LSA CODE

INTERNATIONAL LIFE-SAVING APPLIANCE CODE

OBS: O texto em inglês que se segue não está consolidado com as emendas
adotadas pela resolução MSC.218(82), que entraram em vigor em 01 de julho
de 2008. A sua leitura deve ser efetuada juntamente com aquelas emendas.
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ANNEX

INTERNATIONAL LIFE-SAVING APPLIANCE (LSA) CODE

Contents
Preamble

CHAPTER I - GENERAL

1.1 Definitions
1.2 General requirements for life-saving appliances

CHAPTER II - PERSONAL LIFE-SAVING APPLIANCES

2.1 Lifebuoys
2.2 Lifejackets
2.3 Immersion suits
2.4 Anti-exposure suits
2.5 Thermal protective aids

CHAPTER III - VISUAL SIGNALS

3.1 Rocket parachute flares

3.2 Hand flares
3.3 Buoyant smoke signals

CHAPTER IV - SURVIVAL CRAFT

4.1 General requirements for liferafts

4.2 Inflatable liferafts
4.3 Rigid liferafts
4.4 General requirements for lifeboats
4.5 Partially enclosed lifeboats
4.6 Totally enclosed lifeboats
4.7 Free-fall lifeboats
4.8 Lifeboats with a self-contained air support system
4.9 Fire-protected lifeboats

CHAPTER V - RESCUE BOATS

5.1 Rescue boats

CHAPTER VI - LAUNCHING AND EMBARKATION APPLIANCES

6.1 Launching and embarkation appliances

6.2 Marine evacuation systems

CHAPTER VII - OTHER LIFE-SAVING APPLIANCES

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7.1 Line-throwing appliances

7.2 General alarm and public address system

THE INTERNATIONAL LIFE-SAVING APPLIANCE CODE

PREAMBLE

1 The purpose of this Code is to provide international standards for life-saving appliances required
by chapter III of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), 1974.

2 On and after 1 July 1998, the requirements of this Code will be mandatory under the
International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), 1974, as amended. Any future
amendment to the Code will be adopted and brought into force in accordance with the procedure laid
down in Article VIII of that Convention.
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CHAPTER I - GENERAL

1.1 Definitions

1.1.1 Convention means the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974, as amended.

1.1.2 Effective clearing of the ship is the ability of the free-fall lifeboat to move away from the ship after
free-fall launching without using its engine.

1.1.3 Free-fall acceleration is the rate of change of velocity experienced by the occupants during
launching of a free-fall lifeboat.

1.1.4 Free-fall certification height is the greatest launching height for which the lifeboat is to be
approved, measured from the still water surface to the lowest point on the lifeboat when the lifeboat is in
the launch configuration.

1.1.5 Launching ramp angle is the angle between the horizontal and the launch rail of the lifeboat in its
launching position with the ship on even keel.

1.1.6 Launching ramp length is the distance between the stern of the lifeboat and the lower end of the
launching ramp.

1.1.7 Regulation means a regulation contained in the Annex to the Convention.

1.1.8 Required free-fall height is the greatest distance measured from the still water surface to the
lowest point on the lifeboat when the lifeboat is in the launch configuration and the ship is in its lightest
seagoing condition.

1.1.9 Retro-reflective material is a material which reflects in the opposite direction a beam of light
directed on it.

1.1.10 Water-entry angle is the angle between the horizontal and the launch rail of the lifeboat when it
first enters the water.

1.1.11 The terms used in this Code have the same meaning as those defined in regulation III/3.

1.2 General requirements for life-saving appliances

1.2.1 Paragraph 1.2.2.7 applies to life-saving appliances on all ships.

1.2.2 Unless expressly provided otherwise or unless, in the opinion of the Administration having regard
to the particular voyages on which the ship is constantly engaged, other requirements are appropriate, all
life-saving appliances prescribed in this part shall:

.1 be constructed with proper workmanship and materials;

.2 not be damaged in stowage throughout the air temperature range -30°C to +65°C;
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.3 if they are likely to be immersed in seawater during their use, operate throughout the
seawater temperature range -1°C to +30°C;

.4 where applicable, be rot-proof, corrosion-resistant, and not be unduly affected by

seawater, oil or fungal attack;

.5 where exposed to sunlight, be resistant to deterioration;

.6 be of a highly visible colour on all parts where this will assist detection;

.7 be fitted with retro-reflective material where it will assist in detection and in accordance
with the recommendations of the Organization*;

.8 if they are to be used in a seaway, be capable of satisfactory operation in that

environment;

.9 be clearly marked with approval information including the Administration which

approved it, and any operational restrictions; and

.10 where applicable, be provided with electrical short circuit protection to prevent damage or
injury.

1.2.3 The Administration shall determine the period of acceptability of life-saving appliances which are
subject to deterioration with age. Such life-saving appliances shall be marked with a means for
determining their age or the date by which they must be replaced. Permanent marking with a date of
expiry is the preferred method of establishing the period of acceptability. Batteries not marked with an
expiration date may be used if they are replaced annually, or in the case of a secondary battery
(accumulator), if the condition of the electrolyte can be readily checked.

*
Refer to the Recommendation on the Use and Fitting of Retro-Reflective Material on
Life-saving Appliances, adopted by the Organization by resolution A.658(16), as it may
be amended.
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CHAPTER II - PERSONAL LIFE-SAVING APPLIANCES

2.1 Lifebuoys

2.1.1 Lifebuoy specification

Every lifebuoy shall:

.1 have an outer diameter of not more than 800 mm and an inner diameter of not less than
400 mm;

.2 be constructed of inherently buoyant material; it shall not depend upon rushes, cork
shavings or granulated cork, any other loose granulated material or any air compartment
which depends on inflation for buoyancy;

.3 be capable of supporting not less than 14.5 kg of iron in fresh water for a period of 24 h;

.4 have a mass of not less than 2.5 kg;

.5 not sustain burning or continue melting after being totally enveloped in a fire for a period
of 2 s;

.6 be constructed to withstand a drop into the water from the height at which it is stowed
above the waterline in the lightest seagoing condition or 30 m, whichever is the greater,
without impairing either its operating capability or that of its attached components;

.7 if it is intended to operate the quick release arrangement provided for the self-activated
smoke signals and self-igniting lights, have a mass sufficient to operate the quick release
arrangement; and

.8 be fitted with a grabline not less than 9.5 mm in diameter and not less than 4 times the
outside diameter of the body of the buoy in length. The grabline shall be secured at four
equidistant points around the circumference of the buoy to form four equal loops.

2.1.2 Lifebuoy self-igniting lights

Self-igniting lights required by regulation III/7.1.3 shall:

.1 be such that they cannot be extinguished by water;

.2 be of white colour and capable of either burning continuously with a luminous intensity
of not less than 2 cd in all directions of the upper hemisphere or flashing (discharge
flashing) at a rate of not less than 50 flashes and not more than 70 flashes per min with at
least the corresponding effective luminous intensity;

.3 be provided with a source of energy capable of meeting the requirement of paragraph

2.1.2.2 for a period of at least 2 h; and
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.4 be capable of withstanding the drop test required by paragraph 2.1.1.6.

2.1.3 Lifebuoy self-activating smoke signals

Self-activating smoke signals required by regulation III/7.1.3 shall:

.1 emit smoke of a highly visible colour at a uniform rate for a period of at least 15 min
when floating in calm water;

.2 not ignite explosively or emit any flame during the entire smoke emission time of the
signal;

.3 not be swamped in a seaway;

.4 continue to emit smoke when fully submerged in water for a period of at least 10 s; and

.5 be capable of withstanding the drop test required by paragraph 2.1.1.6.

2.1.4 Buoyant lifelines

Buoyant lifelines required by regulation III/7.1.2 shall:

.1 be non-kinking;

.2 have a diameter of not less than 8 mm; and

.3 have a breaking strength of not less than 5 kN.

2.2 Lifejackets

2.2.1 General requirements for lifejackets

2.2.1.1 A lifejacket shall not sustain burning or continue melting after being totally enveloped in a fire
for a period of 2 s.

2.2.1.2 An adult lifejacket shall be so constructed that:

.1 at least 75% of persons, who are completely unfamiliar with the lifejacket, can correctly
don it within a period of one min without assistance, guidance or prior demonstration;

.2 after demonstration, all persons can correctly don it within a period of one min without
assistance;

.3 it is clearly capable of being worn in only one way or, as far as is practicable, cannot be
donned incorrectly;

.4 it is comfortable to wear; and

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.5 it allows the wearer to jump from a height of at least 4.5 m into the water without injury
and without dislodging or damaging the lifejacket.

2.2.1.3 An adult lifejacket shall have sufficient buoyancy and stability in calm fresh water to:

.1 lift the mouth of an exhausted or unconscious person not less than 120 mm clear of the
water with the body inclined backwards at an angle of not less than 20° from the vertical
position; and

.2 turn the body of an unconscious person in the water from any position to one where the
mouth is clear of the water in not more than 5 s.

