SOLUTIONS OF GAUSS’S HYPERGEOMETRIC EQUATION,

LEGUERRE’S EQUATION BY DIFFERENTIAL TRANSFORM

METHOD
P L Suresh1, G.Vijaya Krishna2, K.Usha Maheswari3, J.V.Ramanaiah4
Assistant Professor Department of Applied Sciences & Humanities,
1,2,3,4

Sasi Institute of Technology & Engineering, Tadepalligudem, A.P

Abstract transformation. Since the main advantage of this

In this paper, we find the solution of Gauss’s method is that it can be applied directly to
hyper geometric equation, Leguerre’s nonlinear ordinary and partial differential
equation Using differential transform method equations without requiring linearization,
(DTM). The solution obtained by DTM discretization or perturbation and also it is able
converges the exact solution. The results to limit the size of computational work while still
glaring, devotion, flexibility, accurate and is accurately providing the series solution with fast
to easy apply. convergence rate. It has been studied and
Keywords: Gauss’shyper geometric equation, applied during the last decades widely. DTM has
Leguerre’s equation, Differential Transform been used to obtain numerical and analytical
Method (DTM) solutions of ordinary differential equations [4],
class of nonlinear intgro-differential with
1. INTRODUCTION AND derivative kernel [2], Delay Differential
PRELIMINARIES equations [3], system of differential equations
The concept of differential transformation [5] ,nonlinear differential equations [6], Volterra
method was first introduced by Zhou [1] in 1986. integral equations with separable kernels [7],
Its main application was to solve linear and non- Volterra integral and Integro differential
linear initial value problems in electric circuit equations with proportional delay [8], Riccati
analysis. Differential Transform method is an equation with variable coefficient [9],Quadratic
effective and powerful numerical technique that Riccati Differential Equation [10],higher order
uses Taylor series method for solution of nonlinear Volterra –Fredhalm integro-
differential equation in the polynomial form. The differential equations [11] , boundary value
DTM is used to evaluate the approximation problems for integro-differential equations [12],
solution by the finite Taylor series and by an Solutions of integral and integro-differential
iteration procedure described by the transformed equations systems [13],integral equations and so
equations obtained from the original equation on.
using the operations of differential
The following definitions and results are well known
II. DIFFERENTIAL TRANSFORM METHOD
The transformation of the k th derivative of a function z(x) in one variable is defined as follows
Z(k)= x=0
!
and the inverse differential transform of Z(k) is defined as z(x) = ∑
the main theorems of the one-dimensional differential transform are
Theorem 1: If z(x) = p(x) , then Z(k) = P(k) Q(k)
Theorem 2: If z(x) = ,then Z(k) = P(k)
Theorem 3:If z(x) = , then Z(k)=(k+1)P(k+1)

 
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!
Theorem 4: If z(x) = , then Z(k) = P(k+n)
!
Theorem 5: If z(x) = p(x)q(x), then Z(k) = ∑
1,
Theorem 6: If z(x) = ,then Z(k) = , where l is integer
0,
Theorem 7: If z(x) = , then Z(k) = ,k 1 ,Z(0) =0
Theorem 8: If z (x) = ,then Z(k) = , where l is constant
!
Theorem 9: If z(x) sin(px+l) , then Z(k)= sin( , where p, l are constants
!
Theorem 10: If z(x) = cos(px+l) , then Z(k)= cos( , where p, l are constants
!
Theorem 11: If z(x) = (x) (x) (x)… (x), then Z(k) =
∑ ∑ ∑ …∑ ∑ ) ( - )…
)
III. GAUSS’S HYPERGEOMETRIC EQUATION
Many problems of physical interest are described by ordinary or partial differential Equations with
appropriate initial or boundary conditions, these problems are us
The equation of the form x (1-x)y11+ 1 1
- y = 0 ------(1.1) is called hyper
geometric equation where , , are constants
Let 0, 1, 2, . . . then the solution of (1) is given by
.
2F1( , ; , = 1+ x+ x2+ . . . ---------------(1.2) where 2 F1( , ; , is called
. . .
hyperometric function .
The hypergeometric function F( , ; , is defined only if (i) and is any
real number such that Let 0, 1, 2, . . . (iii) the variable x satisfies | |<1
If either is negative integer, then F( , ; , reduces to a polynomial .
Because after finite number of terms, the coefficient of each term will be zero
Solution of Gauss’s hypergeometric equation by differential transforms method
Consider the Gauss’s hyper geometric equation x(1-x)y11+ 1 1
- y=0
----------(3.1)
Apply the differential transform to (1.3) , we have
! !
∑ 1 Y(k+r-2) -∑ 2 Y(k+r-2) + (k+1)Y(k+1)-(
! !
+1)∑ 1 1 1 0 ------(1.4)
For k =0, from (1.4), Y(1) =
For k=1, from (1.4), Y(2) = ,
.
And so on
The solution of (1.3) is y(x) = Y(0)x0+Y(1)x1+Y(2)x2+. . .
.
y(x) = 1+ x+ x2+ . . . ---------- (3.2)
. . .

