Saira Javed

2K15-ELE-111

Lab Manual
Power System Analysis

Submitted to: Sir Saqif Imtiaz

Submitted by:

Name: Saira Javed

Roll no: 2K15-ELE-111

Section: P2
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Table of Contents
Experiment 1: To model 5 bus power system using PWS19.

Experiment 2: To study effect of shunt switch in power system using PWS19.

Experiment 3: To generate Y-bus admittance matrix using PWS.

Experiment 4: Analysis of 37 bus power system using PWS19.

Experiment 5: Cost optimization of power system using PWS19.

Experiment 6: To solve power system using contour using PWS19.

Experiment 7: To solve power system using Guass Seidel method using PWS19.

Experiment 8: To solve power system using Newton Raphson method using

PWS19.

Experiment 9: To solve power system using fast decoupled method using PWS19.

Experiment 10: To model integration of solar wind hybrid renewable based power
with distribution grid using ETAP 12.6.

Experiment 11: To study and perform 3-phase balanced fault analysis on the power
system using PWS 19.

Experiment 12: To perform single line to ground fault analysis on the power
system using PWS 19.

Experiment 13: To perform analysis of line to line fault analysis on power system
using PWS19.

Experiment 14: To perform analysis of double line to ground fault analysis on

power system using PWS19.
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Experiment 15: Analysis of 132 kV to 11 kV Khanewal Grid Station

using ETAP 12.6.0.

Experiment 16: Design of protection co ordination scheme of 132kV to 11 kV

Khanewal Grid Station using ETAP 12.6.0
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Experiment 1

Objective:

To model 5 bus power system using PWS19.

Apparatus:

• Intel Based Computer

• Power World Simulator Software

Theory

Power World Simulator:

Power World Simulator is an interactive power system simulation package

designed to simulate high voltage power system operation. A freeware program
designed to make it easy to exchange power flow cases. You can view a solved
power flow case graphically using animated one-lines.

Power System Bus:

A bus in a power system is defined as the vertical line at which the several
components of the power system like generators, loads, and feeders, etc., are
connected. The buses in a power system are associated with four quantities. These
quantities are the magnitude of the voltage, the phase angle of the voltage, active
or true power and the reactive power.
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Buses are of three types

• Slack Bus/ Swing Bus/ Reference Bus

• PV Bus/ Voltage Regulated Bus
• Load Bus/PQ Bus

Slack Bus:

Slack bus in a power system absorb or emit the active or reactive power from the
power system. The slack bus does not carry any load. At this bus, the magnitude
and phase angle of the voltage are specified. The phase angle of the voltage is
usually set equal to zero. The active and reactive power of this bus is usually
determined through the solution of equations.

Voltage Regulated Bus:

This bus is also called the P-V bus, and on this bus, the voltage magnitude
corresponding to generate voltage and true or active power P corresponding to its
rating are specified. Voltage magnitude is maintained constant at a specified value
by injection of reactive power. The reactive power generation Q and phase angle δ
of the voltage are to be computed.

Load Bus:

This is also called the P-Q bus and at this bus, the active and reactive power is
injected into the network. Magnitude and phase angle of the voltage are to be
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computed. Here the active power P and reactive power Q are specified. The phase
angle of the voltage , i.e. δ is not very important for the load.

Formulation of Load flow problem:

A classic load flow analysis consists of calculating voltage magnitude, phase angle,
active power and reactive power. Four variables are associated with each bus viz-
voltage (V), phase angle (δ), real power (P) and reactive power (Q).

P Q V δ
Slack Bus unknown unknown known known
PV Bus known unknown known Unknown
Load Bus known known unknown unknown
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One Line Diagram

Edit mode:

Run mode:
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Analysis

P (MW) Q (MVar) V (kV) δ (deg)

Slack Bus
PV Bus
Load Bus

Transformer R X

Transmission Line R X B
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Branch element Real power flow Reactive power flow Real power loss

Conclusion:

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
_______________
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Experiment 2

Objective:

To study effect of shunt switch in power system using PWS19.

Apparatus:

• Intel Based Computer

• Power World Simulator Software

Theory

Shunt Switch:
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A device designed to switch the power circuit breaker ON or OFF. A capacitor can
be used as shunt switch.