2.2.1.4 An adult lifejacket shall allow the person wearing it to swim a short distance and to board a
survival craft.

2.2.1.5 A child lifejacket shall be constructed and perform the same as an adult lifejacket except as
follows:

.1 donning assistance is permitted for small children;

.2 it shall only be required to lift the mouth of an exhausted or unconscious wearer clear of
the water a distance appropriate to the size of the intended wearer; and

.3 assistance may be given to board a survival craft, but wearer mobility shall not be
significantly reduced.

2.2.1.6 In addition to the markings required by paragraph 1.2.2.9 , a child lifejacket shall be marked
with:

.1 the height or weight range for which the lifejacket will meet the testing and evaluation
criteria recommended by the Organization;* and

.2 a "child" symbol as shown in the "child's lifejacket" symbol adopted by the

Organization.**

2.2.1.7 A lifejacket shall have buoyancy which is not reduced by more than 5% after 24h submersion in
fresh water.

*
Refer to the Recommendation on Testing of Life-saving Appliances adopted by the
Organization by resolution A.689.(17), as it may be amended.
**
Refer to Symbols related to Life-saving Appliances and Arrangements adopted by the
Organization by resolution A.760(18).
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2.2.1.8 Each lifejacket shall be fitted with a whistle firmly secured by a cord.

2.2.2 Inflatable lifejackets

A lifejacket which depends on inflation for buoyancy shall have not less than two separate
compartments and comply with the requirements of paragraph 2.2.1 and shall:

.1 inflate automatically on immersion, be provided with a device to permit inflation by a

single manual motion and be capable of being inflated by mouth;

.2 in the event of loss of buoyancy in any one compartment be capable of complying with
the requirements of paragraphs 2.2.1.2, 2.2.1.3 and 2.2.1.4; and

.3 comply with the requirements of paragraph 2.2.1.7 after inflation by means of the
automatic mechanism.

2.2.3 Lifejacket lights

2.2.3.1 Each lifejacket light shall:

.1 have a luminous intensity of not less than 0.75 cd in all directions of the upper
hemisphere;

.2 have a source of energy capable of providing a luminous intensity of 0.75 cd for a period
of at least 8 h;

.3 be visible over as great a segment of the upper hemisphere as is practicable when attached
to a lifejacket; and

.4 be of white colour.

2.2.3.2 If the light referred to in paragraph 2.2.3.1 is a flashing light it shall, in addition:

.1 be provided with a manually operated switch; and

.2 flash at a rate of not less than 50 flashes and not more than 70 flashes per min with an
effective luminous intensity of at least 0.75 cd.

2.3 Immersion suits

2.3.1 General requirements for immersion suits

2.3.1.1 The immersion suit shall be constructed with waterproof materials such that:

.1 it can be unpacked and donned without assistance within 2 min, taking into account any
associated clothing*, and a lifejacket if the immersion suit is to be worn in conjunction

*
Refer to paragraph 3.1.3 of the Recommendation on Testing of Life-saving Appliances
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with a lifejacket;

.2 it will not sustain burning or continue melting after being totally enveloped in a fire for a
period of 2 s;

.3 it will cover the whole body with the exception of the face. Hands shall also be covered
unless permanently attached gloves are provided;

.4 it is provided with arrangements to minimize or reduce free air in the legs of the suit; and

adopted by the Organization by resolution A.689(17), as it may be amended.

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.5 following a jump from a height of not less than 4.5 m into the water there is no undue
ingress of water into the suit.

2.3.1.2 An immersion suit which also complies with the requirements of section 2.2 may be classified as
a lifejacket.

2.3.1.3 An immersion suit shall permit the person wearing it, and also wearing a lifejacket if the
immersion suit is to be worn in conjunction with a lifejacket, to:

.1 climb up and down a vertical ladder at least 5 m in length;

.2 perform normal duties associated with abandonment;

.3 jump from a height of not less than 4.5 m into the water without damaging or dislodging
the immersion suit, or being injured; and

.4 swim a short distance through the water and board a survival craft.

2.3.1.4 An immersion suit which has buoyancy and is designed to be worn without a lifejacket shall be
fitted with a light complying with the requirements of paragraph 2.2.3 and the whistle prescribed by
paragraph 2.2.1.8.

2.3.1.5 If the immersion suit is to be worn in conjunction with a lifejacket, the lifejacket shall be worn
over the immersion suit. A person wearing such an immersion suit shall be able to don a lifejacket
without assistance.

2.3.2 Thermal performance requirements for immersion suits

2.3.2.1 An immersion suit made of material which has no inherent insulation shall be:

.1 marked with instructions that it must be worn in conjunction with warm clothing; and

.2 so constructed that, when worn in conjunction with warm clothing, and with a lifejacket if
the immersion suit is to be worn with a lifejacket, the immersion suit continues to provide
sufficient thermal protection, following one jump by the wearer into the water from a
height of 4.5 m, to ensure that when it is worn for a period of 1h in calm circulating water
at a temperature of 5°C, the wearer's body core temperature does not fall more than 2°C.

2.3.2.2 An immersion suit made of material with inherent insulation, when worn either on its own or
with a lifejacket, if the immersion suit is to be worn in conjunction with a lifejacket, shall provide the
wearer with sufficient thermal insulation, following one jump into the water from a height of 4.5 m, to
ensure that the wearer's body core temperature does not fall more than 2°C after a period of 6h immersion
in calm circulating water at a temperature of between 0°C and 2°C.

2.3.3 Buoyancy requirements

A person in fresh water wearing either an immersion suit or an immersion suit with a lifejacket,
shall be able to turn from a face-down to a face-up position in not more than 5 s.
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2.4 Anti-exposure suits

2.4.1 General requirements for anti-exposure suits

2.4.1.1 The anti-exposure suit shall be constructed with waterproof materials such that it:

.1 provides inherent buoyancy of at least 70 N;

.2 is made of material which reduces the risk of heat stress during rescue and evacuation
operations;

.3 covers the whole body with the exception of the head and hands and, where the
Administration so permits, feet; gloves and a hood shall be provided in such a manner as
to remain available for use with the anti-exposure suits;

.4 can be unpacked and donned without assistance within 2 min;

.5 does not sustain burning or continue melting after being totally enveloped in a fire for a
period of 2 s;

.6 is equipped with a pocket for a portable VHF telephone; and

.7 has a lateral field of vision of at least 120°.

2.4.1.2 An anti-exposure suit which also complies with the requirements of section 2.2 may be classified
as a lifejacket.

2.4.1.3 An anti-exposure suit shall permit the person wearing it, to:

.1 climb up and down a vertical ladder of at least 5 m in length;

.2 jump from a height of not less than 4.5 m into the water with feet first, without damaging
or dislodging the suit, or being injured;

.3 swim through the water at least 25 m and board a survival craft;

.4 don a lifejacket without assistance; and

.5 perform all duties associated with abandonment, assist others and operate a rescue boat.

2.4.1.4 An anti-exposure suit shall be fitted with a light complying with the requirements of
paragraph 2.2.3 and the whistle prescribed by paragraph 2.2.1.8.
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2.4.2 Thermal performance requirements for anti-exposure suits

2.4.2.1 An anti-exposure suit shall:

.1 if made of material which has no inherent insulation, be marked with instructions that it
must be worn in conjunction with warm clothing; and

.2 be so constructed, that when worn as marked, the suit continues to provide sufficient
thermal protection following one jump into the water which totally submerges the wearer
and shall ensure that when it is worn in calm circulating water at a temperature of 5°C, the
wearer's body core temperature does not fall at a rate of more than 1.5°C per hour, after
the first 0.5 h.

2.4.3 Stability requirements

A person in fresh water wearing an anti-exposure suit complying with the requirements of this
section shall be able to turn from a face-down to a face-up position in not more than 5 s and shall be stable
face-up. The suit shall have no tendency to turn the wearer face-down in moderate sea condition.

2.5 Thermal protective aids

2.5.1 A thermal protective aid shall be made of waterproof material having a thermal conductance of
not more than 7800 W/(m2.K) and shall be so constructed that, when used to enclose a person, it shall
reduce both the convective and evaporative heat loss from the wearer's body.

2.5.2 The thermal protective aid shall:

.1 cover the whole body of persons of all sizes wearing a lifejacket with the exception of the
face. Hands shall also be covered unless permanently attached gloves are provided;

.2 be capable of being unpacked and easily donned without assistance in a survival craft or
rescue boat; and

.3 permit the wearer to remove it in the water in not more than 2 min, if it impairs ability to
swim.

