Chapter 1 - Introduction
Chapter 1 - Introduction
Introduction
CHAPTER 1
UMESH BHURTYAL
KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY
Introduction 2
"everything is related to everything 3
System
1. DBMS (Data Base Management) system
Computerized data keeping system
2. CAD (Computer-aided design) system
use of computer-based software to aid in design processes
Overall it is an integrated system of various components
An information system is an association of people, machines, data, and procedures working
together to collect, manage, and distribute information of importance to individuals or
organisations (Worboys et al., 2004). Information systems help us to manage what we know by
making it easy to organise and store, access and retrieve, manipulate and synthesise, and apply
to solve problems (Longley et al., 2011, p. 11).
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https://support.google.com/earth/answer/21955?hl=en
Go to search
Type either place name or give Geographic Coordinate
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Answers to the spatial questions 9
Location: Where are the UNESCO heritage sites located in Europe? Where are
public facilities with access for physically disabled people located?
Patterns: Where do the highest concentrations of senior citizens (retirees) live in
the country? Where in North America are the forests located that are most
infected with the mountain pine beetle?
Trends: Where is the Arctic polar ice cap shrinking? How are the numbers of
local population changing in response to the tourism development in the
region?
Conditions: Where is the nearest public waste disposal station for recycling and
household hazardous materials? Where do I find vacation accommodation
within a 5min walk to a ski lift and within a walking distance to public
transportation?
Implications: What would be the time and fuel savings if the alternative
delivery route is used instead of the commonly used one? If the university
campus is moved to a new location, where will be the closest hospital,
shopping opportunity, and sports facility
GIS??? 10
GIS can be defined depending on the groups who find them useful:
• A container of maps in digital form (the general public)
• A computerised tool for solving geographic problems (decision-
makers, community groups, planners)
• A spatial decision support system (management scientists,
operations researchers)
• A mechanised inventory of geographically distributed features and
facilities (utility managers, transportation officials, resource managers)
• A tool for revealing what is otherwise invisible in geographic
information (scientists, investigators)
• A tool for performing operations on geographic data that are too
tedious or expensive or inaccurate if performed by hand (resource
managers, planners, cartographers).
GIS??? 11
Different definition of GIS have been evolved over the years as they were
needed
Information System
Systems comprising
People Machines Data Procedures
Organized to
Collect Manage Distribute information
“…is a system of hardware, software, data, people, organizations and
institutional arrangements for collecting, storing, analyzing and disseminating
information about areas of the earth.” (Dueker and Kjerne, 1989, pp. 7-8)
Geographic Information system (GIS) is a computer based system designed
to accept large volume of spatial data derived from variety of sources and
to efficiently store, analyze, model and display output these data
according to the user specifications.
GIS??? 12
Yes only computer based system ( No analogue)
large volume of spatial data ( Location Data)
derived from variety of sources
Satellite images, Field Survey, Scanned Images, WEB
efficiently stored data only can be efficiently analyzed, modeled and
displayed
output these data according to the user specifications ( according to
decision makers choice or user need)
A geographic information system (GIS) is a computer system for capturing,
storing, querying, analyzing, and displaying geospatial data.
Geospatial data are data that describe both the locations and the
characteristics of spatial features such as roads, land parcels and vegetation
stands on the earth’s surface.
How come GIS??? 13
Cholera spread through contaminated food or water
Water supply was from Thames River upstream of the main city and water
from the river downstream from the city
he found that in one particular location near the intersection of
Cambridge and Broad Street, up to 500 deaths from Cholera occurred
within 10 days
Ian McHarg (1920-2001) McHarg felt that visually displaying spatial data
could convey large amounts of information in a concise manner.
a highly controversial road construction project in Staten Island, New York
He analysed the situation with respect to benefits and costs to society
caused by the construction of a multipurpose facility such as a major traffic
artery. There were many factors that went into the broad field of social
values, including historic, water, forest, wildlife, scenic, recreation,
residential, institutional, and land values.
A map transparency was created for each factor, with the darkest
gradations of tones representing areas with the greatest value, and the
lightest tones associated with the least significant value.
All of the transparencies were then superimposed upon one another over
the original map.
The darkest areas showed the areas with the greatest overall social values,
and the lightest with the least, following the format of each individual layer.
How come GIS??? 18
Geographic
Information
System
Scientists Entrepreneurs
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Science
GIS
System Studies
What GIS is not??? 23
Components of GIS 24
Hardware
Software
Data
Procedures/Methods
People/User
Network
Network 25
Abstraction is the process or result of generalization by reducing the information content of a concept
or an observable phenomenon, typically to retain only information which is relevant for a particular
purpose.
2. Data Management 43
3. Data Analysis 44
Spatial analysis is the crux of any GIS system
The analysis of spatial data is usually done to discover
anomalies/patterns or test hypotheses.
However, spatial data can also be analysed with the objective of
creating improved designs, e.g. minimise travel distance, minimise
construction costs or maximise profit.
4. Data Analysis/output 45
visualising the data and/or the results can be done using Cartography
and geovisualisation tools
Applications of GIS 46
https://cbs.gov.np/
Applications of GIS 47
https://naxa.com.np/
Application of GIS 48
http://dos.gov.np/
Application of GIS 49
http://dos.gov.np/
http://dos.gov.np/
Application of GIS 50
Analysis/Modeling
GIS tools allow the user to perform which of the following task?
Create searches
Store data
Edit data
All the above
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panels
layers
single panel
dual-panel
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True
False
67
Thank You