INTRODUCTION TO

INTERNET TECHNOLOGY
Learning Outcomes
 Introduction to Internet
 History of Internet
 Internet Service Provider
 Client/Server Architecture
 Domain Name System
 Web Server
Introduction to Internet
 The Internet is a worldwide/global system of
interconnected computer networks.
 The computers and computer networks exchange
information using TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/
Internet Protocol) to communicate with each other. 
 The computers are connected via the telecommunications
networks, and the Internet can be used for e-mailing,
transferring files and accessing information on the World
Wide Web.
 Every computer in Internet is identified by a unique IP
address. IP Address is a unique set of numbers (such as
110.22.33.114) which identifies a computer’s location.
1.1 Introduction to Internet
The internet allows users to:
 Connect easily through computers and phone

 Exchange electronic mail

 Post information for others to access

 Access multimedia information that includes

sound, images and even video etc.
1.1 Introduction to Internet
 The Internet links are computer networks all over the world so
that users can share resources and communicate with each
other.
 Some computers, have direct access to all the facilities on the
Internet such as the universities.
 Direct Access was introduced in Windows Server 2008. 
 While Direct Access is based on Microsoft technology, third-
party solutions exist for accessing internal UNIX and Linux
servers through Direct Access
 And other computers, eg. privately-owned ones, have indirect
links through a commercial service provider, who offers some
or all of the Internet facilities.
 In order to be connected to Internet, you must go through
service suppliers.
 Many options are offered with monthly rates. Depending on
the option chosen, access time may vary. 
Main services of Internet:
 E-mail- for exchange electronic mail messages.
 Bulletin boards – discussion groups, Newsgroups,
Usenet
 A bulletin board (pin board, notice board) is a surface
intended for the posting of public messages, for
example, to advertise items wanted or for sale,
announce events, or provide information.
 Bulletin board or message board can contain a number
of Internet forums or discussion groups. An online
board can serve the same purpose as a physical
bulletin board.
Main services of Internet:
 File Transfer Protocol (FTP) – system for storing and
retrieving data files on large computer systems.
 Gopher – a method of searching for various text based
Internet resources.
 (Gopher is an application-layer protocol that provides
the ability to extract and view Web documents stored
on remote Web servers. Gopher was conceived in 1991
as one of the Internet’s first data/file access protocols
to run on top of a TCP/IP network. It was developed at
University of Minnesota and is named after the
school's mascot.)
Main services of Internet:
 TELNET- A way of connecting directly to computer
systems on the Internet.
 Telnet (TN) is a networking protocol and software
program used to access remote computers and
terminals over the Internet or a TCP/IP computer
network.
 Chat- a system for sending public and private
messages to other users in “real time”.
 E-commerce –online activities such as banking and
shopping
Main services of Internet:
 Search engines- Search engine is a service that allows
Internet users to search for content via the World Wide
Web (WWW).
 A user enters keywords or key phrases into a search
engine and receives a list of Web content results in the
form of websites, images, videos or other online data.
The list of content returned via a search engine to a
user is known as a search engine results page (SERP).
 World Wide Web- is the graphical portion of the Internet
where we develop websites to publish our information.
1.2 History of Internet
 Grew out of a research network originally funded by U.S.
Department of Defense.
 Development of this network, known as the ARPAnet after the
Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), began in 1969.
 As the network grew, it was used for applications beyond
research, such as electronic mail.
 The term Internet comes from the word inter-network - an
interconnected set of networks.
 In 1992, the Center for European Nuclear Research (CERN)
released the first versions of World Wide Web software.
Internet Terminologies
 WWW
 Web browser
 Web page
 Web site
 Home page
 HTML
 Hyperlinks
 URL
 E-mail
 Downloading or Uploading
 Port
 Host
 IP Address
 Internet Terminologies
World Wide Web:-
 The world wide web (‘www’ or ‘web’ for short) is a collection

of web pages found on this network of computers.

 our web browser uses the internet to access the web.

Web Browser:-
 A web browser is a software program that allows a user to

locate, access, and display web pages.

 Browsers are used primarily for displaying and accessing

websites on the Internet, as well as other content created

using Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) and Extensible
Markup Language (XML), etc.
 Browsers translate web pages and websites delivered using

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) into human readable

content.
 Internet Terminologies
Web Page:-
 Web page is a document commonly written
in HTML that is accessible through the Internet
or other network using an Internet browser.
  Web pages can either be static or dynamic.

