • 3. Set Boundary Types in GAMBIT
    • 4. Set Up Problem in FLUENT
    • 5. Solve!
    • 6. Analyze Results
    • 7. Refine Mesh
    Benefits of CFD

    • _ Relatively low cost


    • _ Using physical experiments and tests to get essential
    engineering data for design can be expensive.
    • _ CFD simulations are relatively inexpensive, and costs
    are likely to decrease as computers become more
    powerful.
    • _ Speed
    • _ CFD simulations can be executed in a short period of
    time.
    • _ Engineering data can be introduced early in the
    design process.
    Ability to simulate real conditions

    • Many flow and heat transfer


    processes can’t be easily tested, e.g.
    hypersonic flow.
    • _ CFD provides the ability to
    theoretically simulate any physical
    condition.
    Ability to simulate ideal conditions

    • CFD allows great control over the


    physical process, and provides the ability
    to isolate specific phenomena for study.
    • _ Example: a heat transfer process can be
    idealized with adiabatic, constant heat
    flux, or constant temperature
    boundaries.
    Comprehensive information

    • _ Experiments only permit data to be


    extracted at a limited number of
    locations in the system (e.g. pressure and
    temperature probes, heat flux gauges,
    LDV, etc.).
    • _ CFD allows the analyst to examine a
    large number of locations in the region of
    interest, and yields a comprehensive set
    of flow parameters for examination.
    Physical models
    • _ CFD solutions rely upon physical
    models of real world processes (e.g.
    turbulence, compressibility, chemistry,
    multiphase flow, etc.).
    • _ The CFD solutions can only be as
    accurate as the physical models on which
    they are based.
    Numerical errors

    • _ Solving equations on a computer invariably introduces numerical


    errors.
    • _ Round-off error:
    • _ It is due to finite word size available on the computer.
    • _ Round-off errors will always exist (can be small in most cases).
    • _ Truncation error:
    • _ It is due to approximations in the numerical models.
    • _ Truncation errors will go to zero as the grid is refined.
    • _ Mesh refinement is one way to deal with truncation error.
    • _ The result of CFD analyses is relevant engineering data used in:
    • _ conceptual studies of new designs
    • _ detailed product development
    • _ troubleshooting
    • _ redesign
    Boundary conditions
    • _ As with physical models, the accuracy of the
    CFD solution is only as good as the
    initial/boundary conditions provided to the
    numerical model.
    • _ Example: flow in a duct with sudden
    expansion
    • _ If flow is supplied to domain by a pipe, a
    fully-developed profile should be used for
    velocity rather than assume uniform
    conditions.
    Boundary conditions
    Suggestions

    • _ Always know what to expect from the solution


    • _ Compare with analytical solutions for ‘simplified’
    scenarios
    • _ Need for good experimental data and validation
    • _ Always question the results
    • _ Use the most accurate (even if time consuming)
    algorithms
    • _ Work with tighter tolerances, finer mesh
    • _ Verify if solutions are mesh-converged
    • _ Review cell Reynolds number, mesh skewness (compute
    CFL limit)
    • _ Do not believe the absolute numbers !
    • _ Let simulations suggest trends and simplifications for
    analytical solutions
    Conclusion

    • _ CFD is a method to numerically


    calculate fluid flow and heat transfer.
    • _ Currently, its main application is as
    one of a CAE tool for engineering
    design and analysis.
    THE END
    •THANK
    YOU
    »‫شكرا جزيال‬

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