2.5.3 The thermal protective aid shall function properly throughout an air temperature range -30°C
to +20°C.
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CHAPTER III - VISUAL SIGNALS

3.1 Rocket parachute flares

3.1.1 The rocket parachute flare shall:

.1 be contained in a water-resistant casing;

.2 have brief instructions or diagrams clearly illustrating the use of the rocket parachute flare
printed on its casing;

.3 have integral means of ignition; and

.4 be so designed as not to cause discomfort to the person holding the casing when used in
accordance with the manufacturer's operating instructions.

3.1.2 The rocket shall, when fired vertically, reach an altitude of not less than 300 m. At or near the top
of its trajectory, the rocket shall eject a parachute flare, which shall:

.1 burn with a bright red colour;

.2 burn uniformly with an average luminous intensity of not less than 30,000 cd;

.3 have a burning period of not less than 40 s;

.4 have a rate of descent of not more than 5 m/s; and

.5 not damage its parachute or attachments while burning.

3.2 Hand flares

3.2.1 The hand flare shall:

.1 be contained in a water-resistant casing;

.2 have brief instructions or diagrams clearly illustrating the use of the hand flare printed on
its casing;

.3 have a self-contained means of ignition; and

.4 be so designed as not to cause discomfort to the person holding the casing and not
endanger the survival craft by burning or glowing residues when used in accordance with
the manufacturer's operating instructions.

3.2.2 The hand flare shall:

.1 burn with a bright red colour;

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.2 burn uniformly with an average luminous intensity of not less than 15,000 cd;

.3 have a burning period of not less than 1 min; and

.4 continue to burn after having been immersed for a period of 10s under 100 mm of water.

3.3 Buoyant smoke signals

3.3.1 The buoyant smoke signal shall:

.1 be contained in a water-resistant casing;

.2 not ignite explosively when used in accordance with the manufacturer's operating
instructions; and

.3 have brief instructions or diagrams clearly illustrating the use of the buoyant smoke signal
printed on its casing.

3.3.2 The buoyant smoke signal shall:

.1 emit smoke of a highly visible colour at a uniform rate for a period of not less than 3 min
when floating in calm water;

.2 not emit any flame during the entire smoke emission time;

.3 not be swamped in a seaway; and

.4 continue to emit smoke when submerged in water for a period of 10 s under 100 mm of
water.

CHAPTER IV - SURVIVAL CRAFT

4.1 General requirements for liferafts

4.1.1 Construction of liferafts

4.1.1.1 Every liferaft shall be so constructed as to be capable of withstanding exposure for 30 days afloat
in all sea conditions.

4.1.1.2 The liferaft shall be so constructed that when it is dropped into the water from a height of 18 m,
the liferaft and its equipment will operate satisfactorily. If the liferaft is to be stowed at a height of more
than 18 m above the waterline in the lightest seagoing condition, it shall be of a type which has been
satisfactorily drop-tested from at least that height.

4.1.1.3 The floating liferaft shall be capable of withstanding repeated jumps on to it from a height of at
least 4.5 m above its floor both with and without the canopy erected.
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4.1.1.4 The liferaft and its fittings shall be so constructed as to enable it to be towed at a speed of 3 knots
in calm water when loaded with its full complement of persons and equipment and with one of its
sea-anchors streamed.

4.1.1.5 The liferaft shall have a canopy to protect the occupants from exposure which is automatically set
in place when the liferaft is launched and waterborne. The canopy shall comply with the following:

.1 it shall provide insulation against heat and cold by means of either two layers of material
separated by an air gap or other equally efficient means. Means shall be provided to
prevent accumulation of water in the air gap;

.2 its interior shall be of a colour that does not cause discomfort to the occupants;

.3 each entrance shall be clearly indicated and be provided with efficient adjustable closing
arrangements which can be easily and quickly opened by persons clothed in immersion
suits from inside and outside, and closed from inside, the liferaft so as to permit
ventilation but exclude seawater, wind and cold. Liferafts accommodating more than
eight persons shall have at least two diametrically opposite entrances;

.4 it shall admit sufficient air for the occupants at all times, even with the entrances closed;

.5 it shall be provided with at least one viewing port;

.6 it shall be provided with means for collecting rain water;

.7 it shall be provided with means to mount a survival craft radar transponder at a height of
at least 1 m above the sea; and

.8 it shall have sufficient headroom for sitting occupants under all parts of the canopy.

4.1.2 Minimum carrying capacity and mass of liferafts

4.1.2.1 No liferaft shall be approved which has a carrying capacity of less than six persons calculated in
accordance with the requirements of paragraph 4.2.3 or 4.3.3, as appropriate.

4.1.2.2 Unless the liferaft is to be launched by an approved launching appliance complying with the
requirements of section 6.1 or is not required to be stowed in a position providing for easy side-to-side
transfer, the total mass of the liferaft, its container and its equipment shall not be more than 185 kg.

4.1.3 Liferaft fittings

4.1.3.1 Lifelines shall be securely becketed around the inside and outside of the liferaft.

4.1.3.2 The liferaft shall be fitted with an efficient painter of length equal to not less than 10 m plus the
distance from the stowed position to the waterline in the lightest seagoing condition or 15 m whichever is
the greater. The breaking strength of the painter system, including its means of attachment to the liferaft,
except the weak link required by paragraph 4.1.6, shall be not less than 15.0 kN for liferafts permitted to
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accommodate more than 25 persons, not less than 10.0 kN for liferafts permitted to accommodate 9 to 25
persons and not less than 7.5 kN for any other liferaft.

4.1.3.3 A manually controlled lamp shall be fitted to the top of the liferaft canopy. The light shall be
white and be capable of operating continuously for at least 12 h with a luminous intensity of not less
than 4.3 cd in all directions of the upper hemisphere. However, if the light is a flashing light it shall flash
at a rate of not less than 50 flashes and not more than 70 flashes per min for the 12 h operating period
with an equivalent effective luminous intensity. The lamp shall light automatically when the canopy is
erected. Batteries shall be of a type that does not deteriorate due to dampness or humidity in the stowed
liferaft.

4.1.3.4 A manually controlled lamp shall be fitted inside the liferaft capable of continuous operation for
a period of at least 12 h. It shall light automatically when the canopy is erected and be of sufficient
intensity to permit reading of survival and equipment instructions. Batteries shall be of a type that does
not deteriorate due to damp or humidity in the stowed liferaft.

4.1.4 Davit-launched liferafts

4.1.4.1 In addition to the above requirements, a liferaft for use with an approved launching appliance
shall:

.1 when the liferaft is loaded with its full complement of persons and equipment, be capable
of withstanding a lateral impact against the ship's side at an impact velocity of not less
than 3.5 m/s and also a drop into the water from a height of not less than 3 m without
damage that will affect its function;

.2 be provided with means for bringing the liferaft alongside the embarkation deck and
holding it securely during embarkation.

4.1.4.2 Every passenger ship davit-launched liferaft shall be so arranged that it can be rapidly boarded by
its full complement of persons.

4.1.4.3 Every cargo ship davit-launched liferaft shall be so arranged that it can be boarded by its full
complement of persons in not more than 3 min from the time the instruction to board is given.

4.1.5 Equipment

4.1.5.1 The normal equipment of every liferaft shall consist of:

.1 one buoyant rescue quoit, attached to not less than 30 m of buoyant line;

.2 one knife of the nonfolding type having a buoyant handle and lanyard attached and
stowed in a pocket on the exterior of the canopy near the point at which the painter is
attached to the liferaft. In addition, a liferaft which is permitted to accommodate
13 persons or more shall be provided with a second knife which need not be of the
nonfolding type;
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.3 for a liferaft which is permitted to accommodate not more than 12 persons, one buoyant
bailer. For a liferaft which is permitted to accommodate 13 persons or more, two buoyant
bailers;

.4 two sponges;

.5 two sea-anchors each with a shock resistant hawser and tripping line if fitted, one being
spare and the other permanently attached to the liferaft in such a way that when the
liferaft inflates or is waterborne it will cause the liferaft to lie oriented to the wind in the
most stable manner. The strength of each sea-anchor and its hawser and tripping line if
fitted shall be adequate in all sea conditions. The sea-anchors shall have means to prevent
twisting of the line and shall be of a type which is unlikely to turn inside out between its
shroud lines. The sea-anchor permanently attached to davit-launched liferafts and
liferafts fitted on passenger ships shall be arranged for manual deployment only. All
other liferafts are to have the sea-anchor deployed automatically when the liferaft inflates;

.6 two buoyant paddles;

.7 three tin-openers and a pair of scissors. Safety knives containing special tin-opener
blades are satisfactory for this requirement;

.8 one first-aid outfit in a waterproof case capable of being closed tightly after use;

.9 one whistle or equivalent sound signal;

.10 four rocket parachute flares complying with the requirements of section 3.1;

.11 six hand flares complying with the requirements of section 3.2;

.12 two buoyant smoke signals complying with the requirements of section 3.3;

