Bourgeois revolution is a term used in Marxist theory to refer to a social revolution that aims directory, group of five men

en who held the executive power in France according to the

to destroy a feudal system or its vestiges, establish the rule of the bourgeoisie, and create a constitution of the year III (1795) of the French Revolution. They were chosen by the new
bourgeois state. In colonised or subjugated countries, bourgeois revolutions often take the legislature, by the Council of Five Hundred and the Council of Ancients; each year one
form of a war of national independence. The English, French, and American revolutions are director, chosen by lot, was to be replaced. The Directory was balanced by two
considered the archetypal bourgeois revolutions, in that they attempted to clear away the representative assemblies elected indirectly by property holders. Governing a nearly
remnants of the medieval feudal system, so as to pave the way for the rise of capitalism. bankrupt nation, the Directory had a stormy history. Politically, it walked a narrow course
between Jacobins on the left and royalists on the right. During its history, the Directory
instituted positive monetary reforms, which helped revive trade and agriculture, and
Nationalism is an idea and movement that promotes the interests of a particular nation (as
provided the basis for Napoleon's restoration of order. But full recovery from the Revolution
in a group of people), especially with the aim of gaining and maintaining the nation's
was not possible.
sovereignty (self-governance) over its homeland.

(1792-1793)The Girondists:It has already been pointed out that the two parties which were
The American Revolution was an ideological and political revolution which occurred in
prominent in the Legislative Assembly in 1791 were the Girondists and the Jacobins.The
colonial North America between 1765 and 1783. The Americans in the Thirteen Colonies
Girondists had the majority and the Jacobins were in a minority. The Girondists were so-
defeated the British in the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), gaining independence
called from the district of Gironde from which many of their leaders came.
from the British Crown and establishing the United States of America, the first modern
constitutional liberal democracy
(1793-1794)The Jacobins:As compared with the Girondists, the Jacobins were men of
rougher stamp, occasionally ill-educated, coarse and unscrupulous. In some cases, they were
The French Revolution began in May 1789 when the Ancien Régime was abolished in favour
cruel. In many cases, they were corrupt. However, they were practical and alert politicians
of a constitutional monarchy. Its replacement in September 1792 by the First French
who were prepared to run great risks. They were merciless to their enemies, but were
Republic led to the execution of Louis XVI in January 1793 and an extended period of
prepared to suffer themselves if they were defeated.According to the Jacobins, all powers
political turmoil. This culminated in the appointment of Napoleon as First Consul in
and rights resided in the people and the law and government must give way before them. It
November 1799, which is generally taken as its end point. Many of its principles are now
was the business of the people to watch their rulers, supervise their conduct zealously and
considered fundamental aspects of modern liberal democracy.
always remind them that they were only their agents.

revolution is a fundamental and relatively sudden change in political power and political
(1794-1795)Thermidorian Reaction, in the French Revolution, the parliamentary revolt
organization which occurs when the population revolts against the government, typically
initiated on 9 Thermidor, year II (July 27, 1794), which resulted in the fall of Maximilien
due to perceived oppression (political, social, economic) or political incompetence.
Robespierre and the collapse of revolutionary fervour and the Reign of Terror in France.

Protestantism is a form of Christianity that originated with the 16th-century Reformation,a

What were the grievances of the French Revolution?The peasants' largest grievance in the
movement against what its followers perceived to be errors in the Catholic
run-up to the French Revolution was the burden of taxation from all corners of government.
Church.Protestants reject the Roman Catholic doctrine of papal supremacy and sacraments,
Peasants were taxed by the church, their landlords, and the crown. Combined with the
but disagree among themselves regarding the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist, and
burden of taxation, crops were failing, leaving peasants to fend for themselves.
matters of church polity and apostolic succession. Adventists, Anabaptists, Baptists,
Calvinist/Reformed, Lutherans, Methodists, and Pentecostals
Great Fear, French Grande Peur, (1789) in the French Revolution, a period of panic and riot
by peasants and others amid rumours of an “aristocratic conspiracy” by the king and the
Martin Luther, 10 November 1483 – 18 February 1546) was a German professor of theology,
privileged to overthrow the Third Estate. The gathering of troops around Paris provoked
priest, author, composer, Augustinian monk, and a seminal figure in the Reformation. Luther
insurrection, and on July 14 the Parisian rabble seized the Bastille. In the provinces the
was ordained to the priesthood in 1507.
peasants rose against their lords, attacking châteaus and destroying feudal documents. To
check the peasants, the National Constituent Assembly decreed the abolition of the feudal
Constitution basic law which defines the rights and liberties of the citizens of a specific regime and introduced the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.
country and the powers and institutions of its government
The First French Empire , n. 1 also known as the Empire or Napoleonic France , it was a
Federal republic political system consisting of various states with political and legislative government established by Napoleon Bonaparte after the dissolution of the First French
autonomy at a national level they share the same president , constitution , foreign policy Republic in 1804 . At its peak, the Empire comprised most of Western and Central Europe ,
and army . as well as possessing numerous colonial domains and client states . The regime lasted from
18 of maypole of 1804 -proclamación of Napoleon as Emperor - until July 7from 1815 , date
of entry of the forces of King Louis XVIII to Paris.
Feudal privileges : The phrase was coined in France and enjoyed by the clergy and the
rich.They used to enjoy a collection of taxes from the poor and the downtrodden.This is one
of the causes of the French Revolution. Privileges enjoyed by the nobility in their fiefdoms Napoleon could escape from elba and organized one army versus allies he was defeated in
such as the right to demand payment from the peasants for their lands the use of the mill waterloo and was banished to saint hlena island where he died in 1821
hunting and fishing .
The Consulate (French: Le Consulat) was the top-level Government of France from the fall of
An Absolute Monarchy is a form of government that was popular during medieval Europe the Directory in the coup of Brumaire on 10 November 1799 until the start of the
and up until the end of the 18th century. It involved society being ruled over by an all- Napoleonic Empire on 18 May 1804. By extension, the term The Consulate also refers to this
powerful king or queen. The monarch had complete control over all aspects of the society, period of French history.
including: political power, economics, and all forms of authority. The monarch was able to
maintain absolute control over the society with the addition of feudalism, which involved
During this period, Napoleon Bonaparte, as First Consul (Premier consul), established
people being placed into different estates of power, such as: clergy, nobility and peasants.
himself as the head of a more authoritarian, autocratic, and centralized republican
An absolute monarchy can best be seen in the words of Louis XIV in France when he
government in France while not declaring himself sole ruler. Due to the long-lasting
proclaimed “I am the state”.
institutions established during these years, Robert B. Holtman has called the Consulate "one
of the most important periods of all French history." Napoleon brought authoritarian
The Enlightenment, a philosophical movement that dominated in Europe during the 18th personal rule which has been viewed as military dictatorship.
century, was centered around the idea that reason is the primary source of authority and
legitimacy, and advocated such ideals as liberty, progress, tolerance, fraternity,
constitutional government, and separation of church and state.