IV.NUMERICAL EXAMPLES
Example 1
Consider the Gauss’s hyper geometric equation
x(1-x)y11+ 2 1
- ay =0
here for a, 1, = a
Solution of example (1) from (3.2) is y(x) = Y(0)x0+Y(1)x1+Y(2)x2+. . .

.
y(x) = 1+ x+ x2+ . . .
. . .
.
y(x) = 1+ x+ x2+ . . .
. . .
y(x) = 1+x+x2+ …
 
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which converges to the exact solution 2F1(a, 1; , = (1-x)-1 (i.e for a, 1, = a)

Table-1
x DTM EXACT Error
0 1.00000 1.00000 0.00000
0.1 1.11000 1.11000 0.00000
0.2 1.24000 1.24000 0.00000
0.3 1.39000 1.39000 0.00000
0.4 1.56000 1.56000 0.00000
0.5 1.75000 1.75000 0.00000
0.6 1.96000 1.96000 0.00000
0.7 2.19000 2.19000 0.00000
0.8 2.44000 2.44000 0.00000
0.9 2.71000 2.71000 0.00000
1 3.00000 3.00000 0.00000

Figure-1
3
DTM
2.8 Exaxt

2.6

2.4

2.2
y-axix

1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2

1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
x-axix

Example 2
Consider the Gauss’s hyper geometric equation
x(1-x)y11+ 1 1
- aby =0
here , , = with x=

Solution of example (2) from (3.2) is y(x) = Y(0)x0+Y(1)x1+Y(2)x2+. . .

.
y(x) = 1+ x+ x2+ . . .
. . .
.
y(x) = 1+ + +...
. . .

y(x) = 1+ +(a+1)(b+1) + . . .
! !
which converges to the exact solution 2F1(a, ; , ) = coshx (i.e. for , , = )

 
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Table-2
x DTM EXACT Error
0 1.166667 1.166667 0.000000
0.1 1.071351 1.071351 0.000000
0.2 1.065991 1.065991 0.000000
0.3 1.084300 1.084300 0.000000
0.4 1.118472 1.118472 0.000000
0.5 1.166667 1.166667 0.000000
0.6 1.228912 1.228912 0.000000
0.7 1.306394 1.306394 0.000000
0.8 1.401609 1.401609 0.000000
0.9 1.519057 1.519057 0.000000
1 1.666667 1.666667 0.000000

Figure-2
1.8
DTM
1.7 Exact

1.6

1.5
y-axix

1.4

1.3

1.2

1.1

1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
x-axix

Example 3
Consider the Gauss’s hyper geometric equation
x(1-x)y11+ 2 1
+2y =0
here 2, 1, =
Solution of example (3) from (3.2) is y(x) = Y(0)x0+Y(1)x1+Y(2)x2+. . .
.
y(x) = 1+ x+ x2+ . . .
. . .
.
y(x) = 1+ + +...
. . .