.13 one waterproof electric torch suitable for Morse signalling together with one spare set of
batteries and one spare bulb in a waterproof container;

.14 an efficient radar reflector, unless a survival craft radar transponder is stowed in the
liferaft;

.15 one daylight signalling mirror with instructions on its use for signalling to ships and
aircraft;

.16 one copy of the life-saving signals referred to in regulation V/16 on a waterproof card or
in a waterproof container;

.17 one set of fishing tackle;

.18 a food ration totalling not less than 10,000 kJ for each person the liferaft is permitted to
accommodate. These rations should be palatable, edible throughout the recommended
shelf life, and packed in a manner which can be readily divided and easily opened. The
rations shall be kept in airtight packaging and be stowed in a watertight container;
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.19 watertight receptacles containing a total of 1.5 of fresh water for each person the liferaft
is permitted to accommodate, of which either 0.5 per person may be replaced by a
de-salting apparatus capable of producing an equal amount of fresh water in 2 days or 1
per person may be replaced by a manually powered reverse osmosis desalinator, as
described in paragraph 4.4.7.5, capable of producing an equal amount of fresh water in 2
days;

.20 one rustproof graduated drinking vessel;

.21 anti-seasickness medicine sufficient for at least 48 h and one seasickness bag for each
person the liferaft is permitted to accommodate;

.22 instructions on how to survive*;

.23 instructions for immediate action; and

.24 thermal protective aids complying with the requirements of section 2.5 sufficient for 10%
of the number of persons the liferaft is permitted to accommodate or two, whichever is
the greater.

4.1.5.2 The marking required by paragraphs 4.2.6.3.5 and 4.3.6.7 on liferafts equipped in accordance
with paragraph 4.1.5.1 shall be "SOLAS A PACK" in block capitals of the Roman alphabet.

4.1.5.3 In the case of passenger ships engaged on short international voyages of such a nature and
duration that, in the opinion of the Administration, not all the items specified in paragraph 4.1.5.1 are
necessary, the Administration may allow the liferafts carried on any such ships to be provided with the
equipment specified in paragraphs 4.1.5.1.1 to 4.1.5.1.6 inclusive, 4.1.5.1.8, 4.1.5.1.9, 4.1.5.1.13 to
4.1.5.1.16 inclusive and 4.1.5.1.21 to 4.1.5.1.24 inclusive and one half of the equipment specified in
paragraphs 4.1.5.1.10 to 4.1.5.1.12 inclusive. The marking required by paragraphs 4.2.6.3.5 and 4.3.6.7
on such liferafts shall be "SOLAS B PACK" in block capitals of the Roman alphabet.

4.1.5.4 Where appropriate the equipment shall be stowed in a container which, if it is not an integral part
of, or permanently attached to, the liferaft, shall be stowed and secured inside the liferaft and be capable
of floating in water for at least 30 min without damage to its contents.

4.1.6 Float-free arrangements for liferafts

4.1.6.1 Painter system

The liferaft painter system shall provide a connection between the ship and the liferaft and shall
be so arranged as to ensure that the liferaft when released and, in the case of an inflatable liferaft, inflated
is not dragged under by the sinking ship.

*
Refer to the Instructions for Action in Survival Craft, adopted by the Organization by
resolution A.657(16)
Page 20

4.1.6.2 Weak link

If a weak link is used in the float-free arrangement, it shall:

.1 not be broken by the force required to pull the painter from the liferaft container;

.2 if applicable, be of sufficient strength to permit the inflation of the liferaft; and

.3 break under a strain of 2.2 ± 0.4 kN.

4.1.6.3 Hydrostatic release units

If a hydrostatic release unit is used in the float-free arrangements, it shall:

.1 be constructed of compatible materials so as to prevent malfunction of the unit.

Galvanizing or other forms of metallic coating on parts of the hydrostatic release unit
shall not be accepted;

.2 automatically release the liferaft at a depth of not more than 4 m;

.3 have drains to prevent the accumulation of water in the hydrostatic chamber when the unit
is in its normal position;

.4 be so constructed as to prevent release when seas wash over the unit;

.5 be permanently marked on its exterior with its type and serial number;

.6 be permanently marked on the unit or identification plate securely attached to the unit,
with the date of manufacture, type and serial number and whether the unit is suitable for
use with a liferaft with a capacity of more than 25 persons;

.7 be such that each part connected to the painter system has a strength of not less than that
required for the painter; and

.8 if disposable, in lieu of the requirement in paragraph 4.1.6.3.6 be marked with a means of

determining its date of expiry.

4.2 Inflatable liferafts

4.2.1 Inflatable liferafts shall comply with the requirements of section 4.1 and, in addition, shall
comply with the requirements of this section.

4.2.2 Construction of inflatable liferafts

4.2.2.1 The main buoyancy chamber shall be divided into not less than two separate compartments, each
inflated through a nonreturn inflation valve on each compartment. The buoyancy chambers shall be so
arranged that, in the event of any one of the compartments being damaged or failing to inflate, the intact
compartments shall be able to support, with positive freeboard over the liferaft's entire periphery, the
number of persons which the liferaft is permitted to accommodate, each having a mass of 75 kg and seated
 Page 21

in their normal positions.

4.2.2.2 The floor of the liferaft shall be waterproof and shall be capable of being sufficiently insulated
against cold either:

.1 by means of one or more compartments that the occupants can inflate, or which inflate
automatically and can be deflated and reinflated by the occupants; or

.2 by other equally efficient means not dependent on inflation.

4.2.2.3 The liferaft shall be capable of being inflated by one person. The liferaft shall be inflated with a
nontoxic gas. Inflation shall be completed within a period of 1 min at an ambient temperature of between
18°C and 20°C and within a period of 3 min at an ambient temperature of -30°C. After inflation the
liferaft shall maintain its form when loaded with its full complement of persons and equipment.

4.2.2.4 Each inflatable compartment shall be capable of withstanding a pressure equal to at least 3 times
the working pressure and shall be prevented from reaching a pressure exceeding twice the working
pressure either by means of relief valves or by a limited gas supply. Means shall be provided for fitting
the topping up pump or bellows required by paragraph 4.2.9.1.2 so that the working pressure can be
maintained.

4.2.3 Carrying capacity of inflatable liferafts

The number of persons which a liferaft shall be permitted to accommodate shall be equal to the
lesser of:

.1 the greatest whole number obtained by dividing by 0.096 the volume, measured in cubic
metres of the main buoyancy tubes (which for this purpose shall include neither the
arches nor the thwarts if fitted) when inflated; or

.2 the greatest whole number obtained by dividing by 0.372 the inner horizontal
cross-sectional area of the liferaft measured in square metres (which for this purpose may
include the thwart or thwarts, if fitted) measured to the innermost edge of the buoyancy
tubes; or

.3 the number of persons having an average mass of 75 kg, all wearing either immersion
suits and lifejackets or, in the case of davit-launched liferafts, lifejackets, that can be
seated with sufficient comfort and headroom without interfering with the operation of any
of the liferaft's equipment.

4.2.4 Access into inflatable liferafts

4.2.4.1 At least one entrance shall be fitted with a semi-rigid boarding ramp ,capable of supporting a
person weighing 100 kg, to enable persons to board the liferaft from the sea. The boarding ramp shall be
so arranged as to prevent significant deflation of the liferaft if the ramp is damaged. In the case of a
davit-launched liferaft having more than one entrance, the boarding ramp shall be fitted at the entrance
opposite the bowsing lines and embarkation facilities.
Page 22

4.2.4.2 Entrances not provided with a boarding ramp shall have a boarding ladder, the lowest step of
which shall be situated not less than 0.4 m below the liferaft's light waterline.

4.2.4.3 There shall be means inside the liferaft to assist persons to pull themselves into the liferaft from
the ladder.

4.2.5 Stability of inflatable liferafts

4.2.5.1 Every inflatable liferaft shall be so constructed that, when fully inflated and floating with the
canopy uppermost, it is stable in a seaway.

4.2.5.2 The stability of the liferaft when in the inverted position shall be such that it can be righted in a
seaway and in calm water by one person.

4.2.5.3 The stability of the liferaft when loaded with its full complement of persons and equipment shall
be such that it can be towed at speeds of up to 3 knots in calm water.

4.2.5.4 The liferaft shall be fitted with water pockets complying with the following requirements:

.1 the water pockets shall be of a highly visible colour;

.2 the design shall be such that the pockets fill to at least 60% of their capacity within 25 s of
deployment;

.3 the pockets shall have an aggregate capacity of at least 220 for liferafts up to 10 persons;

.4 the pockets for liferafts certified to carry more than 10 persons shall have an aggregate
capacity of not less than 20 N , where N = number of persons carried; and

.5 the pockets shall be positioned symmetrically round the circumference of the liferaft.
Means shall be provided to enable air to readily escape from underneath the liferaft.