Shunt Capacitor:

A capacitor bank is very essential equipment of an electrical power system. The

power
required to run all the electrical appliances is the load as useful power is active
power. The active power is expressed in KW or MW. The maximum load
connected to the electrical power system is mainly inductive in nature such as
electrical transformer, induction motors, synchronous motor, electric furnaces,
fluorescent lighting are all inductive in nature. Because of these inductances, the
system current lags system voltage. As the lagging angle between voltage and
current increases, the power factor of the system decreases. As the electrical power
factor decreases, for same active power demand the system draws more current
from source. More current causes, more line losses. Poor electrical power factor
causes poor voltage regulation. So, to avoid these difficulties, the electrical power
factor of the system to be improved. As a capacitor causes current to lead the
voltage, capacitive reactance can be used to cancel the inductive reactance of the
system.

Applications:

• Utilities use shunt capacitors at distribution and utilization voltages to

provide reactive power near the inductive loads that require it. This reduces
the total current flowing on the distribution feeder, which improves the
voltage profile along the feeder and reduces losses. The reduced loadings not
only improve contingency switching options on the distribution system, but
also extend equipment life and defer expensive additions to the system.
• At the transmission and sub transmission levels (69 kV and above), shunt
capacitors increase the power transfer capability of a transmission system
without requiring new lines or larger conductors.
• Since the capacitors produce reactive power (VARs), generators no longer
need to produce as much, enabling them to operate at higher power factors
and produce more real power (watts). Also, fewer VARs transported through
the transmission system not only release additional capacity on the lines, but
also reduces system losses by reducing the total current flowing on the lines.
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• Shunt capacitors also slightly increase transmission bus operating voltages.

As the transmission voltage increases, less current is necessary to supply a
typical load, so transmission losses decrease again.

One Line Diagram

(Before power factor correction)

Edit mode:
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Run mode:

(After power factor correction)

Edit mode:
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Run mode:

Analysis

P (MW) Q (MVar) V (kV) δ (deg)

Slack Bus
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PV Bus
Load Bus

Transformer R X

Transmission Line R X B

(Before power factor correction)

Branch element Real power Reactive power Voltage drop Real power loss
flow flow

Total power loss = _______________

(After power factor correction)

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Branch element Real power Reactive power Voltage drop Real power loss
flow flow

Total power loss = _______________

Conclusion:

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________
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Experiment 3

Objective:

To generate Y-bus admittance matrix using PWS.

Apparatus:

• Intel Based Computer

• Power World Simulator Software

Theory

Y- Bus Admittance Matrix:

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In a power system, Y-Bus Admittance Matrix represents the nodal admittances of

the various buses. With the help of the transmission line, each bus is connected to
the various other buses. Admittance matrix is used to analyse the data that is
needed in the load or a power flow study of the buses. It explains the admittance
and the topology of the network. The following are the advantages of the bus
admittance matrix.

➢ The data preparation of the bus admittance matrix is very simple.

➢ The formation of the bus admittance matrix and their modification is easy.
➢ The bus admittance matrix is a sparse matrix thus the computer memory
requirement is less.

The amount of current present in the bus can be calculated with the help of
formation of the Admittance matrix. It is expressed as shown above.

In the simplest form, the above matrix can be written as shown below.

Where,

➢ I is the current of the bus in the vector form.

➢ Y is the admittance matrix
➢ V is the vector of the bus voltage.

Let us consider the figure given below.

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From the above figure, the (3×3) admittance matrix is formed as shown below.

The diagonal elements of the Bus Admittance matrix are known as self-
admittances and the off-diagonal elements are known as mutual admittances.

One Line Diagram

Edit mode:
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Run mode:
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Analysis

P (MW) Q (MVar) V (kV) δ (deg)

Slack Bus
PV Bus
Load Bus

Transmission Line R X B

Conclusion:
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
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Experiment 4

Objective:

Analysis of 37 bus power system using PWS19.

Apparatus:

• Intel Based Computer

• Power World Simulator Software

Theory

Power System Bus:

A bus in a power system is defined as the vertical line at which the several
components of the power system like generators, loads, and feeders, etc., are
connected. The buses in a power system are associated with four quantities.
These quantities are the magnitude of the voltage, the phase angle of the
voltage, active or true power and the reactive power.

Buses are of three types:

1. Slack bus
2. Voltage regulated bus
3. Load bus
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One Line Diagram

Edit mode:
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Run mode:
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Calculate the Following From 37-Bus System.

1-Write the name of the bus having lowest per unit (p.u) voltage and lowest Per
Unit Value ?

_________________________________________________________________

2-Write the name of the bus having Highest per unit (p.u) voltage and Highest Per
Unit Value ?

