Assignment No.

Programme Name: BCA UID: 21BCA16016

Semester: 2 Credit: 4

Course Title: Digital Circuits and Logic Course Code:21ODBCT152

Designs

Submitted Date: 06-Dec-2021 Last date of Submission: 10-Dec-2021

Max. Marks: 30 Weightage: 50% (15 Marks)

Question No 1–3 4-6 7-9 10

Page No. 2 3-4 4-5 5

Sec A

Sec B
Question No 11 12 13 14 16

Page No. 5-9 9-12 13-15 16-19 19-23

Student Signature:

SECTION A (10 MARKS)

UID: D21BCA16016 Course Code: 21ODBCT152

1. What is the difference between digital signal and binary signal?

Answer: Difference between digital signal and binary signal-

As adjectives the difference between binary and digital is that binary is in a state of one of two
mutually exclusive states such as on or off, true or false, thawed or frozen, presence or absence
of signal while digital is of have digits (fingers or toes); performed with one finger.
As nouns the difference between binary and digital is that binary is (math|computing|
uncountable) dichotomous base-2 numeral system, which uses only digits while digital is
(finance) a digital alternative.
2. Define number system.

Answer: Numeral System -

The simplest number system of digits is the unitary numeral system, in which every natural
number is represented by the same number of symbols. For example, they are denoted by /, then
the number seven will be represented by /////// as we have to write seven.
Tally marks represent a system that is still in regular use. But, the unary system can only be used
for numbers that are of small size such as a small value, although it plays a related role in
theoretical computer science. Alias gamma coding, commonly used in data compression, refers
to numbers of arbitrary size using unary to indicate the length of binary numbers.

3. State the De Morgan's Theorem?

Answer: State the De Morgan's Theorem –

De Morgan's theorem, T12, is a particularly powerful tool in digital design. The theorem makes
it clear that the complement of the product of all the terms is equal to the sum of the complement
of each term. Similarly, the complement of the sum of all the terms is equal to the product of the

complement of each term.

According to De Morgan's theorem, a NAND gate is equivalent to an OR gate with inverted

inputs. Similarly, a NOR gate is equivalent to an AND gate with inverted inputs.

4. What is the difference between simulator and emulator?

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Answer: Difference between simulator and emulator –

A simulator is designed to create an environment that contains all the software variables and
configurations that would be present in the actual production environment of an application.
However, simulators do not attempt to emulate the actual hardware that will host the application
in production. Because simulators only form a software environment, they can be implemented
using high-level programming languages.
In a sense, you can think of emulators as occupying a middle ground between simulators and real
devices. While simulators only mimic environmental features that can be configured or defined
using software, emulators mimic both hardware and software features.
5. Write down the Characteristics of Digital ICs?

Answer: Characteristics of Digital ICs –

Important characteristics of digital ICs

1. Fanout

2. Power dissipation

3. Propagation Delay

4. Noise Margin

5. Fan In

6. Operating temperature

7. Power supply requirements

All gate or semiconductor devices are temperature sensitive in nature. The temperature in which
the performance of the IC is effective is called the operating temperature. The operating
temperature of the IC varies from 00C to 700C.

Different logic families have different characteristics, so one family may be best suited for one
situation while another family in another. For example in some cases, low power consumption
may be the major requirement, while in some other cases speed is.

6.What are the applications of Multiplexer (MUX)?

Answer: MUX –

Multiplexers are used in data routing applications to route data in sequence and in particular
directions as well as as a single output from multiple input signals to a destination. It is used as a
logic function generator where logical expressions (boolean algebraic functions) can be
generated instead of logic gates.

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MUX can also be used to convert parallel data to serial data. Measurement in parallel to serial
conversion is needed. testing, military, aerospace data communications, and telecommunications.

In communication systems, a multiplexer is used to increase the efficiency of the communication

system.

7. What are the differences between Combinational Circuits and Sequential

Circuits?

Answer: Differences between Combinational Circuits and Sequential Circuits

–

Both sequential and combinational circuits are among the most widely used in the field of digital
electronics. They constitute two broad categories of circuits. Now let's talk about the difference
between combinational and sequential circuits.