4.2.6 Containers for inflatable liferafts

4.2.6.1 The liferaft shall be packed in a container that is:

.1 so constructed as to withstand hard wear under conditions encountered at sea;

.2 of sufficient inherent buoyancy, when packed with the liferaft and its equipment, to pull
the painter from within and to operate the inflation mechanism should the ship sink; and

.3 as far as practicable watertight, except for drain holes in the container bottom.

4.2.6.2 The liferaft shall be packed in its container in such a way as to ensure, as far as possible, that the
waterborne liferaft inflates in an upright position on breaking free from its container.

4.2.6.3 The container shall be marked with:

 Page 23

.1 maker's name or trade mark;

.2 serial number;

.3 name of approving authority and the number of persons it is permitted to carry;

.4 SOLAS;

.5 type of emergency pack enclosed;

.6 date when last serviced;

.7 length of painter;
.8 maximum permitted height of stowage above waterline (depending on drop-test height
and length of painter); and

.9 launching instructions.

4.2.7 Markings on inflatable liferafts

4.2.7.1 The liferaft shall be marked with:

.1 maker's name or trade mark;

.2 serial number;

.3 date of manufacture (month and year);

.4 name of approving authority;

.5 name and place of servicing station where it was last serviced; and

.6 number of persons it is permitted to accommodate over each entrance in characters not

less than 100 mm in height of a colour contrasting with that of the liferaft.

4.2.7.2 Provision shall be made for marking each liferaft with the name and port of registry of the ship to
which it is to be fitted, in such a form that the ship identification can be changed at any time without
opening the container.

4.2.8 Davit-launched inflatable liferafts

4.2.8.1 In addition to complying with the above requirements, a liferaft for use with an approved
launching appliance shall, when suspended from its lifting hook or bridle, withstand a load of:

.1 4 times the mass of its full complement of persons and equipment, at an ambient
temperature and a stabilized liferaft temperature of 20 ± 3°C with all relief valves
inoperative; and
Page 24

.2 1.1 times the mass of its full complement of persons and equipment at an ambient
temperature and a stabilized liferaft temperature of -30°C with all relief valves operative.

4.2.8.2 Rigid containers for liferafts to be launched by a launching appliance shall be so secured that the
container or parts of it are prevented from falling into the sea during and after inflation and launching of
the contained liferaft.

4.2.9 Additional equipment for inflatable liferafts

4.2.9.1 In addition to the equipment required by paragraph 4.1.5, every inflatable liferaft shall be
provided with:

.1 one repair outfit for repairing punctures in buoyancy compartments; and

.2 one topping-up pump or bellows.

4.2.9.2 The knives required by paragraph 4.1.5.1.2 shall be safety knives, and the tin openers and scissors
required by paragraph 4.1.5.1.7 shall be of the safety type.

4.3 Rigid liferafts

4.3.1 Rigid liferafts shall comply with the requirements of section 4.1 and, in addition, shall comply
with the requirements of this section.

4.3.2 Construction of rigid liferafts

4.3.2.1 The buoyancy of the liferaft shall be provided by approved inherently buoyant material placed as
near as possible to the periphery of the liferaft. The buoyant material shall be fire-retardant or be
protected by a fire-retardant covering.

4.3.2.2 The floor of the liferaft shall prevent the ingress of water and shall effectively support the
occupants out of the water and insulate them from cold.

4.3.3 Carrying capacity of rigid liferafts

The number of persons which a liferaft shall be permitted to accommodate shall be equal to the
lesser of:

.1 the greatest whole number obtained by dividing by 0.096 the volume, measured in cubic
metres of the buoyancy material multiplied by a factor of 1 minus the specific gravity of
that material; or

.2 the greatest whole number obtained by dividing by 0.372 the horizontal cross-sectional
area of the floor of the liferaft measured in square metres; or

.3 the number of persons having an average mass of 75 kg, all wearing immersion suits and
lifejackets, that can be seated with sufficient comfort and headroom without interfering
with the operation of any of the liferaft's equipment.
 Page 25

4.3.4 Access into rigid liferafts

4.3.4.1 At least one entrance shall be fitted with a rigid boarding ramp to enable persons to board the
liferaft from the sea. In the case of a davit-launched liferaft having more than one entrance, the boarding
ramp shall be fitted at the entrance opposite to the bowsing and embarkation facilities.

4.3.4.2 Entrances not provided with a boarding ramp shall have a boarding ladder, the lowest step of
which shall be situated not less than 0.4 m below the liferaft's light waterline.

4.3.4.3 There shall be means inside the liferaft to assist persons to pull themselves into the liferaft from
the ladder.

4.3.5 Stability of rigid liferafts

4.3.5.1 Unless the liferaft is capable of operating safely whichever way up it is floating, its strength and
stability shall be such that it is either self-righting or can be readily righted in a seaway and in calm water
by one person.
4.3.5.2 The stability of a liferaft when loaded with its full complement of persons and equipment shall be
such that it can be towed at speeds of up to 3 knots in calm water.

4.3.6 Markings on rigid liferafts

The liferaft shall be marked with:

.1 name and port of registry of the ship to which it belongs;

.2 maker's name or trade mark;

.3 serial number;

.4 name of approving authority;

.5 number of persons it is permitted to accommodate over each entrance in characters not

less than 100 mm in height of a colour contrasting with that of the liferaft;

.6 SOLAS;

.7 type of emergency pack enclosed;

.8 length of painter;

.9 maximum permitted height of stowage above waterline (drop-test height); and

.10 launching instructions.

Page 26

4.3.7 Davit-launched rigid liferafts

In addition to the above requirements, a rigid liferaft for use with an approved launching
appliance shall, when suspended from its lifting hook or bridle, withstand a load of 4 times the mass of its
full complement of persons and equipment.

4.4 General requirements for lifeboats

4.4.1 Construction of lifeboats

4.4.1.1 All lifeboats shall be properly constructed and shall be of such form and proportions that they
have ample stability in a seaway and sufficient freeboard when loaded with their full complement of
persons and equipment. All lifeboats shall have rigid hulls and shall be capable of maintaining positive
stability when in an upright position in calm water and loaded with their full complement of persons and
equipment and holed in any one location below the waterline, assuming no loss of buoyancy material and
no other damage.

4.4.1.2 Each lifeboat shall be fitted with a certificate of approval, endorsed by the Administration,
containing at least the following items:

- manufacturer's name and address;

- lifeboat model and serial number;

- month and year of manufacture;

- number of persons the lifeboat is approved to carry; and

- the approval information required under paragraph 1.2.2.9.

The certifying organization shall provide the lifeboat with a certificate of approval which, in addition to
the above items, specifies:

- number of the certificate of approval;

- material of hull construction, in such detail as to ensure that compatibility problems in

repair should not occur;

- total mass fully equipped and fully manned; and

- statement of approval as to sections 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8 or 4.9.

4.4.1.3 All lifeboats shall be of sufficient strength to:

.1 enable them to be safely launched into the water when loaded with their full complement
of persons and equipment; and
 Page 27

.2 be capable of being launched and towed when the ship is making headway at a speed of 5
knots in calm water.

4.4.1.4 Hulls and rigid covers shall be fire-retardant or non-combustible.

4.4.1.5 Seating shall be provided on thwarts, benches or fixed chairs which are constructed so as to be
capable of supporting:

.1 a static load equivalent to the number of persons each weighing 100 kg for which spaces
are provided in compliance with the requirements of paragraph 4.4.2.2.2;

.2 a load of 100 kg in any single seat location when a lifeboat to be launched by falls is
dropped into the water from a height of at least 3 m; and

.3 a load of 100 kg in any single seat location when a free-fall lifeboat is launched from a
height of at least 1.3 times its free-fall certification height.

4.4.1.6 Except for free-fall lifeboats, each lifeboat to be launched by falls shall be of sufficient strength to
withstand a load, without residual deflection on removal of that load:

.1 in the case of boats with metal hulls, 1.25 times the total mass of the lifeboat when loaded
with its full complement of persons and equipment; or

.2 in the case of other boats, twice the total mass of the lifeboat when loaded with its full
complement of persons and equipment.

4.4.1.7 Except for free-fall lifeboats, each lifeboat to be launched by falls shall be of sufficient strength to
withstand, when loaded with its full complement of persons and equipment and with, where applicable,
skates or fenders in position, a lateral impact against the ship's side at an impact velocity of at least 3.5 m/s
and also a drop into the water from a height of at least 3 m.

4.4.1.8 The vertical distance between the floor surface and the interior of the enclosure or canopy
over 50% of the floor area shall be:

.1 not less than 1.3 m for a lifeboat permitted to accommodate nine persons or less;

.2 not less than 1.7 m for a lifeboat permitted to accommodate 24 persons or more; and

.3 not less than the distance as determined by linear interpolation between 1.3 m and 1.7 m
for a lifeboat permitted to accommodate between nine and 24 persons.

