Transportation

Engineering-II
Lab Manual
Submitted By: M.Irfan (FA18-BCV-040)
Submitted To: Sir Waqas Anwar
Session: 2018-2022
Semester: 7th
 List of Practicals:
1) Layout of Transportation Lab.
2) Standard Test Method for Penetration of Bituminous Materials
3) Standard Test Method for Softening Point of Bitumen (Ring-and-Ball
Apparatus).
4) Standard Test Method for Ductility of Bituminous Materials
 i. Centrifuge Extractor.
This is used for finding the percentage of bitumen in asphalt.
The centrifugal extractor uses a motor to drive the drum to rotate at a high speed.

ii. Benkelman Beam Apparatus.

It is used to determine the deflection of a flexible pavement or road surface under, moving
wheel loads.

iii. Lab Mixer.

It is used for mixing of soil and asphalt samples to be used for mechanical tests as
compaction, indirect tensile and Marshall etc.
iv. Isomantle Heater.
It is used to ensure that the outer surface of the mixing bowl is dry and clean as the material
of the heating jacket are hygroscopic and will absorb moisture from the surface of bowl.

v. Stove.
It is used for heating of asphalt sample and many others.

vi. Flash and fire point apparatus.

It is used to measure the tendency of test specimen to form a flammable mixture which can
ignite on particular temperature.
vii. Fully Automatic penetrometer.
It is used for measuring the penetration of bituminous materials.

viii. Manual penetrometer.

It is used to check the strength of cohesive soil.

ix. Water bath.

Water bath is used for cooling a testing sample for a specified interval of time.
 x. Ring & Ball apparatus.
Ring and Ball Apparatus is used to determine the softening point of bitumen, waxes, LDPE,
HDPE /PP blend granules, rosin and solid hydrocarbon resins.
The apparatus was first designed way back in the 1910s while ASTM adopted a test method
in 1916.

xi. Melting Pot.

It is used for finding the melting point of a substance on which testing is performed.

xii. Skid resistance tester.

The skid resistance apparatus is used for measuring the frictional resistance between a rubber
slider mounted on the end of a pendulum and the surface to be tested.
xiii. Weight balance.
It is used for measuring the weight of a specimen to be tested.

xiv. Marshall Hammer.

It is used for measuring the load and flow rate of asphalt specimens, beginning with
compaction into molds using compactor.

xv. Sieve sets for coarse and fine aggregates.

It is used for particle size distribution of an aggregate sample.
To plot the gradation curve.
 To determine the fineness modulus of coarse and fine aggregates.

xvi. Marshall Stability test machine.

The automated Marshall Stability test machine is used to determine maximum loads and flow
values of bituminous mixtures.

xvii. CBR Apparatus.

It is used for laboratory determination of permeability of soils using a constant of variable
hydraulic head.
This test is recommended for soil s with the coefficient of permeability in range of
1000cm/sec to 10cm/sec.
xviii. Flakiness & Elongation gauges.
This apparatus gives the percentage of flaky and elongate aggregate present in the total
aggregate sample.
xix. Ductility test apparatus.
As its name is clearly shows that it is used for finding the ductility of a
bituminous material.

Job# 02
Standard Test Method for Penetration of Bituminous Materials.

Objectives.
This test method is used to determine the penetration of bituminous materials.
Apparatus.
 Fully Automated Penetrometer
 Molds
 Water bath
Related Theory.
 In the past years there is a manual penetrometer used in transportation
laboratories for finding the penetration of bituminous materials.
 Also we find strength of cohesive soils through this.
 But now it is replaced with fully automated penetrometer which directly
gives the penetration value of bituminous materials.

Procedure.
a. First of all we prepare a sample of bitumen in a smaller size mold.
b. Then the sample is heat up on stove so that the sample melts
c. Then place the hot and melted sample at room temperature for about 1-1.5
hours.
d. Then place the sample in water bath to attain the temperature of sample same
as room temperature i.e 25 degree centigrade.
e. Then move the sample to fully automated penetrometer.
f. Set the apparatus that is set the loading time as 5 sec, a load of 100 gm which
comprise the weight of needle, spindle and 50 gm of externally applied load.
g. Run the test and repeat for three times.
 h. Take the average and finally we get the exact penetration of needle.
i. This is value of penetration of bituminous materials.

Observation and calculations.

Diameter of mold=55gm
Height of mold=35mm
Loading time=5sec
Total load=100gm

Test No-01
Penetration=19dmm
No of curves=1
Average=19dmm
Difference=0

Test No-02
Penetration=17mm
Average=18dmm
Difference=3dmm

Test No-03
Penetration=17dmm
Average=17dmm
Difference=3dmm

Results.
 From the above three tests the average value of penetration is 17dmm
which is between 10 and 20 so the bitumen is of 10-20 grade which is
hard in nature and it is also Rabbit bitumen and is your in road
construction.
 This grade of bitumen is mainly used in the manufacture of hot mix
asphalt for bases and wearing courses.