Of these two circuits, one is heavily time dependent, and the other is independent. The
combination circuit is time-independent. The output it produces does not depend on any of its
previous inputs. On the other hand, sequential circuits are those which depend on clock cycles.
They completely depend on past as well as present inputs to generate output.

8. Why interrupts are used in 8085?

Answer: Why interrupts are used in 8085? -

When the microprocessor receives an interrupt signal from the peripheral(s) that is requesting its
services, it halts its current execution, and program control is transferred to a subroutine by
generating a call signal. And the RET signal is again transferred to the main program after
executing the sub-routine by generating program control from where it stopped.

When the microprocessor receives the interrupt signal, it sends an acknowledgment (INTA) to
the peripheral that is requesting its service.
These are instructions which are used to transfer data from one register to another, from memory
to register and from register to memory without changing the contents. The addressing modes in
the 8085 are classified into 5 groups.
9. Define microprocessor.

Answer: Microprocessor, any type of miniature electronic device that contains the arithmetic,
logic, and control circuitry required to perform the functions of a digital computer's central
processing unit. In fact, this type of integrated circuit can handle arithmetic operations along with
the interpretation and execution of program instructions.

The introduction of mass integration (LSI) in the early 1970s – which made it possible to pack
thousands of transistors, diodes and resistors on a silicon chip less than 0.2 inches (5 mm) square
– led to the development of the microprocessor. , The first microprocessor was the Intel 4004,
introduced in 1971.

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10. State the difference between AND & NAND Gate.

Answer: AND Gate vs NAND Gate | Boolean Algebra and Computer

Architecture –
Both AND and NAND are logic gates in basic computer architecture. In Boolean algebra AND
and NAND perform same operation but in NAND the output is opposite to AND gate. NAND
gate is equivalent to a combination of AND gate and NOT gate. 1 and 1 in AND gate are 1
whereas in NAND gate 1 and 1 will result in input and output will be zero.
An AND gate has a positive logic input and a positive logic output. A NAND gate has a positive
logic input and a negative logic output.

SECTION B (20 MARKS)

11. Define Number System. Explain the types of Number System with
examples.

Answer: Number system is the technique of representing numbers in computer system

architecture, each value you are saving or fetching from computer memory has a defined number
system.

Computer architecture supports following number systems.

Binary number system

Octal number system
Decimal number system
Hexadecimal (hex) number system
1) Binary Number System
A binary number system has only two digits which are 0 and 1. Each number (value) is
represented in this number system with 0's and 1's. The base of the binary number system is 2, as
it consists of only two digits.
2) Octal number system
Octal number system has only eight (8) digits from 0 to 7. Every number (value) represents with
0,1,2,3,4,5,6 and 7 in this number system. The base of octal number system is 8, because it has
only 8 digits.

3) Decimal number system

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Decimal number system has only ten (10) digits from 0 to 9. Every number (value) represents
with 0,1,2,3,4,5,6, 7,8 and 9 in this number system. The base of decimal number system is 10,
because it has only 10 digits.

4) Hexadecimal number system

A Hexadecimal number system has sixteen (16) alphanumeric values from 0 to 9 and A to F.
Every number (value) represents with 0,1,2,3,4,5,6, 7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E and F in this number
system. The base of hexadecimal number system is 16, because it has 16 alphanumeric values.
Here A is 10, B is 11, C is 12, D is 13, E is 14 and F is 15.

Table of the Numbers Systems with Base, Used Digits, Representation, C language
representation:

Number System Conversions

There are three types of conversion:
Decimal Number System to Other Base
[for example: Decimal Number System to Binary Number System]
Other Base to Decimal Number System
[for example: Binary Number System to Decimal Number System]
Other Base to Other Base
[for example: Binary Number System to Hexadecimal Number System]
Decimal Number System to Other Base
To convert Number system from Decimal Number System to Any Other Base is quite easy; you
have to follow just two steps:
A) Divide the Number (Decimal Number) by the base of target base system (in which you want
to convert the number: Binary (2), octal (8) and Hexadecimal (16)).
B) Write the remainder from step 1 as a Least Signification Bit (LSB) to Step last as a Most
Significant Bit (MSB).