4.4.2 Carrying capacity of lifeboats

4.4.2.1 No lifeboat shall be approved to accommodate more than 150 persons.

4.4.2.2 The number of persons which a lifeboat to be launched by falls shall be permitted to
accommodate shall be equal to the lesser of:
Page 28

.1 the number of persons having an average mass of 75 kg, all wearing lifejackets, that can
be seated in a normal position without interfering with the means of propulsion or the
operation of any of the lifeboat's equipment; or

.2 the number of spaces that can be provided on the seating arrangements in accordance with
figure 1. The shapes may be overlapped as shown, provided footrests are fitted and there
is sufficient room for legs and the vertical separation between the upper and lower seat is
not less than 350 mm.
Page 29
Page 30

4.4.2.3 Each seating position shall be clearly indicated in the lifeboat.

4.4.3 Access into lifeboats

4.4.3.1 Every passenger ship lifeboat shall be so arranged that it can be rapidly boarded by its full
complement of persons. Rapid disembarkation shall also be possible.

4.4.3.2 Every cargo ship lifeboat shall be so arranged that it can be boarded by its full complement of
persons in not more than 3 min from the time the instruction to board is given. Rapid disembarkation
shall also be possible.

4.4.3.3 Lifeboats shall have a boarding ladder that can be used at any boarding entrance of the lifeboat to
enable persons in the water to board the lifeboat. The lowest step of the ladder shall be not less than 0.4
m below the lifeboat's light waterline.

4.4.3.4 The lifeboat shall be so arranged that helpless people can be brought on board either from the sea
or on stretchers.

4.4.3.5 All surfaces on which persons might walk shall have a non-skid finish.

4.4.4 Lifeboat buoyancy

All lifeboats shall have inherent buoyancy or shall be fitted with inherently buoyant material
which shall not be adversely affected by seawater, oil or oil products, sufficient to float the lifeboat with
all its equipment on board when flooded and open to the sea. Additional inherently buoyant material,
equal to 280 N of buoyant force per person shall be provided for the number of persons the lifeboat is
permitted to accommodate. Buoyant material, unless in addition to that required above, shall not be
installed external to the hull of the lifeboat.

4.4.5 Lifeboat freeboard and stability

4.4.5.1 All lifeboats shall be stable and have a positive GM value when loaded with 50% of the number
of persons the lifeboat is permitted to accommodate in their normal positions to one side of the centreline.

4.4.5.2 Under the condition of loading in paragraph 4.4.5.1:

.1 each lifeboat with side openings near the gunwale shall have a freeboard, measured from
the waterline to the lowest opening through which the lifeboat may become flooded, of at
least 1.5% of the lifeboat's length or 100 mm, whichever is the greater; and

.2 each lifeboat without side openings near the gunwale shall not exceed an angle of heel of
20° and shall have a freeboard, measured from the waterline to the lowest opening
through which the lifeboat may become flooded, of at least 1.5% of the lifeboat's length
or 100 mm, whichever is the greater.

4.4.6 Lifeboat propulsion

4.4.6.1 Every lifeboat shall be powered by a compression ignition engine. No engine shall be used for
 Page 31

any lifeboat if its fuel has a flashpoint of 43°C or less (closed cup test).

4.4.6.2 The engine shall be provided with either a manual starting system, or a power starting system
with two independent rechargeable energy sources. Any necessary starting aids shall also be provided.
The engine starting systems and starting aids shall start the engine at an ambient temperature of -15°C
within 2 min of commencing the start procedure unless, in the opinion of the Administration having
regard to the particular voyages in which the ship carrying the lifeboat is constantly engaged, a different
temperature is appropriate. The starting systems shall not be impeded by the engine casing, seating or
other obstructions.

4.4.6.3 The engine shall be capable of operating for not less than 5 min after starting from cold with the
lifeboat out of the water.

4.4.6.4 The engine shall be capable of operating when the lifeboat is flooded up to the centreline of the
crank shaft.

4.4.6.5 The propeller shafting shall be so arranged that the propeller can be disengaged from the engine.
Provision shall be made for ahead and astern propulsion of the lifeboat.

4.4.6.6 The exhaust pipe shall be so arranged as to prevent water from entering the engine in normal
operation.

4.4.6.7 All lifeboats shall be designed with due regard to the safety of persons in the water and to the
possibility of damage to the propulsion system by floating debris.

4.4.6.8 The speed of a lifeboat when proceeding ahead in calm water, when loaded with its full
complement of persons and equipment and with all engine powered auxiliary equipment in operation,
shall be at least 6 knots and at least 2 knots when towing a 25-person liferaft loaded with its full
complement of persons and equipment or its equivalent. Sufficient fuel, suitable for use throughout the
temperature range expected in the area in which the ship operates, shall be provided to run the fully loaded
lifeboat at 6 knots for a period of not less than 24 h.

4.4.6.9 The lifeboat engine, transmission and engine accessories shall be enclosed in a fire-retardant
casing or other suitable arrangements providing similar protection. Such arrangements shall also protect
persons from coming into accidental contact with hot or moving parts and protect the engine from
exposure to weather and sea. Adequate means shall be provided to reduce the engine noise so that a
shouted order can be heard. Starter batteries shall be provided with casings which form a watertight
enclosure around the bottom and sides of the batteries. The battery casings shall have a tight fitting top
which provides for necessary gas venting.

4.4.6.10 The lifeboat engine and accessories shall be designed to limit electromagnetic emissions so that
engine operation does not interfere with the operation of radio life-saving appliances used in the lifeboat.

4.4.6.11 Means shall be provided for recharging all engine starting, radio and searchlight batteries. Radio
batteries shall not be used to provide power for engine starting. Means shall be provided for recharging
lifeboat batteries from the ship's power supply at a supply voltage not exceeding 50* V which can be
*
Refer to IEC 92-101
Page 32

disconnected at the lifeboat embarkation station, or by means of a solar battery charger.

4.4.6.12 Water-resistant instructions for starting and operating the engine shall be provided and mounted
in a conspicuous place near the engine starting controls.

4.4.7 Lifeboat fittings

4.4.7.1 All lifeboats except free-fall lifeboats shall be provided with at least one drain valve fitted near
the lowest point in the hull, which shall automatically open to drain water from the hull when the lifeboat
is not waterborne and shall automatically close to prevent entry of water when the lifeboat is waterborne.
Each drain valve shall be provided with a cap or plug to close the valve, which shall be attached to the
lifeboat by a lanyard, a chain, or other suitable means. Drain valves shall be readily accessible from inside
the lifeboat and their position shall be clearly indicated.

4.4.7.2 All lifeboats shall be provided with a rudder and tiller. When a wheel or other remote steering
mechanism is also provided the tiller shall be capable of controlling the rudder in case of failure of the
steering mechanism. The rudder shall be permanently attached to the lifeboat. The tiller shall be
permanently installed on, or linked to, the rudder stock; however, if the lifeboat has a remote steering
mechanism, the tiller may be removable and securely stowed near the rudder stock. The rudder and tiller
shall be so arranged as not to be damaged by operation of the release mechanism or the propeller.

4.4.7.3 Except in the vicinity of the rudder and propeller, suitable handholds shall be provided or a
buoyant lifeline shall be becketed around the outside of the lifeboat above the waterline and within reach
of a person in the water.

4.4.7.4 Lifeboats which are not self-righting when capsized shall have suitable handholds on the
underside of the hull to enable persons to cling to the lifeboat. The handholds shall be fastened to the
lifeboat in such a way that, when subjected to an impact sufficient to cause them to break away from the
lifeboat, they break away without damaging the lifeboat.

4.4.7.5 All lifeboats shall be fitted with sufficient watertight lockers or compartments to provide for the
storage of the small items of equipment, water and provisions required by paragraph 4.4.8. The lifeboat
shall be equipped with a means for collecting rain water, and in addition if required by the Administration
a means for producing drinking water from seawater with a manually powered desalinator. The
desalinator must not be dependent upon solar heat, nor on chemicals other than seawater. Means shall be
provided for the storage of collected water.

