Current trends in

Artificial Intelligence and

Applications

Editors:

Sazali Yaacob
R. Nagarajan
Ali Chekima
G. Sainarayanan

School of Engineering and Information Technology

Universiti Malaysia Sabah
Kota Kinabalu,
Sabah
 CURRENT TRENDS
IN
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
AND
APPLICATIONS
CURRENT TRENDS I~ ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND APPLICATIONS

Editors

Sazali Yaacob, R.Nagarajan, Ali Chekima and GSainarayanan

Published by:

School of Engineering and Infonnation Technology

Universiti Malaysia Sabah
88999 Kota Kinabalu
Malaysia

iii
 CONTENTS

PAGES

List of Contents V
List of Figures VIII
List of Tables XIII
Preface XV

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

1. Artificial Intelligence: From Biology to Industry 1

Marzuki Khalid

2. Improvements in Back propagation procedure for Pattern Identification 15

S.N.Sivanandam, MPaulraj and GSainarayanan

3. AI Approach for Lifting Reentry Vehicle 27

S.N.Sivanandam, D. Nalin i, C. Tharini and FA.Ignatius Vinoth

KNOWLEDGE BASED SYSTEMS

4. Knowleged Database For Human Meal Kansei 33

Taki Kanda

5. Agents In Online Auctions 43

Patricia Anthony and Nicholas R. Jennings

6. Expert Agents to Recommend Products in Electronic Shopping 51

Cheng-Che Lu and Wei-Po Lee

ARTIFICIALL~TELLIGENCE IN MEDICINE

7. Seed Based Region Growing Technique in Breast Cancer Detection 61

FA. Venkalachalam, Umi Kalthum Ngah, Ahmad Fadzil Mohd Hani and
Ali Yeon Md Shakaff

8. An Intelligent Decision Support System for Medical Diagnosis 69

Chee Peng Lim Mei Ming Kuan, , Omar Bin 15mail, R.M Yuvaraj and Inderjil Singh

9. Computer-Aided Diagnosis System for Breast Cancer Detection 79

Wan Mimi Diyana Wan Zaki, Zulaikha Kadim and Rosli Besar

10. Iris Recognition using Self Organizing Neural Network 87

Lye Wil Limn, Ali Clzekima, Liau Chung, Jamal Ahmad Darglzam

INTELLIGENT IMAGE PROCESSING

11. Fuzzy Image Processing Methodology in Blind Navigation 93

Farrah Wong HT, R. Nagarajan, Sazali Yaacob.

v
 C t:ni"tfSlti M.lIJ),sia Sabah 1004

All rights are resened. beep( as pmnint!J by Act 33~. MaIJ) sian COP) right Act of 1987. no part of
this publication may be reprodU\:N or distributed in any fonn or by any means. or stored in data base or
retrieul system. ~ ithout prior "'rincn permiltsion from the Uni" ersiti of Mala) sia Sabah. Pennission or
rights are subjected to roy airy pa)ment.

Perpusw.aan l'egara Mala) sia Catalouging-in-Publi~ation Data

Current trends in artificial intelligence and appli,ation'eJitors

Suali Yaacob ... let all
ISB~ 983-2369-14-2
I. Artificial intelligence 2. Artificial intclligt!nce - Mt!di\:al appli\:ations
3. E,..pen s)stems(Computt!rscien,e)
I Sazali Yaacob
006.3.

Layout artist: Gomera Jumat

Editor: Sazali Yaacob
R. l'agarajan
AliChelima
G.Sainarayanan

Typeface for text: limes Ne", Roman

Text type and lead ing size: 11/13 pts
Published by School of Engineering and Infonnation Tt!chnology
Universiti Malaysia Sabah
Locked Bag 2073.88999 Kota Kinabalu
Sabah.