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Other Base System to Decimal Number Base

To convert Number System from Any Other Base System to Decimal Number System, you have
to follow just three steps:
A) Determine the base value of source Number System (that you want to convert), and also
determine the position of digits from LSB (first digit’s position – 0, second digit’s position – 1
and so on).
B) Multiply each digit with its corresponding multiplication of position value and Base of Source
Number System’s Base.
C) Add the resulted value in step-B.
Explanation regarding examples:
Below given exams contains the following rows:
A) Row 1 contains the DIGITs of number (that is going to be converted).
B) Row 2 contains the POSITION of each digit in the number system.
C) Row 3 contains the multiplication: DIGIT* BASE^POSITION.
D) Row 4 contains the calculated result of step C.
E) And then add each value of step D, resulted value is the Decimal Number.

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12. Explain BCD codes in detail.

Answer: BCD - In coding, when numbers, letters or words are represented by a specific set of
symbols, it is said that the number, letter or word is being encoded. A set of symbols is called a
code. Digital data is represented, stored and transmitted as a set of binary bits. This group is also
called binary code. Binary codes are represented by numbers as well as alphanumeric characters.

Advantages of Binary Code

Following is the list of advantages that binary code offers.

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Binary codes are suitable for the computer applications.

Binary codes are suitable for the digital communications.

Binary codes make the analysis and designing of digital circuits if we use the binary codes.

Since only 0 & 1 are being used, implementation becomes easy.

Classification of binary codes

The codes are broadly categorized into following four categories.

Weighted Codes
Non-Weighted Codes
Binary Coded Decimal Code
Alphanumeric Codes
Error Detecting Codes
Error Correcting Codes
Weighted Codes
Weighted binary codes are those binary codes that follow the positional weighting principle.
Each position of the number represents a specific weight. Several systems of codes are used to
express the decimal digits from 0 to 9. Each decimal digit in these codes is represented by a
group of four bits.

Weighted Code
Non-Weighted Codes
In this type of binary code, positional weights are not specified. Examples of non-weighted codes
are extra-3 codes and gray codes.
Excess-3 code
The Excess-3 code is also called as XS-3 code. It is non-weighted code used to express decimal
numbers. The Excess-3 code words are derived from the 8421 BCD code words adding (0011)2
or (3)10 to each code word in 8421. The excess-3 codes are obtained as follows −

Excess-3 code
Example
BCD to Excess-3 code
Gray Code
This is non-weighted code and it is not arithmetic code. This means that no specific weighting is
assigned to the bit position. It has a very special feature that, every time the decimal number is
increased, only one bit will change as shown in fig. Since only one bit changes at a time, the gray

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code is called the unit distance code. Gray code is a cyclic code. Gray code cannot be used for
arithmetic operations.

Gray code
Application of Gray code
Gray code is popularly used in the shaft position encoders.

A shaft position encoder produces a code word which represents the angular position of the shaft.

Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) code

In this code each decimal digit is represented by a 4-bit binary number. BCD is a way to express
each of the decimal digits with a binary code. In the BCD, with four bits we can represent sixteen
numbers (0000 to 1111). But in BCD code only first ten of these are used (0000 to 1001). The
remaining six code combinations i.e. 1010 to 1111 are invalid in BCD.

BCD code
Advantages of BCD Codes
It is very similar to decimal system.
We need to remember binary equivalent of decimal numbers 0 to 9 only.
Disadvantages of BCD Codes
The addition and subtraction of BCD have different rules.

The BCD arithmetic is little more complicated.

BCD needs more number of bits than binary to represent the decimal number. So BCD is less
efficient than binary.

Alphanumeric codes
A binary digit or bit can represent only two symbols because it has only two states '0' or '1'. But
it is not enough for communication between two computers because there we need many more
symbols for communication. These symbols require 26 characters to represent uppercase and
lowercase letters, numbers from 0 to 9, punctuation marks, and other symbols.

Alphanumeric codes are codes that represent numbers and alphabetic characters.
Most such codes also represent other characters such as symbols and various instructions
required to convey information. An alphanumeric code must represent at least 10 digits

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and 26 characters i.e. a total of 36 items. The following three alphanumeric codes are
commonly used for datarepresentation.