 Static pages show the same content each time

they are viewed.
 Dynamic pages have content that can change
each time they are accessed. These pages are
typically written in scripting languages such as
PHP, Perl, ASP, or JSP. 
Internet Terminologies
Website :-
 A website is a collection of related web pages ,
including multimedia content, identified with a
common domain name and published on at
least one web server .
 A website may be accessible via a
public Internet Protocol (IP) network, such as
the Internet , or a private local area network
 (LAN), by referencing a uniform resource
locator (URL) that identifies the site.
Home Page:
 The first page one sees in website is called the
home page.
Internet Terminologies
HTML:
 Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) is the standard markup
language for creating web pages  and web applications .
With Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) and JavaScript it forms a
triad of cornerstone technologies for the World Wide Web
  Web browsers  receive HTML documents from a web server
 or from local storage and render them into multimedia web
pages.
HYPERLINKS:
 Alternatively referred to as a link, a hyperlink is an icon, graphic,
or text in a document that links to another file or object.
 A hyperlink points to a whole document or to a specific
element within a document.
Internet Terminologies
URL:
 Uniform Resource Locator is a standardized naming convention for
addressing documents accessible over the Internet and Intranet .
 An example of a URL is https://www.google.com/, which is the URL
for the Google website .
 The "http" stands for Hyper Text Transfer Protocol and is what
enables the browser  to know what protocol it is going to use to
access the information specified in the domain . 
 An "https" protocol is short for "Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure"
and indicates that information transmitted over HTTP is encrypted
and secure.
Internet Terminologies
Search Engine:
 The search results are generally presented in a line of
results often referred to as search engine results pages
(SERPs). The information may be a mix of web pages ,
images, and other types of files.
 The first search engine ever developed is
considered Archie , which was used to search for FTP
 files and the first text-based search engine is
considered Veronica .
 Today, the most popular and well-known search engine
is Google . Other popular search engines include AOL ,
 Ask.com , Baidu , Bing  and Yahoo .
Internet Terminologies
Port:
 When referring to a network or to the Internet , a software or
network port is a location where information is sent.
 For example, port 80 is the http  network port.

Host:
 A host is a computer or other device that communicates with
other hosts on a network.
 Hosts on a network include clients and servers  -- that send or
receive data, services or applications.
 Host is use for a computer that is connected to the internet and
has its own processor and IP number.
 A hostname is the label assigned to a device on a network
and is used to distinguish one device from another on a
specific network or over the Internet.
Internet Terminologies
 Hostnames are also used by DNS servers  so you can
access a website by a common, easy-to-remember
name to avoid having to remember a string of numbers
(an IP address) just to open a website.
 Examples of a Hostname:
 www.microsoft.com: www
 127.0.0.1- IP number of a host.
 Localhost- hostname for local computer
Internet Terminologies
IP ADDRESS:
 An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical
label assigned to each device connected to a computer
network  that uses the Internet Protocol  for
communication.
 An IP address serves two principal functions:
 host or network interface identification
 location addressing
 Internet Protocol version 4  (IPv4) defines an IP
address as a 32-bit number. Because of the growth of
the Internet and The available IPv4 addresses , a new
version of IP (IPv6), using 128 bits for the IP address.
Internet Terminologies

 An IPv4 address is divided into two parts:

 network and host address.
 The network address determines how many of the 32
bits are used for the network address and the remaining
bits are used for the host address. The host address
can further divided into sub network and host number.
 IP network is classified as A, B or C network. The
computers identify the class by first 3 bits (A=000,
B=100, C=110),
 the class-based system has been replaced
by Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) to more
efficiently allocate IP addresses.
Internet Terminologies
TELNET:
 TELNET (TELecommunication NETwork) is a
network protocol used on the Internet or local area network
(LAN) connections. It was developed in 1969. 
 Provide a bidirectional interactive communications facility.