First Printing: 2004

Printed by:
Seribu lasa Sdn. Bhd (2.t0080-D)
Lot 16. Delta Industrial Centre. Lrg. Buah Mata Kucing I. Off lin. Lintas. 88778 Kola Kinabalu. Sabah.

iv
12. Smooth Surface Classification Using Shadow Moire And Neural Neh\Ork 101
}.Ian; }.f,lran /Wrnam and Chee Peng Lim

13. FlVQ Scheme for Image Processing in Vision Substitutive System 111
R.Nagarajan. Su=ali }aacob and GSainarayanan

14. Robust Neural Network Based Robot Visual Positioning 123

Dlu11lesh IWmachanJram, Mandl.lVa Rajeswar;,

15. A Method of Representing Human Postures and Motions 131

MMasudur Rahman and Seiji Ishikawa

NEURAL NETI\'ORKS APPLICATIO~S

139
16. Neural Network for Object Recognition - A Survey
Jamal Ahmad Dargham, Ali Chelcima and Nour-Eddine Belkham:a

17. Classification ofltalian Liras Using the LVQ Method 147

Sigeru Omalu

18. Car~n Monoxide Le\'el Forecasting Using Neural Network 155

Mazlma Mamal, MoM YusojMasllOr. Abdul Rahman Saad and
Ahamad Farhan Sadullah

19. Prediction of Slab Deflections Using Statistical Neural Networks 163

Mansour Nasser Jadid

20. Neural Network to Predict the Reaction Rate Data of Hydrogenation of 171
Triglycerides
Duduklcu Krislmaiah and Rosa/am Hj. Sarbally

21. Development of a Neural Network Predictor for Enhanced Water Coagulation 177
Jude Mallew Isidore, Sivakumar Kumaresan and Abdu/ Noor @ Yeo Kiam Beng

22. A Neural Network-Based Electronic Taste Sensing System for Mineral Water 185
Amir Shauqee A.Rahman. Ali Yeon MShakaff. MNoor Allamad, J.S Teo,
MSa:uri Hilam and lllari Ismail

OPTI:\UZATIO~ T[ClL~IQt:ES

23. Industrial Production Planning Using Interactive Fuzzy Linear Programming 195
Pandian At RNagarajan and Sa:ali Yaacob

24. Transmission System Expansion Planning using Fuzzy Branch and Bound Method 203
JaeseoJr. Choi, lIongsik Kim, Seungpil Moon and Junzo Walada

25. Genetic Parallel Programming Evolving Parallel Machine Codes 213

Kwong Sak Leung, Kin Hong Lee and Sin Man Cheang.

vi
26. Optimization of Economic Production Quantity Model With Fuzzy Opportunity Cost 223
Shan Huo Chen

INTELLIGENT CONTROL

27. Fuzzy Logic Predictive Controller Performance Under Disturbance 229

- A Simulation Study
Sazali Yaacob, R.Nagarajan, T. T.K Kenneth

28. Fuzzy Control of a Waste Water Treatment Plant for Nutrients Removal 241
Shunsaku Yagi, Hiroshi Kohara, Yutaka Nakamura and Sadataka Shiba