American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII).

Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC).
Five bit Baudot Code.
ASCII code is a 7-bit code whereas EBCDIC is an 8-bit code. ASCII code is more commonly
used worldwide while EBCDIC is used primarily in large IBM computers.

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13. Draw and explain various logic gates.

Answer: Basic Logic Gates-

Basic logic gates are used to perform basic logical operations. These are the basic building
blocks in digital ICs (integrated circuits). Most logic gates use two binary inputs and produce a
single output such as 1 or 0. In some electronic circuits, a few logic gates are used while in some
other circuits, microprocessors consist of millions of logic gates.

Logic gates can be implemented by means of diodes, transistors, relays, molecules and optics
otherwise various mechanical elements. For this reason, basic logic gates are used like electronic
circuits.

binary and decimal

Before talking about the truth tables of logic gates, it is necessary to know the background of
binary and decimal numbers. We all know the decimal numbers we use in daily calculations like
0 to 9. This type of number system includes base-10. Similarly, binary numbers such as 0 and 1
can be used to represent decimal numbers where the base of binary numbers is 2.

pcb way
The importance of using binary numbers here is to indicate the switching state otherwise the
voltage state of the digital component. Here 1 represents high signal or high voltage while "0"
specifies low voltage or low signal. Therefore, Boolean algebra was introduced. After that, each
logic gate is discussed separately, it contains the logic of the gate, truth table and its specific
symbol.

Types of Logic Gates

The different types of logic gates and symbols with truth tables are discussed below.

Basic Logic Gates

AND Gate

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The AND gate is a digital logic gate with ‘n’ i/ps one o/p, which performs logical conjunction
based on the combinations of its inputs. The output of this gate is true only when all the inputs
are true. When one or more inputs of the AND gate’s i/ps are false, then only the output of the
AND gate is false. The symbol and truth table of an AND gate with two inputs is shown below.

OR Gate
The OR gate is a digital logic gate with ‘n’ i/ps and one o/p, that performs logical conjunction
based on the combinations of its inputs. The output of the OR gate is true only when one or more
inputs are true. If all the i/ps of the gate are false, then only the output of the OR gate is false.
The symbol and truth table of an OR gate with two inputs is shown below.

NOT Gate

The NOT gate is a digital logic gate with one input and one output that operates an inverter
operation of the input. The output of the NOT gate is the reverse of the input. When the input of
the NOT gate is true then the output will be false and vice versa. The symbol and truth table of a
NOT gate with one input is shown below. By using this gate, we can implement NOR and
NAND gates

NAND Gate
The NAND gate is a digital logic gate with ‘n’ i/ps and one o/p, that performs the operation of
the AND gate followed by the operation of the NOT gate. NAND gate is designed by combining
the AND and NOT gates. If the input of the NAND gate high, then the output of the gate will be
below. The symbol and truth table of the NAND gate with two inputs is shown below.

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NOR Gate
The NOR gate is a digital logic gate with n inputs and one output, that performs the operation of
the OR gate followed by the NOT gate. NOR gate is designed by combining the OR and NOT
gate. When any one of the i/ps of the NOR gate is true, then the output of the NOR gate will be
false. The symbol and truth table of the NOR gate with the truth table is shown below.

Exclusive-OR Gate
The Exclusive-OR gate is a digital logic gate with two inputs and one output. The short form of
this gate is Ex-OR. It performs based on the operation of the OR gate. . If any one of the inputs
of this gate is high, then the output of the EX-OR gate will be high. The symbol and truth table
of the EX-OR are shown below.

Exclusive-NOR Gate
The Exclusive-NOR gate is a digital logic gate with two inputs and one output. The short form of
this gate is Ex-NOR. It performs based on the operation of the NOR gate. When both the inputs
of this gate are high, then the output of the EX-NOR gate will be high. But, if any one of the
inputs is high (but not both), then the output will be low. The symbol and truth table of the EX-
NOR are shown below.

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14. Explain minterms and maxterms related to Boolean expression.