__________________________________________________________________

3- Which transmission line has the highest % MVA Loading and Actual Value Of
MVA Fill the following table in support of your answer?

From Bus To Bus % MVA Loading MVA

4- Which transmission line has the Lowest % MVA Loading and Actual Value Of
MVA Fill the following table in support of your answer?

From Bus To Bus % MVA Loading MVA

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5- Which transmission line has the highest % MW Loading and Actual Value Of
MW Fill the following table in support of your answer?

From Bus To Bus % MW Loading MW

6- Which transmission line has the highest % Line Amp and Actual Value of Line
Amp Fill the following table in support of your answer?

From Bus To Bus % Line Amp Line Amp

7-Transmission Line Having Max. MW Losses ?

From Bus To Bus MW Losses

8-Transmission Line Having Min. MW Losses ?

From Bus To Bus MW Losses

9-Name of Buses Which have Max. & Min. Load (MW,MVAR)?

Name of Bus Max Load (MW,MVAR)

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Name Of Bus Min Load (MW,MVAR)

10-What is Total Load(MW,MVAR) Connected To 37-Bus Power System?

Total Load MW=

Total Load MVAR=

11-What is Total MW Losses On Transmission Lines?

__________________________________________________________________

12-What is The Total Generation of 37-Bus Power System?

__________________________________________________________________

Conclusion:

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
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Experiment 5

Objective:

Cost optimization of power system using PWS19.

Apparatus:

• Intel Based Computer

• Power World Simulator Software

Theory

Cost optimization:
Cost optimization is a business-focused, continuous discipline to drive spending
and cost reduction, while maximizing business value.

Shunt compensation:
In shunt compensation, switches are connected in parallel with the power system
transmission line. It works as a controllable current source. A reactive current is
injected into the line to maintain constant voltage magnitude by varying shunt
impedance. Therefore, the transmittable active power is increased but at the
expense of increasing the reactive power demand.

Shunt capacitive switch:

This method is used improve the power factor. Whenever an inductive load is
connected to the transmission line, power factor lags because of lagging load
current. To compensate it, a shunt capacitor is connected, which draws current
leading to the source voltage. The net result is improvement in power factor.
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One Line Diagram

Edit mode:
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Run mode:
When shunt switches are off:

When shunt switches are on:

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Analysis

From To Branch device type R X B

Branch element Real power flow Reactive power flow Real power loss

Conclusion:

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
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Experiment 6

Objective:

To solve power system using contour using PWS19.

Apparatus:

• Intel Based Computer

• Power World Simulator Software

Theory

Contouring of power system:

Simulator can create and animate a contour map of various system quantities, such as voltage
magnitudes and angles, MW transactions, transmission loading, and real and reactive load. Such
displays resemble a contour map of temperatures like you might see shown on a weather forecast.
Contouring can significantly improve understanding of a large interconnected system, helping
identify congestion pockets and MVAR-deficient regions and providing an overview of how
power flows through the bulk power system

Contouring provides info about:

• Determination of power system stability

• No. of buses which are undervoltage
• Steady state means stable no. of buses
• Overvoltage no. of buses
• It is applied in Run mode
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One Line Diagram

Edit mode:

Run Mode:
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Conclusion:

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
_______________
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Experiment 7

Objective:

To solve power system using Guass Seidel method using PWS19.

Apparatus:

• Intel Based Computer

• Power World Simulator Software

Theory

Guass Seidel method:

It is an iterative method in which at the beginning a set of values for the unknown
quantities are chosen. These are then updated at each iteration. The process
continues till errors between all the known and actual quantities reduce below a
pre-specified value. In the Gauss-Seidel load flow we denote the initial voltage of
the ith bus by Vi(0) , i = 2, ... , n . This should read as the voltage of the i th bus at
the 0th iteration, or initial guess. Similarly this voltage after the first iteration will
be denoted by Vi(1) .
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One Line Diagram

Edit mode:

Run mode:
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Analysis

No of P1 Q2 P2 V2 𝛿2 Q2
iteration

Conclusion:

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
_______________
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Experiment 8

Objective:

To solve power system using Newton Raphson method using PWS19.

Apparatus:

• Intel Based Computer

• Power World Simulator Software

Theory

Newton Raphson Method:

It is an iterative technique for solving a set of various nonlinear equations with an equal number
of unknowns. There are two methods of solutions for the load flow using Newton Raphson
Method. The first method uses rectangular coordinates for the variables while the second method
uses the polar coordinate form. Out of these two methods the polar coordinate form is used widely.
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Limitations of Newton Raphson Method

• This solution technique is difficult.