29. An Intelligent Voting Technique In Behavior-Based Mobile Robot Navigation 249

Tan Chee Kwong, Shamsudin HM Amin, Rosbi Mamat, lmre J. Rudas,

LIST OF AUTHORS AND ADDRESSES 257

 LIST OF FIGURES

PAGES

Figure 1.1 Categories of popularly used Al techniques and disciplines 2

that have contributed to the AI field.
Figure 1.2 Breakdown of the human nervous system from organizational 2
and hierarchical viewpoints.
Figure 1.3 An example of a model of an insect decision-making mechanism. 3
Figure 1.4 The architecture of a biological neuron. 4
Figure 1.5 An artificial neuron model. There is almost like a one-to-one 5
correspondence between the components of the biological and
artificial neurons.
Figure 1.6 The GA operators and cycle. 6
Figure 1.7 A block diagram ofthe proposed adaptive neuro-fuzzy control 7
system.
Figure 1.S Comparison of the adaptive neuro-fuzzy (RBF-NFC) controller S
based on the RBF neural networks to a generalized predictive
controller with respect to changes in plant dynamics.
Figure 1.9 A block diagram of a neuro-fuzzy-GA technique. GA is used to 8
optimize the parameters of the RBF-based neuro-fuzzy controller.
Figure 1.10 A block diagram showing the main components of an intelligent system 9
which are intelligent man-machine interface, perception, cognition
and execution.
Figure 1.11 Tracking performance of the fuzzy train by Hitachi Ltd. Japan. 9
Figure 1.12 Example of the Pavilion Technologies Inc. software Process Insights 10
which first models a process omine and then used for control purposes
online.
Figure 2.1 Three Layer Neural Network. 17
Figure 2.2 Self Loop scheme IS
Figure 2.3 Block Diagram of Image Processing 21
Figure 2.4 Cumulative Error Vs Epoch graph for two bit XOR problem. 21
Figure 2.5 Cumulative Error Vs Epoch graph for image data. 21
Figure 3.1 Co-ordinate System for Re-entry Problem 2S
Figure 3.2 Heating Rate Profile 31
Figure 3.3 Reentry Down Range 31
Figure 3.4 Reentry Velocity Profile 32
Figure 3.5 Reentry Altitude (above) and Reentry Trajectory (below) Profiles 32
Figure 4.1 Distribution of Sample Scores 35
Figure 4.2 Comparison of the Distribution of Sample Scores and the 36
Standard Nonnal Distribution
Figure 4.3 Distribution of the Total of the Convenience, Health 38
and Earnest-Oriented Sample Scores
Figure 6.1 The system architecture. 53
Figure 6.2 The questionnaire presents by the interface agent S4
Figure 6.3 The typical recommendation result 54
Figure 6.4 The flow of transferring a product from its component names. 56
Figure 6.5 The correspondence between feature rank and weight 57
Figure 6.6 The correspondence among the feature ranks for different 57
feature dimensions.
Figure 6.7 Some results of recommendation. 5S

