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Hydrodynamics: Naveen Mathew Nathan S. 10/1/2019

This document discusses hydrodynamics concepts including the Euler and Navier-Stokes equations. It covers topics like continuity, momentum, total energy, viscous stress tensors, and dimensionless quantities like the Mach number, Reynolds number, and Prandtl number. It also discusses shocks, Riemann invariants, and characteristics as they relate to the Euler equations. Computational methods like ALE are mentioned for solving these types of equations.

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SNaveenMathew
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52 views2 pages

Hydrodynamics: Naveen Mathew Nathan S. 10/1/2019

This document discusses hydrodynamics concepts including the Euler and Navier-Stokes equations. It covers topics like continuity, momentum, total energy, viscous stress tensors, and dimensionless quantities like the Mach number, Reynolds number, and Prandtl number. It also discusses shocks, Riemann invariants, and characteristics as they relate to the Euler equations. Computational methods like ALE are mentioned for solving these types of equations.

Uploaded by

SNaveenMathew
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lecture 11

Naveen Mathew Nathan S.


10/1/2019

Hydrodynamics
Euler (conservation) equations: Assuming no external factors such as gravity play a role, inviscid
• Continuity: ∂ρ
∂t + ∇.(ρu) = 0
• Momentum: ∂ρu ∂t + ∇.(ρuu) + ∇P = 0
• Total energy: ∂ρE
∂t + ∇.((ρE + P )u) = 0

Two views:
• Eulerian: stand and watch the fluid move
• Lagrangian: move with the fluid
D ∂
Dt = ∂t + u.∇
Dρ
Lagrangian version of continuity equation: Dt = −ρ∇.u
Some of the equations are better written in Lagrangian form. Example: star mass movement: total mass
remains almost constant but mass gets distributed
Complex behaviors such as turbulence occur because of non-linear terms such as (u.∇)u
• Number of variables: u: 3, ρ: 1, E: 1, P: 1. Total: 6
• Number of equations: 5
Perfect gas is ‘perfect’ when their kinetic energy and degrees of freedom can be considered independent of
their potential. Potential plays a role (instantaneously) only when the particles collide (very rare)
Additional required equation: Equation of state:
P nkB T
ρ = γ−1 = γ−1 = ρCV T
2
γ =1+ d

• Isothermal case: γ = 1: P ∝ ρ; γ → ∞
• Polytopic case: s = constant =⇒ P ∝ ργ
• Small γ: soft equation of state
• Large γ: stiff equation of state: adiabatic compression leads to large pressure increase
Navier-Stokes equation:
Euler equation with viscosity
• Continuity: ∂ρ
∂t + ∇.(ρu) = 0
• Momentum: ∂ρu ∂t + ∇.(ρuu − π) + ∇P = 0
• Total energy: ∂ρE
∂t + ∇.((ρE + P )u − π.u + F) = 0

Viscous stress tensor: πij = µDij ; D is rate of strain tensor


∂ui ∂uj
Dij = ∂xj + ∂xi − 23 δij ∇.u
Conductive head flux: F = −κ∇T , κ is coefficient of thermal conductivity
There can be situations where these equations are elliptical, parabolic and hyperbolic respectively. Therefore,
one size fits all does not work in astronomy.

1
Relative importance of terms (dimensionless quantities):
|u| 2 ∂P
• Mach number: M = a ; a = ∂ρ
|∇.(ρuu)| ρU 2 /L
• Reynold’s number: |∇.π| = UνL = Re
ρU//L2
– Kinematic viscosity: ν = µ/ρ ma/ρσ = a/nσ = aλmf p
• Prandtl number: ratio of kinematic viscosity ν to thermal diffusivity χ
– P r = χν ; χ = ρCκ
p
• Peclet number: ratio of advection and conduction terms in energy equation:
– |∇.[(ρ+P )u]| ρCp T U/L ρU L UL
|∇.F | ∼ κT /L2 = κ/Cp = χ = P e

Primitive form
∂Q
∂t + A(Q). ∂Q
∂x = 0

• Q = [ρ; u; P ], A(Q) = [[u; ρ; 0]; [0; u; 1/ρ]; [0; ρa2 ; u]]


Converted equation: K −1 ∂Q
∂t + ΛK
−1 ∂Q
. ∂x = 0
Consider small perturbations around Q0 = constant: ∂δQ ∂δQ
∂t + Λ0 ∂x = 0

Riemann invariants J± = u ± ∂P
R
ρa are kept constant, not Q(x). These Riemann invariants are the values
conserved along characteristics that travel with speeds u-a, u and u+a
• – characteristic: J− (x − (u − a)t) = constant
• 0 characterist: J− (x − (u)t) = constant
• – characteristic: J+ (x − (u + a)t) = constant
But this assumes sound
q speed is constant for all densities. But this is not the case. Curve steepens because
∂P
for ideal gas: a = ∂ρ . Therefore, for a sine wave the peaks will catch up with the troughs. This creates a
saw-tooth like structure. If Euler equations are true (no viscosity), sound waves will form weak shocks. If
there is high viscosity, sound waves will dissipate quickly and become heat energy.

Shocks

We assume that the characteristics are integrable perpendicular to the shock. Weak form of Euler equations
can be derived
For perfect gas:
u1 ρ2
• u2 = ρ1
P2 (γ+1)ρ2 −(γ−1)ρ1
• P1 = (γ−1)ρ1 −(γ−1)ρ2
ρ2 u1 (γ+1) M 2
• ρ1 = u2 = (γ−1) M 2 +2 . For arbitrarily large mach number M → ∞ for γ = 5/3 this cannot exceed 4
P2 2γM 2 −(γ−1)
• P1 = γ+1

In observational astronomy: metallicity and temperature. These can be used to differentiate contact
discontinuities and shocks
ALE can switch between Lagrangian and Eulerian. They are better to implement in 1D. In higher dimensions
it is computationally expensive to reconstruct/remapping the mesh

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