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1.introduction To Anatomy

The document provides an introduction to human anatomy, explaining key terms like anatomical position and regions of the body, as well as outlining the various subdivisions of anatomy including gross, microscopic, embryological, and systemic anatomy. It describes the cavities of the body and the skeletal system, including the functions and divisions of bones and their important structures and markings.

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142 views30 pages

1.introduction To Anatomy

The document provides an introduction to human anatomy, explaining key terms like anatomical position and regions of the body, as well as outlining the various subdivisions of anatomy including gross, microscopic, embryological, and systemic anatomy. It describes the cavities of the body and the skeletal system, including the functions and divisions of bones and their important structures and markings.

Uploaded by

DixonLing
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 1 : Introduction to Anatomy

The objective of this lecture are to


• Explain the Medical & Anatomical Terms
• Anatomical Position
• Regions and Systems – Ways of
describing & Visualizing the body
Learning outcomes
• By the end of the lecture
• Students will be able to define what is
meant by anatomical position
• Descriptive terms used in anatomy.
• Relative planes like coronal, sagittal,
transverse, horizontal etc.
INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY

DR.CHANDRALEKHA
UNIT OF ANATOMY AIMST
9-10AM BDS-5
DEFINITION

• The term Anatomy is derived from A


Greek word `Anatome’ ( ana-apart;tome-
to cut) which means cutting up or
dissection.
• Anatomy is one of the biological sciences.
It is the study of the structure of the body.
SUBDIVISONS OF ANATOMY
• Gross Anatomy is the study of the parts
and structures of the body with the naked
eye. So it is also known as macroscopic
Anatomy.
• It is the study of the human body by
dissection. It may be studied either
regionally or systematically
REGIONAL ANATOMY
• Regional Anatomy is the study of the
parts and structures such as bones, joints,
muscles, blood vessels, nerves and
organs and their relationship to each other
in one region of the body.
REGIONS OF THE BODY
• Head, Neck, Trunk, Upper limbs and Lower
limbs.
• The trunk is subdivided
- Thorax
- Abdomen.
• The abdomen is subdivided
- Abdomen proper
- Pelvis.
• The Upper limb consists of
- Shoulder, Arm,
- Forearm and Hand.
REGIONS OF THE BODY
• The Lower Limb consists of
- Gluteal region (buttock),
- Thigh
- Leg
- Foot which has a sole and dorsum.
• These regions are further subdivided
into smaller regions.
Terms used
• Median plane
• Lateral plane
• Sagittal plane
• Coronal plane
• Midline
• Medial
• Lateral
• Superior
• Inferior
• Movements
• Flexion
• Extension
• Adduction
• Abduction
• Media; rotation
• Lateral rotation
Ventral/Dorsal
Ant/Post

Lat /Medial

Prox/Distal

Prox/Distal
SYSTEMIC ANATOMY
• The study of organ systems into which
organs having same functions are
grouped.
• The organs systems of the body are
- Skeletal system
- Muscular system
- Cardio vascular system
- Lymphatic system
SYSTEMIC ANATOMY

- Respiratory system
- Digestive system
- Urinary system
- Reproductive system
- Endocrine Glands
- Nervous and integumentary system.
SURFACE ANATOMY
• Study of the features on the surface of
the body such as
- contours
- outlines, density etc.
• by Observation, Palpation and
Auscultation.
MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY
• Study of the minute structures of the body
with the aid of microscope.
• CYTOLOGY
- microscopic study of the structure of
the cell
• HISTOLOGY
- microscopic study of the structure of
the tissues.
SUBDIVISIONS OF ANATOMY
• EMBRYOLOGY
- developmental Anatomy of the
individual from the time of fertilization
(of the ovum) up to birth.
• TERATOLOGY
- study of abnormalities
in the development.
• GENETICS
- study of genes and chromosomes
and their action in the inheritance.
SUBDIVISIONS OF ANATOMY
• PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY
- study of abnormal Anatomy
- refers to the structural changes,
associated with disease in
parts of the body.
• APPLIED ANTOMY
- application of the knowledge of normal
Anatomy to clinical implication
• SURGICAL ANTOMY
- study of normal Anatomy and variations
which are of use to a surgeon
SUBDIVISIONS OF ANATOMY
• RADIOLOGICAL ANATOMY
- study of the structure of the body by
using radiological techniques.
• COMPARATIVE ANATOMY
- study of similarities and differences of
the parts of the body in various animal
species.
CAVITIES OF THE BODY
• Contains viscera and fluid

• CRANIAL CAVITY
- is within the skull and contains brain.
• VERTEBRAL CANAL
- is within the vertebral column and
contains the spinal cord.
• THORACIC CAVITY
- is within the thorax.
CAVITIES OF THE BODY

THORACIC CAVITY
- contains heart, lungs, trachea,
oesophagus, thymus and
great vessels.
CAVITIES OF THE BODY
ABDOMINAL CAVITY
- is within the abdomen.
- subdivided into abdominal cavity
proper and pelvic cavity.
- separated from the thoracic cavity by
diaphragm.
• Diaphragm is a muscular partition.
CAVITIES OF THE BODY
• The abdominal cavity contains
- Stomach, small intestine , most of the
large intestine
- Organs - liver, pancreas, spleen,
adrenals, kidneys, parts of ureters
- Large vessels such as abdominal
aorta, inferior vena cava and portal
vein.
CAVITIES OF THE BODY

• The pelvic cavity contains


- Rectum, anal canal
- Urinary bladder, parts of ureters and
urethra
- Male and Female reproductive organ
SKELETAL SYSTEM

• Composed of bones and cartilage.


• Bone is a living tissue
• Highly specialized hard form of connective
tissue that forms most of the skeleton
• Chief supporting tissues of the body.
FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL
SYSTEM
• Protects vital organs such as brain, heart
and lungs.
• Form a hard and rigid frame work.
• Provides the central axis to give structure
and form of the body.
• Produces blood cells in the bone marrow.
• Stores salts eg. calcium
FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL
SYSTEM

• Gives attachment to the muscles and


other soft parts.
• Forms joints for movements
DIVISIONS OF THE SKELETAL
SYSTEM
• AXIAL SKELETON
- Bones of the head and neck and
trunk.
• APPENDICULAR SKELETON
- Bones of the upper limb and lower
limbs including shoulder girdle and
pelvic girdle.
BONY MARKINGS
• Line
• Malleolus
• Notch
• Protuberance
• Spine
• Spinous process
• Trochanter
• Tubercle.
• Tuberosity.

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