viii
Figure 7.1 Seed pixel 62
Figure 7.2 Side 4-pixels 62
Figure 7.3 Diagonal 4-pixels 62
Figure 7.4 8-pixels 62
Figure 7.Sa Original breast image 62
Figure 7.Sb ROI marked on original Image 62
Figure 7.Sc Microcalcifications after Zooming and Region Growing 63
Figure 7.6 The Expert System architecture 64
Figure 7.7 The MAMMEX Flow diagram 64
Figure 7.8 The Features of IMMEX 66
Figure 8.1 The architecture of the Fuzzy ARTMAP network 70
Figure 8.2 The percentages of accuracy versus baseline vigilance 75
parameter (p a) with three different learning rates (/3" ).
Figure 8.3. The percentages of three performance metrics (accuracy (.), 76
sensitivity (x), and specificity (!» versus baseline vigilance.
Figure 9.1 A block diagram of the proposed system. 80
Figure 9.2 3D representation of lower (erosion) and upper (dilation) 84
blankets of the mammogram for r = 26.
Figure 9.3 Extraction of ROls. 84
Figure 9.4 Clustered MCCs extracted from a digital mammogram. 85
Figure 9.5 An example of progressive reconstruction of a mammogram. 85
Figure 10.1 Block diagram ofthe Iris Recognition. 87
Figure 10.2 Original Picture of the Iris Image and its Histogram. 88
Figure 10.3 Result of Histogram Stretch Image of Figure 2. 89
Figure 10.4 Histogram of Figure 10.3. 89
Figure 10.5 Result of Threshold Image Figure 10.3. 89
Figure 10.6 Steps Taken in Extracting the Center Coordinate and 90
the Radius of the Iris.
Figure 10.7 (a) Reconstruction Iris and Pupil From Figure 10.2, (b) Extracted Iris 90
and Pupil (c) Selected Iris Pattern.
Figure 10.8 Reconstructed Iris in Rectangle Shape from Figure 10.7(c). 91
Figure 10.9 Architecture of Self-Organizing Map. 91
Figure 10.10 Performance of the Network. 92
Figure 11.1 The headgear system, also known as the audio-vision headgear. 94
Figure 11.2 The main steps in the FIP-segmentation procedure. 96
Figure 11.3 Method to obtain threshold range. 96
Figure 11.4 Graph for the Four Measures of Fuzziness in (b) for the 97
Picture of 'Tiger' in (a).
Figure 11.5 Simulation of The Quadrant Division of a 32-by-32 sized picture 97
of 'tiger' in 9a). Quadrant division of (b) 4 (c) 16 (d) 64 (e) 256 (f) 1024.
Figure 11.6 Final Output (in black and white) of the FIP process shown in 98
(a) and the whitened portion representation of the original image in (b).
Figure 11.7 (a) Picture of ' Spoon and Knife' (b) Segmented Image 99
(c) Segmented Image in Black and White.
Figure 11.8 (a) Picture of a 'Polo Games' (b) Segmented Image (c) Segmented Image 99
in Black and White.
Figure 12.1 Schematic of shadow moire method. 102
Figure 12.2 Schematic layout of the experimental setup. 102
Figure 12.3 Raw moire fringe patterns on eggs ofcIass (a) A, (b) B, (c) C 103
and (d) D respectively.
Figure 12.4 Moire pattern after smoothing and contrast enhancement. 103
figure 12.5 Data extraction for parameter set I. 104
figure 12.6 Plot of parameter x and y. 104
figure 12.7 Data extraction for parameter set 2. 105