• It takes longer time as the elements of the Jacobian are to be computed for each iteration.
• The computer memory requirement is large.
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One Line Diagram

Edit mode:

Run mode:
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Analysis

No of P1 Q2 P2 V2 𝛿2 Q2
iteration
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Conclusion:

__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________
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Experiment 9

Objective:

To solve power system using fast decoupled method using PWS19.

Apparatus:

• Intel Based Computer

• Power World Simulator Software

Theory

Fast Decoupled load flow method:

It is a variation on Newton-Raphson that exploits the approximate decoupling of active and
reactive flows in well-behaved power networks, and additionally fixes the value of the Jacobian
during the iteration in order to avoid costly matrix decompositions. Also referred to as "fixed-
slope, decoupled NR". Within the algorithm, the Jacobian matrix gets inverted only once, and there
are three assumptions.

• Firstly, the conductance between the buses is zero.

• Secondly, the magnitude of the bus voltage is one per unit.
• Thirdly, the sine of phases between buses is zero.
Fast decoupled load flow can return the answer within seconds whereas the Newton Raphson
method takes much longer. This is useful for real-time management of power grids.
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One Line Diagram

Edit mode:

Run mode:
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Analysis

No of P1 Q2 P2 V2 𝛿2 Q2
iteration

Conclusion:

__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________
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Experiment 10

Objective:

To model integration of solar wind hybrid renewable based power with distribution
grid using ETAP 12.6.

Apparatus:

• Intel Based Computer

• ETAP 12.6

Theory

Solar wind hybrid system:

The combination of renewable energy sources, wind & solar are used for generating
power called as wind solar hybrid system. This system is designed using the solar
panels and small wind turbines generators for generating electricity.

The block diagram of solar wind hybrid system is shown in the figure in which the
solar panels and wind turbine are used for power generation.
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Advantages:
1. Continuous power supply – The hybrid solar systems provide power
continuously, without any interruption, as the batteries connected to them store the
energy.

2. Utilize the renewable sources in best way – Because the batteries are connected
to the system to store the energy, there is no waste of the excess energy generated
on bright sunny days. So, these systems make use of the renewable energy in best
way, storing energy on a good day and utilize the stored power on a bad day. The
balance is maintained.

3. Low maintenance cost – The maintenance cost of the hybrid solar energy
systems is low as compared to the traditional generators which use diesel as fuel. No
fuel is used and they do not require frequent servicing.

4. High efficiency – The hybrid solar energy systems work more efficiently than
your traditional generators which waste the fuel under certain conditions. Hybrid
solar systems work efficiently in all types of conditions without wasting the fuel.

5. Load management – Unlike traditional generators, which provide high power as

soon as they turned on, most of hybrid solar power systems manage load
accordingly. A hybrid solar system may have technology that adjusts the energy
supply according to the devices they are connected to, whether it’s an air conditioner
requiring high power or a fan which requires less.
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One Line Diagram

Edit mode:

Run mode:
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Analysis

Solar panels

Power generation

Wind turbines

Power generation

Conclusion:

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________
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Experiment 11

Objective:

To study and perform 3-phase balanced fault analysis on the power system using
PWS 19.

Apparatus:

• Intel Based Computer

• Power World Simulator Software

Theory

Power system:
An electric power system is a network of electrical components deployed to
supply, transfer, store and use electric power.

Fault:
In an electric power system, a fault or fault current is any abnormal electric
current. For example, a short circuit is a fault in which current bypasses the normal
load. An open-circuit fault occurs if a circuit is interrupted by some failure. In
three-phase systems, a fault may involve one or more phases and ground, or may
occur only between phases. In a "ground fault" or "earth fault", current flows into
the earth. The prospective short-circuit current of a predictable fault can be
calculated for most situations. In power systems, protective devices can detect fault
conditions and operate circuit breakers and other devices to limit the loss of service
due to a failure.
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Symmetrical faults:
These are very severe faults and occur infrequently in the power systems. These are
also called as balanced faults and are of two types namely line to line to line to
ground (L-L-L-G) and line to line to line (L-L-L).
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One Line Diagram

Edit mode:

Run mode:
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Analysis

Conclusion:

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________
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Experiment 12

Objective:

To perform single line to ground fault analysis on the power system using PWS 19.