 The network terminal protocol (TELNET) allows a user to log in

on any other computer on the network. We can start a remote
session by specifying a computer to connect to. From that
time until we finish the session, anything we type is sent to the
other computer. 
 To start a Telnet session, we must log in to a server by entering
a valid username and password. Telnet is a common way to
remotely control Web servers.
Internet Terminologies
FTP SERVERS:
 The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is the standard network
protocol used for the transfer of computer files between a
client and server on a computer network.
 FTP is built on a client-server model architecture and uses
separate control and data connections between the client
and the server application.
 Clients initiate conversations with servers by requesting to
download a file. Using FTP, a client can upload, download,
delete, rename, move and copy files on a server. 
 A user typically needs to log on to the FTP server, although
some servers make some or all of their content available
without login, also known as anonymous FTP.
Internet Service Provider
 An Internet service provider (ISP) is a company that
offers customers access to the Internet.
 ISP referred to as an Internet Access Provider[IAP]
 ISP is to produce and maintain services on our internet
servers and to provide facilities to develop and maintain
sites on Internet.
 Many different ISP’s which provide variety of services
either for free or different prices.
 Data may be transmitted using several technologies,
including dial-up, DSL, cable modem, wireless or
dedicated high-speed interconnects.
 Internet Service Provider

 High-bandwidth lines hat connect into the internet, then

sublease the bandwidth to internet users and websites.
 Home users connect via modems over dialup lines to
access server at the ISP.
 A local ISP supplies Internet access within limited
geographical area such as within a particular area code.
 A national ISP supplies Internet access for a large
geographical area.
 Client/Server Architecture
 The internet that we use consists of two types of
computers.
 One is the client and the other is the server.

Client:
 Client is the piece of software that a designed to interact
with a remote server.
Server:
 A server is the computer system that runs on a particular
port, accepting requests from and interacting with remote
clients.
Client/Server Architecture
 A client program running on our computer (our web
browser) requests information from a server program
running on another computer on the internet.
 HTTP is the command and protocol that sets up
communication between a client and server and passes
commands between the two systems.
 The way by which the communication between Server and
Client takes place is via protocols.
 The web browser formats and displays the HTML
information which is transferred as a simple small file
from the Web server.
 The Web client/server relationship is stateless.
 Client/Server Architecture
 Stateless meaning that the server does not retain any
information about the client, and the connection between
Web browser and Web server is terminated as soon as the
requested information is sent.
 HTTP uses the TCP ( Transmission Control Protocol )to
transport all of its control and data messages from one
computer to another.
 When we type particular request the Web browser first gets
the IP address of www.gtu.ac.in from a Domain Name
System (DNS ) server and then connects with the target
server.
 The server responds to the client and transfers this HTML
coded document to our Web browser.
 Our Web browser then translates and displays the HTML
Client/Server Architecture

ISP

Web
Domain Name System
Domain :
 A domain is a name for a network that is connected to the Internet.

 That has the IP numbers of its hosts mapped to their hostnames

by the domain’s domain name server.
Domain name:
 A domain name is the suffix placed on all hosts in that domain,
which top level domain (TLD)  it belongs to.
 Domain names are used to identify one or more IP addresses . For
example, the domain name  microsoft.com  represents about a
dozen IP addresses.
 Domain names are used in URLs to identify particular Web pages.

 For example  http://www.pcwebopedia.com/index.html,  the

domain name is  pcwebopedia.com.
Domain Name System
Domain name server:
 A domain name server is a machine that handles name
queries for all hosts within a particular domain.
 The domain name server is the authoritative source for
addressing information about hostnames within its
domain.
Domain name System:
 DNS is a hierarchical client/server distributed database
management system.
 In the DNS the clients are called resolvers and the
servers are called name server.
 Domain Name System
Working:
 When a user wants to visit particular website, they can type "
https://www.google.com" into the address bar of their browser.
 Once that domain name has been entered, it is looked up on a
Domain Name System where it is translated into an IP address
that is more easily interpreted by a computer (e.g.,
216.58.216.164). Using that IP address, your computer can then
locate the Google web page and forward that information to your
browser.
The hierarchical structure of DNS:
 There are millions of websites available on the Internet to make
finding an address the domain naming is broken into a
hierarchical structure.
Domain Name System
 1.5 Domain Name System

 How DNS is structured on the Internet and an example of

three different addresses.
 In the example, all websites are broken into regional
sections based on the TLD (top level domain).
 In the example of http://support.computerhope.com it
has a ".com" TLD, with "computer hope" as its second
level domain that is local to the .com TLD, and "support"
as its sub domain, which is determined by its server.
 DNS address information is stored at many locations on
the internet, not just at one central dopositary.
Domain Name System
The following table shows the Generic Top-Level Domain
names:
Domain Name System
The following table shows the Country top-level domain
names:
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