figure 12.8 Neural net\\ork used in the classification. 105
figure 12.9 Plot of classification accuracy for all four classes. 106
figure 12.10 Plot of classification accuracy for three classes. 107
figure 12.11 Effect on training algorithm on classification accuracy. 108
figure 13.1 Protol)pe modd of Headgear. 113
figure 13.2 Blind Volunteer,", ith Prototype System. 113
figure 13.3 Sequence of acoustic transform of image. 114
figure 13.4 Image processing stages of a simulated image. 118
figure 13.5 Image processing stages of a real world image. 118
figure 14.1 Two target objects used in this ,",ork. 127
figure 14.2(a) 500F Recursi\e Positioning Results for Positioning-Scenario 1. 129
figure 14.2(b) 500F Recursi\e Positioning Results for Positioning-Scenario 2. 129
figure 15.1 Experimental em' ironment. A doll stands on a turntable: A camera 134
is fixed in front and takes images of the doll as the table rotates.
figure 15.2 Representation of 36 differential images of a standing doll in 134
the eigenspace. The doll wears a fine textured light vest.
Figure 15.3. Comparing posture representation in the eigenspaces obtained 134
from original images; (a) dress 4 and (b) dress 5.
Figure 15.4. Comparing posture representation in the eigenspaces obtained 135
from differential images; (a) dress_I, (b) dress 2, (c) dress 3,
(d) dress_4, (e) dress_S, and (f) dress_6. The o;iginal imag;s
are as well sho,",n for reference.
Figure 15.5. Sampled images of a series of motions.
Figure 15.6. 136
Created eigenspace and a closed curve representing the motion. 137
!he.numbered ~ints represent the images of the same number
an FIgure 15.5. SIX images are shown here for reference
figure 16.1 Basic Elements of an Artificial Neuron. .
Figure 16.2 140
A T)'pical Object Recognition System.
figure 17.1 141
Structure of the LVQ networks.
148
Figure 17.2 Principle of the LVQ algorithm.
149
Figure 17.3 Preprocessing algorithm.
150
Figure 17.4 Four directions of bill money.
151
Figure 17.5 Image of four directions of 1,000 Lira.
151
Figure 17.6 New and old 50,000 Liras. 154
Figure 17.7 New and old 100,000 Liras. 154
figure 18.1 Graph Rl Value versus Number of Input Lag (Single Model). 158
figure 18.2 Graph Rl Value versus Number of RBF Center (Single Model). 158
Figure 18.3 Graph Rl Value "ersus Number of Input Lags (Multiple Model). 159
Figure 18.4 Graph Rl Value \'ersus Number of RBF Center (Multiple Model). 159
Figure 18.5 The Combined Wind Speed Forecaster and Carbon Monoxide Forecaster. 160
Figure 19.1 Typical three statistical neural network layer. 165
Figure 19.2 Slab digital representation. 166
Figure 19.3 Loading on Panels Samples for Training Set. 166
Figure 19.4 Loading on Panels for Four Testing set. 167
Figure 19.5 Testing case Correspond to Figure 19.4a. 167
Figure 19.6 Testing case Correspond to Figure 19.4b. 167
Figure 19.7 Testing case Correspond to Figure 19.4c. 168
Figure 19.8 Testing case Correspond to Figure 19.4d. 168