Apparatus:

• Intel Based Computer

• Power World Simulator Software

Theory

Electrical fault:
Electrical fault is the deviation of voltages and currents from nominal values or
states. Under normal operating conditions, power system equipment or lines carry
normal voltages and currents which results in a safer operation of the system.

But when fault occurs, it causes excessively high currents to flow which causes the
damage to equipments and devices. Fault detection and analysis is necessary to
select or design suitable switchgear equipments, electromechanical relays, circuit
breakers and other protection devices.

Types of fault:

There are mainly two types of faults in the electrical power system. Those are
symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults.

1. Symmetrical faults
These are very severe faults and occur infrequently in the power systems. These are
also called as balanced faults and are of two types namely line to line to line to
ground (L-L-L-G) and line to line to line (L-L-L).
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Symmetrical faults
Only 2-5 percent of system faults are symmetrical faults. If these faults occur, system
remains balanced but results in severe damage to the electrical power system
equipments.

2. Unsymmetrical faults

These are very common and less severe than symmetrical faults. There are mainly
three types namely line to ground (L-G), line to line (L-L) and double line to ground
(LL-G) faults.

Unsymmetrical faults
Line to ground fault (L-G) is most common fault and 65-70 percent of faults are of
this type.
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One Line Diagram

Edit mode:

Run mode:
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Analysis

Conclusion:

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________
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Experiment 13

Objective:

To perform analysis of line to line fault analysis on power system using PWS19.

Apparatus:

• Intel Based Computer

• Power World Simulator Software

Theory

Power system:
An electric power system is a network of electrical components deployed to
supply, transfer, store and use electric power.

Line to line fault:

A line to line fault or unsymmetrical fault occurs when two conductors are short
circuited. In the figure shown below shows a three phase system with a line-to-line
fault phases b and c. The fault impedance is assumed to be Zf. The LL fault is
placed between lines b and c so that the fault be symmetrical with respect to the
reference phase a which is un-faulted.
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One Line Diagram

Edit mode:

Run mode:
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Analysis

Conclusion:

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
_______________
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Experiment 14

Objective:

To perform analysis of double line to ground fault analysis on power system using
PWS19.

Apparatus:

• Intel Based Computer

• Power World Simulator Software

Theory

Power system:
An electric power system is a network of electrical components deployed to
supply, transfer, store and use electric power.

Double line to ground fault:

The faulted segment for a 2LG fault is shown in fig below, where it is assumed that
the fault has occurred at node k of the network. In this the phases b and c got
shorted through the impedance Zf to the ground.
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One Line Diagram

Edit mode:

Run mode:
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Analysis

Conclusion:

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________
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Experiment 15

Objective:

Analysis of 132 kV to 11 kV Khanewal Grid Station Using ETAP

12.6.0.

Apparatus:

• Intel Based Computer

• ETAP 12.6.0 Software

Theory

Grid station:
An electrical grid is an interconnected network for delivering electricity from
producers to consumers. It consists of generating stations that produce electrical
power, high voltage transmission lines that carry power from distant sources to
demand centres, and distribution lines that connect individual customers. The bulk
power transmission network will move the power long distances, sometimes across
international boundaries, until it reaches its wholesale customer (usually the
company that owns the local electric power distribution network). On arrival at a
substation, the power will be stepped down from a transmission level voltage to a
distribution level voltage. As it exits the substation, it enters the distribution wiring.
Finally, upon arrival at the service location, the power is stepped down again from
the distribution voltage to the required service voltage(s).
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One Line Diagram

Edit mode:

Run mode:
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Analysis

Voltage at load bus (when capacitor is switched off)

Branch element Active power Reactive power

Voltage at load bus (when capacitor is switched on)

Branch element Active power Reactive power
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Conclusion:

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
____________

Experiment 16

Objective:

Design of protection Co-ordination Scheme of 132 kV to 11 kV

Khanewal Grid Station Using ETAP 12.6.0.

Apparatus:

• Intel Based Computer

• ETAP 12.6.0 Software

Theory

Relay:
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In electrical engineering, a protective relay is a relay device designed to trip a

circuit breaker when a fault is detected. The first protective relays were
electromagnetic devices, relying on coils operating on moving parts to provide
detection of abnormal operating conditions such as over-current, over-voltage,
reverse power flow, directional and frequency change.

One Line Diagram

Edit mode:
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Run mode:

Analysis
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Conclusion:

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__________________________________________________________________
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