Answer: Minterms
• A minterm is a special product of literals, in which each input variable
appears exactly once.
• A function with n variables has 2n minterms (since each variable can
appear complemented or not)
• A three-variable function, such as f(x,y,z), has 23 = 8 minterms:
• Each minterm is true for exactly one combination of inputs:
x’y’z’ x’y’z x’yz’ x’yz
xy’z’ xy’z xyz’ xyz
Minterm Is true when… Shorthand
x’y’z’ x=0, y=0, z=0 m0
x’y’z x=0, y=0, z=1 m1
x’yz’ x=0, y=1, z=0 m2
x’yz x=0, y=1, z=1 m3
xy’z’ x=1, y=0, z=0 m4
xy’z x=1, y=0, z=1 m5
xyz’ x=1, y=1, z=0 m6
xyz x=1, y=1, z=1 m7

Sum of minterms form

• Every function can be written as a sum of minterms, which is a special
kind of sum of products form
• The sum of minterms form for any function is unique
• If you have a truth table for a function, you can write a sum of
minterms expression just by picking out the rows of the table where
the function output is 1.
x y z f(x,y,z) f’(x,y,z)
00010
00110
01010

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01110
10001
10101
11010
11101
f = x’y’z’ + x’y’z + x’yz’ + x’yz + xyz’
= m0 + m1 + m2 + m3 + m6
= Σm(0,1,2,3,6)
f’ = xy’z’ + xy’z +
xyz
= m4 + m5 + m7
= Σm(4,5,7)
f’ contains all the minterms not in f

The dual idea: products of sums

• Just to keep you on your toes...
• A product of sums (POS) expression contains:
– Only AND (product) operations at the “outermost” level
– Each term must be a sum of literals
• Product of sums expressions can be implemented with two-level circuits
– literals and their complements at the “0th” level
– OR gates at the first level
– a single AND gate at the second level
• Compare this with sums of products

Maxterms
• A maxterm is a sum of literals, in which each input variable appears
exactly once.
• A function with n variables has 2n
maxterms
• The maxterms for a three-variable function f(x,y,z):
• Each maxterm is false for exactly one combination of inputs:
x’ + y’ + z’ x’ + y’ + z x’ + y + z’ x’+ y + z

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x + y’ + z’ x + y’ + z x + y + z’ x + y + z
Maxterm Is false when… Shorthand
x + y + z x=0, y=0, z=0 M0
x + y + z’ x=0, y=0, z=1 M1
x + y’ + z x=0, y=1, z=0 M2
x + y’ + z’ x=0, y=1, z=1 M3
x’ + y + z x=1, y=0, z=0 M4
x’ + y + z’ x=1, y=0, z=1 M5
x’ + y’ + z x=1, y=1, z=0 M6
x’ + y’ + z’ x=1, y=1, z=1 M7

Product of maxterms form

• Every function can be written as a unique product of maxterms
• If you have a truth table for a function, you can write a product of
maxterms expression by picking out the rows of the table where the
function output is 0. (Be careful if you’re writing the actual literals!)
x y z f(x,y,z) f’(x,y,z)
00010
00110
01010
01110
10001
10101
11010
11101
f = (x’ + y + z)(x’ + y + z’)(x’ + y’ + z’)
= M4 M5 M7
= ∏M(4,5,7)
f’ = (x + y + z)(x + y + z’)(x + y’ + z)
(x + y’ + z’)(x’ + y’ + z)
= M0 M1 M2 M3 M6
= ∏M(0,1,2,3,6)
f’ contains all the maxterms not in f

Minterms and maxterms are related

• Any minterm mi
is the complement of the corresponding maxterm Mi
• For example, m4’ = M4 because (xy’z’)’ = x’ + y + z

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Maxterm Shorthand
x + y + z M0
x + y + z’ M1
x + y’ + z M2
x + y’ + z’ M3
x’ + y + z M4
x’ + y + z’ M5
x’ + y’ + z M6
x’ + y’ + z’ M7
Minterm Shorthand
x’y’z’ m0
x’y’z m1
x’yz’ m2
x’yz m3
xy’z’ m4
xy’z m5
xyz’ m6
xyz m7