x
Figure 19.9 Network output prediction. 168
Figure 20.1 Comparison of Rate Data With Neural Output Values. 174
Figure 2l.l Moyog Plant Schematic Process Diagram. 178
Figure 21.2 Multiple Layer Perceptron Architecture. 179
Figure 21.3 Elman Network Architecture. 179
Figure 21.4 Validation Plot MLP [10 5 1]. 183
Figure 22.1 A Simplified Block Diagram of an Electronic Taste Sensing System. 186
Figure 22.2 Cross-Sectional View of a Screen-Printed Lipid-Membrane 'Taste' 186
Sensor Array.
Figure 22.3 The Sensor Interface. 187
Figure 22.4 Signal Patterns of the 8 Lipid-Membrane Sensors for the Various Samples. 188
Figure 22.5 Block Diagram of the Processing Unit. 189
Figure 22.6 A Multi-Layer Feed-Forward Artificial Neural Network. 189
Figure 22.7 Error Convergence During Training Process Using 190
Levenberg-Marquart Algorithm.
Figure 22.8 Recognition Results for 6 Brands of Mineral Water and Distilled Water. 192
Figure 22.9 A Closed-Up View of the Recognition Output for Mineral Water Samples. 192
Figure 23.1 Membership Function J.ih, and Fuzzy Interval for b i 196
Figure 23.2 Objective Function in terms of Degrt:e of Satisfaction. 198
Figure 23.3 Objective Values and Degree of Satisfaction for 2 ~ a ~ 20 . 198
Figure 23.4 Variation of Objective Values z' in Terms of ~ an u. 199
Figure 24.1 21 buses test system for case studies [MW]. 208
Figure 24.2 The configuration of the transmission system expansion planning 209
of the crisp case.
Figure 24.3 Membership function of construction cost. 210
Figure 24.4 Membership function of supply and delivery reserve ratc. 210
Figure 24.5 The configuration of the transmission system expansion planning 211
of the case F 1.
Figure 25.1 The Genetic Parallel Programming Paradigm. 214
Figure 25.2 The parallel instruction format. 215
Figure 25.3 70-bit instruction for the MAP emulator. 217
Figure 25.4 The best Cubic program evolved. 218
Figure 25.5 The best Sextic program evolved. 219
Figure 25.6 The CLEVER program evolved for the Santa Fe Trail. 220
Figure 25.7 The FAST program evolved for the Santa Fe Trail. 220
Figure 26.1 The gradt:d mean h-Ievel value of generalized fuzzy number 224
= (al'~' a3, a.; wA)LR'
Figure 26.2 The fuzzy addition operation of Function Principle and Extension Principle. 225
Figure 26.3 The comparing offuzzy multiplication operation under Function Principle 225
and Extension Principle.
Figure 27.1 The prescribed temperature profile, r(k). 230
Figure 27.2 The reactor system. 231
Figure 27.3 The predictive FLC scheme. 232
Figure 27.4 FLC Rules. 233
Figure 27.5 Adaptive form of Predictive FLC system. 233
Figure 27.6 Scheme of the Predictive FLC with Adaptive Loop 237
(realized in MATLAB-SIMULlNK).
Figure 27.7 Temperature response without adaptive control. 237
Figure 27.8 Temperature response with adaptive control. 237
Figure 27.9 Error square response without adaptive loop. 237
Figure 27.10 Error square response with adaptive loop. 237
Figure 27.11 Forcing Function. uP(k) response. 238
Figure 27.12 LC output. up'{k) response. 238
Figure 27.13 pE(k + I) response. 238
Figure 27.14 pCE(k + I ) response. 238
Figure 27.15 e (k) response. 238
Figure 27.16 q{ k + I ) response. 238
Figure 27.17 f(k+ I) response. 238
Figure 28.1 T"o-tank Intermittent Aeration Process. 2.$2
Figure 28.2 Results of Simulation in Tank 2. 243
Figure 28.3 Nitrogen Removal and Time Ratio. 243
Figure 28.4 Phosphorus Removal and Time Ratio. 243
Figure 28.5 Contour Lines of Nitrogen Removal. 244
Figure 28.6 Contour Lines of Phosphorus Removal. 244
Figure 28.7 Measured DO. pH. and ORP in Tank I. 246
Figure 28.8 Measured DO. pH. and ORP in Tank 2. 246
Figure 28.9 Removal Efficiency: Timer and Fuzzy. 247
Figure 29.1 The Mobile Robot Architecture for Intelligent Voting Technique. 251
Figure 29.2 Command fusion process in center arbiter. 252
Figure 29.3 Vote evaluation in goal-seeking behavior. 253
Figure 29.4 The UTM AIBOT. 254
Figure 29.5 Na\igation to goal point with an obstacle in the middle. 254
Figure 29.6 Na\'igation in a cluttered environment. 255