Precautions.
 Very well experienced person is required for its using.
Comments.
The apparatus is very well advanced and gives so wonderful results in very
short duration of time.

Job # 03
Standard Test Method for Softening Point of Bitumen (Ring-and-
Ball Apparatus).

Designation: D 36 – 95
Objectives:
This test method covers the determination of the softening point of bitumen.
Apparatus:
 Two rings
 Two steel balls
 Pouring plate
 Ball centering guide
  Ring holder & Assembly
 Bath( A glass vessel )
 Thermometer

Related Theory:
 This test method is very efficient in determining the softening point of
bitumen materials used in road and highway construction.
 This test results tells us that either the bitumen is soft or hard.
 Generally soft bitumen has low softening point temperature while hard
bitumen has high value of softening temperature.
Procedure:
 We take bath liquid and thermometer
 Freshly boiled distilled water between 30–80 degree
centigrade.
 Use glycerin plus china clay so that sample don’t stick with ring.
  Assemble the apparatus so that the ball doesn’t stuck within the
screws.
 Place the assembly in water which has temperature of 5 degree
centigrade.
 Place the whole assembly on magnetic heater which continuously
shake the sample at uniform speed.
 Place the thermometer in the water containing assembly so that when
the sample heats up ball load can bring the sample to the bottom.
 Note the temperature at this point, this is softening point of bitumen.

Precaution:
Take very much care during the handling of the assembly and don’t tight the
screws so much because the ball stuck in it.
Results:
 We perform experiment on two sample of bitumen.
 The softening point of one is 50 degree centigrade and other one has 49 so
we take the average which is 49.5 degree centigrade.

Comments:
I think this method is so efficient in areas where temperature variation is much
more so when we already know about the softening point of a bitumen used in road
construction, it is very easy for us to decide which one is used in which areas.
 Job # 04
Standard Test Method for Ductility of Bituminous Materials.

Designation: D113 – 07
Objective:
This test is performed for finding the ductility of bituminous materials used in
road construction.

Apparatus used:
 Mold
 Thermometer
  Oven
 Release agent
 Trimming tool
 Sieves
 Testing machine
 Specific gravity additive

Scope:
 This test method gives us the procedure for determining the ductility of
bitumen material at temperature of 25 +- 0.5°C and with a speed of 5
cm/min +- 5.0 %.
 Because of the large number of methods for obtaining test samples, it is
impractical to discuss specific products in this test method. Refer to
individual product specifications for guidance in obtaining a test sample.
Procedure:
 Assemble the mold on a brass plate.
 Coat the surface of the plate and interior surfaces of the sides of the mold
with a thin layer of a mixture of release agent.
 The plate upon which the mold is placed shall be flat and level so that the
bottom surface of the mold will be in contact throughout.
 Carefully heat the sample to prevent local overheating until it has become
sufficiently fluid to pour.
 After a thorough stirring, pour it into the mold.
 In filling the mold, take care not to disarrange the pieces of the mold, thus
distorting the specimen shape.
 Pour the material in a thin stream back and forth from end to end of the
mold until the mold is more than level full.
 Allow the filled mold to cool to room temperature for 35 +- 5 min.
 Then place it in the water bath at test temperature for 35 +- 5 min.
 Remove the test specimens from the water bath and immediately trim the
excess material with the trimming tool to make the molds just level full.
 Keeping Specimen at Standard Temperature i.e Place the trimmed
specimen and mold in the water bath at the specified temperature for 90 6
5 min.
 Remove the specimen from the plate by a shearing action between
specimen and plate, avoiding any bending of the specimen.
 Remove the side pieces, being careful not to distort or fracture the
specimen.
 Attach the rings at each end of the clips to the pins or hooks in the testing
machine and pull the two clips apart at a uniform speed as specified until
the specimen ruptures or reaches the length limitations of the testing
machine.
 Measure the distance in centimeters through which the clips have been
pulled to produce rupture or final length.
Observations & Calculations:
 Pulling rate= 5cm/sec
Results:
  The result of our sample is 150cm + which means our sample is very
ductile.
Significance and Use:
 This test method provides one measure of tensile properties of bituminous
materials and may be used to measure ductility for specification
requirements.
Precautions:
 For obtaining accurate results, very controlled condition is required in
laboratory.
Comments:
 When the bitumen material ductility is 150cm+ then we mix NACL in
water sample and also we perform the same experiment upto 3 times.