The cahiers de doléance (French for ‘ledger of complaints’) were books or ledgers containing
public grievances and suggestions. They were drafted and compiled in the first months of
1789 then submitted to the Estates-General.

National Assembly, French Assemblée Nationale, any of various historical French

parliaments or houses of parliament. From June 17 to July 9, 1789, it was the name of the
revolutionary assembly formed by representatives of the Third Estate; thereafter (until
replaced by the Legislative Assembly on Sept. 30, 1791) its formal name was National
Constituent Assembly (Assemblée Nationale Constituante), though popularly the shorter
form persisted.

A constituent assembly or constitutional assembly is a body or assembly of popularly elected

representatives which is assembled for the purpose of drafting or adopting a constitution or
similar document. The constituent assembly is entirely elected by popular vote that is, all
constituent assemblies are constitutional conventions, but a constitutional convention is not
necessarily a constituent assembly. As the fundamental document constituting a state, a
constitution cannot normally be modified or amended by the state's normal legislative
procedures; instead a constitutional convention or a constituent assembly, the rules for
which are normally laid down in the constitution, must be set up. A constituent assembly is
usually set up for its specific purpose, which it carries out in a relatively short time, after
which the assembly is dissolved. A constituent assembly is a form of representative
democracy

The Legislative Assembly was the governing body of France between October 1791 and
September 1792. It replaced the National Constituent Assembly and was itself replaced by
the National Convention. The Legislative Assembly immediately found itself in a perilous
position, sandwiched between rising radicalism and an uncooperative monarch on whom it
was forced to rely.

National Constituent Assembly ;The Legislative Assembly replaced the National Constituent
Assembly, France’s first revolutionary legislature. By September 1791, the Assembly had
completed most of the work for which it was convened.its deputies had drafted a
constitution they believed reflected the aims of the revolution. Feudalism, noble titles and
the Ancien Régime’s other institutional inequalities had been abolished.The idealistic
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen was drafted and adopted as a preamble to the
new constitution. Royal absolutism was dead and the king had been stripped of most of his
executive powers.

Coup d’état, also called coup, the sudden, violent overthrow of an existing government by a
small group. The chief prerequisite for a coup is control of all or part of the armed forces,
the police, and other military elements. Unlike a revolution, which is usually achieved by
large numbers of people working for basic social, economic, and political change, a coup is a
change in power from the top that merely results in the abrupt replacement of leading
government personnel. A coup rarely alters a nation’s fundamental social and economic
policies, nor does it significantly redistribute power among competing political groups.
Among the earliest modern coups were those in which Napoleon overthrew the Directory
on November 9, 1799 (18 Brumaire), and in which Louis Napoleon dissolved the assembly of
France’s Second Republic in 1851. Coups were a regular occurrence in various Latin
American nations in the 19th and 20th centuries and in Africa after the countries there
gained independence in the 1960s.

Napoleon’s Berlin decree of November 21, 1806, had already declared that the British Isles
were under blockade and that “no ship which comes directly from England or the English
colonies…shall…enter any of our harbours.” The secret Franco-Russian alliance of Tilsit
furthered his scheme for economic warfare against Great Britain, since the cooperation of
Russia should permit the complete closure of the Baltic to British shipping and hasten
Austrian participation in the Continental System.

Sansculotte, French sans-culotte ("without knee breeches"), in the French Revolution, a label
for the more militant supporters of that movement, especially in the years 1792 to 1795.
Sansculottes presented themselves as members of the poorer classes or leaders of the
common people, but during the Reign of Terror public functionaries and educated men also
adopted the label to demonstrate their patriotism.