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Tutorial Sheet 2

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Tutorial Sheet 2

Uploaded by

jagpreet
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Indian Institute of Technology Ropar

Department of Mathematics
MA 411 Topics in Real Analysis
First Semester of Academic Year 2020-2021

Course Instructor: Dr. G. S. Raju


Tutorial Sheet 2

1. Show that the empty set is a subset of every set.

2. For x, y ∈ R, define
d1 (x, y) = (x − y)2
p
d2 (x, y) = |x − y|
d3 (x, y) = x2 − y 2

d4 (x, y) = |x − 2y|
|x − y|
d5 (x, y) =
1 + |x − y|
Check which of the above defines a metric on R.

3. Construct a bounded set of real numbers with exactly three limit points.

4. Give an example of a proper open dense subset of R.

5. Prove that the derived set E 0 of a set E is closed. Prove that E and E(closure of E) have
the same limit points. Do a set E and its derived set E 0 always have the same limit points?

6. Let E ◦ denote the set of all interior points of set E.

(a) Prove that E ◦ is always open.


(b) Prove that E is open iff E ◦ = E.
(c) If G ⊂ E and G is open, prove that G ⊂ E ◦ .
(d) Prove that the complement of E ◦ is the closure of the complement of E.
(e) Do E and E always have the same interiors?
(f) Do E and E ◦ always have the same closures?

7. Let X1 , X2 , X3 , . . . be subsets of a metrics space X.

(a) If Yn = ni=1 Xi then prove that Y n = ni=1 X i for n = 1, 2, 3, . . ..


S S

(b) If Y = ∞
S S∞
i=1 Xi then prove that Y ⊇ i=1 X i . Show by an example, this inclusion
can be proper.

8. Is every point of an open set X ⊆ R2 , a limit point of X? What do you think if the same
question is asked for closed subsets of R2 .

9. Show the following:

(a) Every nonempty perfect set in Rk is uncountable.


(b) Every interval [a, b] is uncountable. Deduce that the set of real numbers is uncount-
able.
(c) Is there a nonempty perfect subset of R which contains no rational number?
10. (a) If A and B are disjoint closed sets in some metric space X, prove that they are
separated.
(b) Prove the result of (a) for disjoint open sets.
(c) For a fix p ∈ X, δ > 0, define A to be the set of all q ∈ X such that d(p, q) < δ,
define B similarly by replacing < with >. Prove that A and B are separated.
(d) Prove that every connected metric space with at least two points is uncountable.(Hint:
Use c)

11. Show that the subspaces (0, 1) and Q of R are not complete.

12. Show that the subspace [1, 2) ∪ (2, 3] of R is not connected.

13. Provide examples:

(a) A connected subspace of R which is not complete.


(b) A complete subspace of R which is not connected.

14. Let X be a nonempty set. For p, q ∈ X, define


(
1, if p 6= q.
d(p, q) =
0, if p = q.

Prove that d is a metric on X. Which subsets of the resulting metric space are open?
Which subsets are closed?(metric d is known as the discrete metric on X)

? ? ? ? ? End ? ? ? ? ?

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