y(x) = 1 ⋯
which converges to the exact solution 2F1(2,
1; , =1- x (i.e for 2, 1, = )

Table-3
x DTM EXACT Error
0 1.00000 1.00000 0.00000
0.1 0.86666 0.86666 0.00000
0.2 0.73333 0.73333 0.00000
0.3 0.60001 0.60001 0.00000
0.4 0.46680 0.46680 0.00000
0.5 0.33335 0.33335 0.00000
0.6 0.20002 0.20002 0.00000
0.7 0.06669 0.06669 0.00000
0.8 -0.0666 -0.0666 0.00000
0.9 -1.1999 -1.1999 0.00000
1 -0.3333 -0.3333 0.00000

 
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Figure-3
1
DTM
Exact
0.8

0.6

0.4

y-axix
0.2

-0.2

-0.4
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
x-axix

Example 4
Consider the Gauss’s hyper geometric equation
x(1-x)y11+ 1 2 1
+ny =0
here , 1, = 1
Solution of example (4) from (3.2) is y(x) = Y(0)x0+Y(1)x1+Y(2)x2+. . .
.
y(x) = 1+ x+ x2+ . . .
. . .
.
y(x) = 1+ + +...
. . .
y(x) = 1-nx+ +...
!
which converges to the exact solution 2F1(-n, 1; 1, =(1+x)n ( i.e for , 1, = )
Table-4
x DTM EXACT Error
0 1.00000 1.00000 0.00000
0.1 0.81000 0.81000 0.00000
0.2 0.64000 0.64000 0.00000
0.3 0.49000 0.49000 0.00000
0.4 0.36000 0.36000 0.00000
0.5 0.25000 0.25000 0.00000
0.6 0.16000 0.16000 0.00000
0.7 0.09000 0.09000 0.00000
0.8 0.04000 0.04000 0.00000
0.9 0.01000 0.01000 0.00000
1 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

Figure-4
1
DTM
0.9 EXACTT

0.8

0.7 n=2

0.6
y-axix

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
x-axix

 
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V. SOLUTION OF LEGUERRE’S EQUATION BY DIFFERENTIAL TRANSFORMS

METHOD.
The differential equation of the form xy11+(1-x)y1+n)y= 0 -------(4.1)
is called Legendre’s equation, where n is a positive integer. With initial conditions y(0) = 1,
Apply the Differential Transform Method to equation (4.1)
! !
∑ 1 Y(k+r-2) + k 1 Y k 1 ∑ 1 Y(k+1-r) + nY(k)= 0
! !
--------- (4.2)
For k = 0, from (4.2), Y(1) = -n
For k= 1, from (4.2), Y (2) =
For k= 2, from (4.2), Y (3) =
And so on
The solution is y(x) = Y(0)x0+Y(1)x1+Y(2)x2+. . .
y(x) = 1-nx+ x2-- x3+ . . .
which converges the exact solution of Laguerre ‘s polynomial of order n Ln(x) =
!
∑ 1 xr
! !
Table-5
x DTM EXACT Error
0 1.00000 1.00000 0.00000
0.1 0.71500 0.71500 0.00000
0.2 0.46000 0.46000 0.00000
0.3 0.23500 0.23500 0.00000
0.4 0.04000 0.04000 0.00000
0.5 -0.12500 -0.12500 0.00000
0.6 -0.26000 -0.26000 0.00000
0.7 -0.36500 -0.36500 0.00000
0.8 -0.44000 -0.44000 0.00000
0.9 -0.48500 -0.48500 0.00000
1 -0.50000 -0.50000 0.00000

Figure-5
1
DTM
Exact
0.8
n=3
0.6

0.4
y-axix

0.2

-0.2

-0.4
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
x-axix

Conclusion our findings. The results of DTM and exact

In this paper, Differential Transform Method solution are in strong agreement with each other.
(DTM) is applied to solve Gauss’s hyper The test problems in this paper shows that the
geometric equation, Laguerre’s equation. we DTM is reliable powerful and very accurate.
have also given the graphical representation of

 
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