xii
 LIST OF TABLES
PAGES

Table 2.1 XOR Problem - Conventional HP. 22

Table 2.2 XOR Problem - Conventional BP with Slope Fixing. 22
Table 2.3 XOR Problem - Conventional BP with Slope Fixing and self loop. 22
Table 2.4 Iris Data Classification - Conventional BP. 22
Table 2.5 Iris Data Classification - Conventional BP with Slope Fixing. 23
Table 2.6 Iris Data Classification - Conventional BP with Slope Fixing and 23
Self loop.
Table 2.7 Image Data Classification - Conventional BP. 23
Table 2.8 Image Data Classification - Conventional BP with Slope Fixing. 24
Table 2.9 Image Data Classification - Conventional BP with Slope Fixing and 24
Self Loop.
Table 4.1 Example of Answers of Two Subjects. 34
Table 4.2 Associated Sample Scores and Perturbed Sample Scores. 34
Table 4.3 Menu Scores and Menu Scales for Corned Beef. 37
Table 4.4 Menus Which Do Not Need to Correct Menu Scores. 40
Table 4.5 Menus Which Need to Correct Menu Scores. 41
Table 4.6 Process to Correct Menu Scores for Stew. 41
Table 4.7 Corrected Menu Scales. 42
Table 5.1 Characteristics of Different Types of Auctions. 46
Table 7.1 Certainty classes. 65
Table 7.2 Classification of Breast diseases. 65
Table 8.1 The results of the FAM-FCM systems using the OCS approach. 76
Table 14.1 Results for Scenario I. 127
Table 14.2 Results for Scenario 2. 128
Table 17.1 Recognition rate(%) at t=0. 152
Table 17.2 Not fired rate(%) at t=0. 152
Table 17.3 Recognition rate(%) at t=160. 153
Table 17.4 Not fired rate(%) at t= 160. 153
Table 17.5 Number of units after learning. 153
Table 18.1 Selected Input Lags For Single Model. 157
Table 18.2 The Highest R2 Value Achieved For Each Lag. 157
Table 18.3 Selected Input Lags For Multiple Model. 159
Table 18.4 The Highest R2 Value Achieved For Each Lag. 159
Table 18.5 R2 Value Achieved By Wind Speed Forecaster. 160
Table 18.6 R2 Value for Combined Forecaster. 161
Table 20.1 Experimental Rate Data and Neural Prediction. 173
Table 21.1 Effects of Sampling on Network prediction. 181
Table 21.2 Effects of Architecture on Network prediction 182
Table 21.3 Effects of Past Data on Network prediction. 182
Table 21.4 Effectiveness in prediction of CWT(2hr). 182
Table 22.1 Lipid Materials Used in the 'Taste' Sensor Array. 187
Table 22.2 Number of I Iidden Nodes vs. Percentage Recognition. 191
Table 22.3 Example of Weights and Biases for the 8 Hidden Nodes Obtained 191
After the Training and Validation Process and Now Embedded into
the System.
Table 23.1 Optimal Solutions with S-curve Membership Function. 197
Table 23.2 Fuzzy Parameter and Objective Value 199
(50% Degree of Satisfaction).
Table 23.3 "aguene~s and Degree of Satisfaction at z' =2.8:< I O~ . 200
Table 23.4 Distribution of £ Against ~ and a . 200
Table 23.S The Range (~z") and Performance Ml!asure 0) for 2 ~ a ~ 20. 201
Table 24.1 "arious as~ts of PO'" er supply bottle neck. 205
Table 24.2 Input data of capacity and cost. 208
Table 24.3 Results of the crisp and fuzzy cases", ith maximization of the 209
satisfaction Ie\ d of dec ision ma"-er.
Table 24.4 The surply and ddi\ery re~f\'e rales and satisfaction le\'cl of the 210
composite PO"'ef s)stem.
Table 24.5 Flo", and feSc:f\C po",crs of transmission lines of the cases. 211
Table 25.1 GPP parameters for all experiments in this work. 217
Table 25.2 Execution times of solution programs for the Cubic function. 218
Table 25.3 Dry-run of the best c\ol"ed parallel programs for Cubic and 218
Scxtic functions.
Table 25.4 Execution times of solution programs for the Sextic function. 219

xi"
 PREFACE

It is well known that Artificial Intelligence (AI) is an ever growing field and its applications are vast and
limited only by human intelligence. Al techniques have been proved to solve problems whose behaviors
cannot be fully understood and modeled. Such problems are very natural and are encountered by us in
everyday life. Every year, we find several new research outcomes are being reported from around the
world.

The International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Engineering and Technology, ICAIET 2002, an
effort by the School of Engineering and Information Technology, University Malaysia Sabah, has been
appreciated by several experts of AI around the world. A total of 112 papers from 15 different countries
have been accepted through a peer review process by a group ofInternational experts.

The next conference, ICAIET 2004, will be organized during August 2004.

This book, Current Trends in Artificial Intelligence and Applications, is a collection of some of the papers
presented in the ICAIET 2002, selected by a committee, reviewed again, format modified and critically
edited. The book has a wealth of information on current research trends in AI Technology and
Applications. The papers are organized in seven Sections in accordance to various applications ofAI. It is
envisaged that this book is specially useful to researchers in the general field ofAI.

The editors are indebted to Vice Chancellor of Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Tan Sri Prof Datuk Seri
Panglima Dr. Abu Hassan Othman, for his continuous encouragement and guidance even from the start of
our planning ofICAIET2002.

The editors are grateful to all the reviewers oflCAIET 2002 for taking pains in reviewing the papers and
ensuring that each of the papers of having a level of high quality. They are also thankful to Associate
Professor Dr. Ideris Zakaria, Dr Paulraj Pandian, Mrs. Farrah Wong, Mr. Muralindran and Mr. M.
Karthigayan of the School of Engineering and Information Technology, UMS, for associating with us in
the compilation of this book.

Sazali Yaacob
R. Nagarajan
Ali Chekima
G.Sainarayanan