4.4.7.6 Every lifeboat to be launched by a fall or falls, except a free-fall lifeboat, shall be fitted with a
release mechanism complying with the following requirements subject to paragraph .5 below:

.1 the mechanism shall be so arranged that all hooks are released simultaneously;

.2 the mechanism shall have two release capabilities as follows:

.2.1 a normal release capability which will release the lifeboat when it is waterborne
or when there is no load on the hooks; and

.2.2 an on-load release capability which will release the lifeboat with a load on the
 Page 33

hooks. This release shall be so arranged as to release the lifeboat under any
conditions of loading from no load with the lifeboat waterborne to a load of
1.1 times the total mass of the lifeboat when loaded with its full complement of
persons and equipment. This release capability shall be adequately protected
against accidental or premature use. Adequate protection shall include special
mechanical protection not normally required for offload release, in addition to a
danger sign. To prevent an accidental release during recovery of the boat, the
mechanical protection (interlock) should only engage when the release
mechanism is properly and completely reset. To prevent a premature on-load
release, on-load operation of the release mechanism should require a deliberate
and sustained action by the operator. The release mechanism shall be so designed
that crew members in the lifeboat can clearly observe when the release
mechanism is properly and completely reset and ready for lifting. Clear operating
instructions should be provided with a suitably worded warning notice;

.3 the release control shall be clearly marked in a colour that contrasts with its surroundings;

.4 the fixed structural connections of the release mechanism in the lifeboat shall be designed
with a calculated factor of safety of 6 based on the ultimate strength of the materials used,
assuming the mass of the lifeboat is equally distributed between the falls; and

.5 where a single fall and hook system is used for launching a lifeboat or rescue boat in
combination with a suitable painter, the requirements of paragraph 4.4.7.6.2 need not be
applicable; in such an arrangement a single capability to release the lifeboat or rescue
boat, only when it is fully waterborne, will be adequate.

4.4.7.7 Every lifeboat shall be fitted with a device to secure a painter near its bow. The device shall be
such that the lifeboat does not exhibit unsafe or unstable characteristics when being towed by the ship
making headway at speeds up to 5 knots in calm water. Except for free-fall lifeboats, the painter securing
device shall include a release device to enable the painter to be released from inside the lifeboat, with the
ship making headway at speeds up to 5 knots in calm water.

4.4.7.8 Every lifeboat which is fitted with a fixed two-way VHF radiotelephone apparatus with an
antenna which is separately mounted shall be provided with arrangements for siting and securing the
antenna effectively in its operating position.

4.4.7.9 Lifeboats intended for launching down the side of a ship shall have skates and fenders as
necessary to facilitate launching and prevent damage to the lifeboat.

4.4.7.10 A manually controlled lamp shall be fitted. The light shall be white and be capable of operating
continuously for at least 12 h with a luminous intensity of not less than 4.3cd in all directions of the upper
hemisphere. However if the light is a flashing light it shall flash at a rate of not less than 50 flashes and
not more than 70 flashes per min for the 12 h operating period with an equivalent effective luminous
intensity.

4.4.7.11 A manually controlled lamp or source of light shall be fitted inside the lifeboat to provide
illumination for not less than 12h to permit reading of survival and equipment instructions; however, oil
lamps shall not be permitted for this purpose.
Page 34

4.4.7.12 Every lifeboat shall be so arranged that an adequate view forward, aft and to both sides is
provided from the control and steering position for safe launching and manoeuvring.

4.4.8 Lifeboat equipment

All items of lifeboat equipment, whether required by this paragraph or elsewhere in section 4.4,
shall be secured within the lifeboat by lashings, storage in lockers or compartments, storage in brackets or
similar mounting arrangements or other suitable means. However, in the case of a lifeboat to be launched
by falls the boat-hooks shall be kept free for fending off purposes. The equipment shall be secured in
such a manner as not to interfere with any abandonment procedures. All items of lifeboat equipment shall
be as small and of as little mass as possible and shall be packed in a suitable and compact form. Except
where otherwise stated, the normal equipment of every lifeboat shall consist of:

.1 except for free-fall lifeboats, sufficient buoyant oars to make headway in calm seas.
Thole pins, crutches or equivalent arrangements shall be provided for each oar provided.
Thole pins or crutches shall be attached to the boat by lanyards or chains;

.2 two boat-hooks;

.3 a buoyant bailer and two buckets;

.4 a survival manual*;

.5 an operational compass which is luminous or provided with suitable means of

illumination. In a totally enclosed lifeboat, the compass shall be permanently fitted at the
steering position; in any other lifeboat, it shall be provided with a binnacle if necessary to
protect it from the weather, and suitable mounting arrangements;

.6 a sea-anchor of adequate size fitted with a shock-resistant hawser which provides a firm
hand grip when wet. The strength of the sea-anchor, hawser and tripping line if fitted
shall be adequate for all sea conditions;

.7 two efficient painters of a length equal to not less than twice the distance from the
stowage position of the lifeboat to the waterline in the lightest seagoing condition or
15 m, whichever is the greater. On lifeboats to be launched by free-fall launching, both
painters shall be stowed near the bow ready for use. On other lifeboats, one painter
attached to the release device required by paragraph 4.4.7.7 shall be placed at the forward
end of the lifeboat and the other shall be firmly secured at or near the bow of the lifeboat
ready for use;

.8 two hatchets, one at each end of the lifeboat;

*
Refer to Instructions for Action in Survival Craft, adopted by the Organization by
resolution A.657(16).
 Page 35

.9 watertight receptacles containing a total of 3 of fresh water for each person the lifeboat is
permitted to accommodate, of which either 1 per person may be replaced by a desalting
apparatus capable of producing an equal amount of fresh water in 2 days, or 2 per person
may be replaced by a manually powered reverse osmosis desalinator as described in
paragraph 4.4.7.5 capable of producing an equal amount of fresh water in 2 days;
.10 a rustproof dipper with lanyard;

.11 a rustproof graduated drinking vessel;

.12 a food ration as described in paragraph 4.1.5.1.18 totalling not less than 10,000 kJ for
each person the lifeboat is permitted to accommodate; these rations shall be kept in
airtight packaging and be stowed in a watertight container;

.13 four rocket parachute flares complying with the requirements of section 3.1;

.14 six hand flares complying with the requirements of section 3.2;

.15 two buoyant smoke signals complying with the requirements of section 3.3;

.16 one waterproof electric torch suitable for Morse signalling together with one spare set of
batteries and one spare bulb in a waterproof container;

.17 one daylight signalling mirror with instructions for its use for signalling to ships and
aircraft;

.18 one copy of the life-saving signals prescribed by regulation V/16 on a waterproof card or
in a waterproof container;

.19 one whistle or equivalent sound signal;

.20 a first-aid outfit in a waterproof case capable of being closed tightly after use;

.21 anti-seasickness medicine sufficient for at least 48 h and one seasickness bag for each
person;

.22 a jack-knife to be kept attached to the boat by a lanyard;

.23 three tin openers;

.24 two buoyant rescue quoits, attached to not less than 30 m of buoyant line;

.25 if the lifeboat is not automatically self-bailing, a manual pump suitable for effective
bailing;

.26 one set of fishing tackle;

Page 36

.27 sufficient tools for minor adjustments to the engine and its accessories;

.28 portable fire-extinguishing equipment of an approved type suitable for extinguishing oil
fires;*

.29 a searchlight with a horizontal and vertical sector of at least 6° and a measured luminous
intensity of 2500 cd which can work continuously for not less than 3 h;

.30 an efficient radar reflector, unless a survival craft radar transponder is stowed in the
lifeboat;

.31 thermal protective aids complying with the requirements of section 2.5 sufficient for 10%
of the number of persons the lifeboat is permitted to accommodate or two, whichever is
the greater; and

.32 in the case of ships engaged on voyages of such a nature and duration that, in the opinion
of the Administration, the items specified in paragraphs 4.4.8.12 and 4.4.8.26 are
unnecessary, the Administration may allow these items to be dispensed with.

4.4.9 Lifeboat markings

4.4.9.1 The number of persons for which the lifeboat is approved shall be clearly marked on it in clear
permanent characters.

4.4.9.2 The name and port of registry of the ship to which the lifeboat belongs shall be marked on each
side of the lifeboat's bow in block capitals of the Roman alphabet.

4.4.9.3 Means of identifying the ship to which the lifeboat belongs and the number of the lifeboat shall
be marked in such a way that they are visible from above.

4.5 Partially enclosed lifeboats

4.5.1 Partially enclosed lifeboats shall comply with the requirements of section 4.4 and in addition
shall comply with the requirements of this section.

4.5.2 Partially enclosed lifeboats shall be provided with permanently attached rigid covers extending
over not less than 20% of the length of the lifeboat from the stem and not less than 20% of the length of
the lifeboat from the aftermost part of the lifeboat. The lifeboat shall be fitted with a permanently attached
foldable canopy which together with the rigid covers completely encloses the occupants of the lifeboat in
a weatherproof shelter and protects them from exposure. The lifeboat shall have entrances at both ends
and on each side. Entrances in the rigid covers shall be weathertight when closed. The canopy shall be so
arranged that:

.1 it is provided with adequate rigid sections or battens to permit erection of the canopy;

* Refer to the Revised Guidelines for Marine Portable Fire Extinguishers, adopted by the
Organization by resolution A.602(15).
 Page 37

.2 it can be easily erected by not more than two persons;

.3 it is insulated to protect the occupants against heat and cold by means of not less than two
layers of material separated by an air gap or other equally efficient means; means shall be
provided to prevent accumulation of water in the air gap;

.4 its exterior is of a highly visible colour and its interior is of a colour which does not cause
discomfort to the occupants;

.5 entrances in the canopy are provided with efficient adjustable closing arrangements which
can be easily and quickly opened and closed from inside or outside so as to permit
ventilation but exclude seawater, wind and cold; means shall be provided for holding the
entrances securely in the open and closed position;

.6 with the entrances closed, it admits sufficient air for the occupants at all times;

.7 it has means for collecting rainwater; and

.8 the occupants can escape in the event of the lifeboat capsizing.