15. Explain following with the help of diagram:

i. Multiplexer
ii. Demultiplexer
iii. Adder
iv. Subtractor

16. Describe the pin diagram of microprocessor 8085.

Answer: pin diagram of microprocessor 8085 -

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8085 is a 40 pin IC, The signals from the pins can be grouped as follows
1. Power supply and clock signals
2. Address bus
3. Databus
4. Control and status signals
5. Interrupts and externally initiated signals
6. Serial I/O ports

8085 is a 40 pin IC, The signals from the pins can be grouped as follows
1. Power supply and clock signals
2. Address bus
3. Data bus
4. Control and status signals
5. Interrupts and externally initiated signals
6. Serial I/O ports

1. Power supply and Clock frequency signals:

Vcc: + 5 volt power supply
Vss: Ground
X1, X2 : Crystal or R/C network or LC network connections to set the frequency of internal
clock generator. The frequency is internally divided by two. Since the basic operating timing

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frequency is 3 MHz, a 6 MHz crystal is connected externally. CLK (output)-Clock Output is

used as the system clock for peripheral and devices interfaced with the microprocessor.

2. Address Bus:
A8 - A15: (output; 3-state)
It carries the most significant 8 bits of the memory address or the 8 bits of the I/O address.

3. Data bus:
AD0 - AD7 (input/output; 3-state)
These multiplexed set of lines used to carry the lower order 8 bit address as well as data bus.
During the opcode fetch operation, in the first clock cycle, the lines deliver the lower order
address A0 - A7.
In the subsequent IO / memory, read / write clock cycle the lines are used as data bus.
The CPU may read or write out data through these lines.

4. Control and Status signals:

ALE (output) - Address Latch Enable.
It is an output signal used to give information of AD0-AD7 contents.
It is a positive going pulse generated when a new operation is started by uP.
When pulse goes high it indicates that AD0-AD7 are address.
When it is low it indicates that the contents are data.

RD (output 3-state, active low)

Read memory or IO device.
This indicates that the selected memory location or I/O device is to be read and that the data bus
is ready for accepting data from the memory or I/O device

WR (output 3-state, active low)

Write memory or IO device.
This indicates that the data on the data bus is to be written into the selected memory location or
I/O device.

IO/M (output) - Select memory or an IO device.

This status signal indicates that the read / write operation relates to whether the memory or I/O
device.
It goes high to indicate an I/O operation.
It goes low for memory operations.

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5. Status Signals:
S1: S2:
It is used to know the type of current operation of the microprocessor.

6. Interrupts and Externally initiated operations:

They are the signals initiated by an external device to request the microprocessor to do a
particular task or work.
There are five hardware interrupts called,
TRAP
RST 7.5
RST 6.5
RST 5.5
INTA

On receipt of an interrupt, the microprocessor acknowledges the interrupt by the active low
INTA (Interrupt Acknowledge) signal.

Reset In (input, active low)

This signal is used to reset the microprocessor.
The program counter inside the microprocessor is set to zero.
The buses are tri-stated.
Reset Out (Output)

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It indicates CPU is being reset.

Used to reset all the connected devices when the microprocessor is reset.

7. Direct Memory Access (DMA): Tri State Device:

When 2 or more devices are connected to a common bus, to prevent the devices from interfering
with each other, tristate gates are used to disconnect all devices except one that is connected to a
given Communicating in the moment.
The CPU controls the data transfer operation between the memory and the I/O device. The direct
memory access operation is used to transfer large amounts of data directly between the memory
and the I/O device.
The CPU is disabled by tripling its buses and the transfer is directly effected by an external
control circuit.
The hold signal is generated by the DMA controller circuit. Upon receipt of this signal, the
microprocessor accepts the request by sending an HLDA signal and relinquishes control of the
buses. Following the HLDA signal, the DMA controller initiates the direct transfer of data.
READY (input)
Memory and I/O devices will have slower response compared to microprocessors.
Before completing the present job such a slow peripheral may not be able to handle further data
or control signal from CPU.
The processor sets the READY signal after completing the present job to access the data.
The microprocessor enters into WAIT state while the READY pin is disabled.

8. Single Bit Serial I/O ports:

SID (input) Serial input data line
SOD (output) Serial output data line
These signals are used for serial communication.

17. Explain the functioning of RIS0043 v/s CISC processors.

********************

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