4.5.3 The interior of the lifeboat shall be of a highly visible colour.

4.5.4 If a fixed two-way VHF radiotelephone apparatus is fitted in the lifeboat, it shall be installed in a
cabin large enough to accommodate both the equipment and the person using it. No separate cabin is
required if the construction of the lifeboat provides a sheltered space to the satisfaction of the
Administration.

4.6 Totally enclosed lifeboats

4.6.1 Totally enclosed lifeboats shall comply with the requirements of section 4.4 and in addition
shall comply with the requirements of this section.

4.6.2 Enclosure

Every totally enclosed lifeboat shall be provided with a rigid watertight enclosure which
completely encloses the lifeboat. The enclosure shall be so arranged that:

.1 it provides shelter for the occupants;

.2 access to the lifeboat is provided by hatches which can be closed to make the lifeboat
watertight;

.3 except for free-fall lifeboats, hatches are positioned so as to allow launching and recovery
operations to be performed without any occupant having to leave the enclosure;

.4 access hatches are capable of being opened and closed from both inside and outside and
are equipped with means to hold them securely in open positions;
Page 38

.5 except for a free-fall lifeboat, it is possible to row the lifeboat;

.6 it is capable, when the lifeboat is in the capsized position with the hatches closed and
without significant leakage, of supporting the entire mass of the lifeboat, including all
equipment, machinery and its full complement of persons;

.7 it includes windows or translucent panels which admit sufficient daylight to the inside of
the lifeboat with the hatches closed to make artificial light unnecessary;

.8 its exterior is of a highly visible colour and its interior of a colour which does not cause
discomfort to the occupants;
.9 handrails provide a secure handhold for persons moving about the exterior of the lifeboat,
and aid embarkation and disembarkation;

.10 persons have access to their seats from an entrance without having to climb over thwarts
or other obstructions; and

.11 during operation of the engine with the enclosure closed, the atmospheric pressure inside
the lifeboat shall never be above or below the outside atmospheric pressure by more than
20 hPa.

4.6.3 Capsizing and re-righting

4.6.3.1 Except in free-fall lifeboats, a safety belt shall be fitted at each indicated seating position. The
safety belt shall be designed to hold a person with a mass of 100 kg securely in place when the lifeboat is
in a capsized position. Each set of safety belts for a seat shall be of a colour which contrasts with the belts
for seats immediately adjacent. Free-fall lifeboats shall be fitted with a safety harness at each seat in
contrasting colour designed to hold a person with a mass of 100 kg securely in place during a free-fall
launch as well as with the lifeboat in capsized position.

4.6.3.2 The stability of the lifeboat shall be such that it is inherently or automatically self-righting when
loaded with its full or a partial complement of persons and equipment and all entrances and openings are
closed watertight and the persons are secured with safety belts.

4.6.3.3 The lifeboat shall be capable of supporting its full complement of persons and equipment when
the lifeboat is in the damaged condition prescribed in paragraph .4.4.1.1 and its stability shall be such that
in the event of capsizing, it will automatically attain a position that will provide an above-water escape for
its occupants. When the lifeboat is in the stable flooded condition, the water level inside the lifeboat,
measured along the seatback, shall not be more than 500 mm above the seat pan at any occupant seating
position.

4.6.3.4 The design of all engine exhaust pipes, air ducts and other openings shall be such that water is
excluded from the engine when the lifeboat capsizes and re-rights.

4.6.4 Propulsion

4.6.4.1 The engine and transmission shall be controlled from the helmsman's position.
 Page 39

4.6.4.2 The engine and engine installation shall be capable of running in any position during capsize and
continue to run after the lifeboat returns to the upright or shall automatically stop on capsizing and be
easily restarted after the lifeboat returns to the upright. The design of the fuel and lubricating systems
shall prevent the loss of fuel and the loss of more than 250 m of lubricating oil from the engine during
capsize.

4.6.4.3 Air-cooled engines shall have a duct system to take in cooling air from, and exhaust it to, the
outside of the lifeboat. Manually operated dampers shall be provided to enable cooling air to be taken in
from, and exhausted to, the interior of the lifeboat.

4.6.5 Protection against acceleration

Notwithstanding paragraph 4.4.1.7, a totally enclosed lifeboat, except a free-fall lifeboat, shall be
so constructed and fendered such that the lifeboat renders protection against harmful accelerations
resulting from an impact of the lifeboat, when loaded with its full complement of persons and equipment,
against the ship's side at an impact velocity of not less than 3.5 m/s.

4.7 Free-fall lifeboats

4.7.1 General requirements

Free-fall lifeboats shall comply with the requirements of section 4.6 and in addition shall comply
with the requirements of this section.

4.7.2 Carrying capacity of a free-fall lifeboat

The carrying capacity of a free-fall lifeboat is the number of persons that can be provided with a
seat without interfering with the means of propulsion or the operation of any of the lifeboat's equipment.
The width of the seat shall be at least 430 mm. Free clearance in front of the backrest shall be at least 635
mm. The backrest shall extend at least 1,000 mm above the seatpan.

4.7.3 Performance requirements

4.7.3.1 Each free-fall lifeboat shall make positive headway immediately after water entry and shall not
come into contact with the ship after a free-fall launching against a trim of up to 10° and a list of up to 20°
either way from the certification height when fully equipped and loaded with:

.1 its full complement of persons;

.2 occupants so as to cause the centre of gravity to be in the most forward position;

.3 occupants so as to cause the centre of gravity to be in the most aft position; and

.4 its operating crew only.

4.7.3.2 For oil tankers, chemical tankers and gas carriers with a final angle of heel greater than 20°
calculated in accordance with the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from
Page 40

Ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocol of 1978 relating thereto and the recommendations of the
Organization*, as applicable, a lifeboat shall be capable of being free-fall launched at the final angle of
heel and on the base of the final waterline of that calculation.

4.7.3.3 The required free-fall height shall never exceed the free-fall certification height.

4.7.4 Construction

Each free-fall lifeboat shall be of sufficient strength to withstand, when loaded with its full
complement of persons and equipment, a free-fall launch from a height of at least 1.3 times the free-fall
certification height.

4.7.5 Protection against harmful acceleration

Each free-fall lifeboat shall be so constructed as to ensure that the lifeboat is capable of rendering
protection against harmful accelerations resulting from being launched from the height for which it is to
be certified in calm water under unfavourable conditions of trim of up to 10° and list of up to 20° either
way when it is fully equipped and loaded with:

.1 its full complement of persons;

.2 occupants so as to cause the centre of gravity to be in the most forward position;

.3 occupants so as to cause the centre of gravity to be in the most aft position; and

.4 the operating crew only.

4.7.6 Lifeboat fittings

Each free-fall lifeboat shall be fitted with a release system which shall:

.1 have two independent activation systems for the release mechanisms which may only be
operated from inside the lifeboat and be marked in a colour that contrasts with its
surroundings;

.2 be so arranged as to release the boat under any condition of loading from no load up to at
least 200% of the normal load caused by the fully equipped lifeboat when loaded with the
number of persons for which it is to be approved;

*
Refer to the damage stability requirements of the International Code for the Construction
and Equipment of Ships Carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk (IBC Code), adopted by
the Maritime Safety Committee by resolution MSC.4(48) and the International Code for
the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Liquefied Gases in Bulk (IGC Code),
adopted by the Maritime Safety Committee by resolution MSC.5(48).
 Page 41

.3 be adequately protected against accidental or premature use;

.4 be designed to test the release system without launching the lifeboat; and

.5 be designed with a factor of safety of 6 based on the ultimate strength of the materials
used.

4.7.7 Certificate of approval

In addition to the requirements of paragraph 4.4.1.2 the certificate of approval for a free-fall
lifeboat shall also state:

- free-fall certification height;

- required launching ramp length; and

- launching ramp angle for the free-fall certification height.

4.8 Lifeboats with a self-contained air support system

In addition to complying with the requirements of section 4.6 or 4.7, as applicable, a lifeboat
with a self-contained air support system shall be so arranged that, when proceeding with all entrances and
openings closed, the air in the lifeboat remains safe and breathable and the engine runs normally for a
period of not less than 10 min. During this period the atmospheric pressure inside the lifeboat shall never
fall below the outside atmospheric pressure nor shall it exceed it by more than 20 hPa. The system shall
have visual indicators to indicate the pressure of the air supply at all times.

4.9 Fire-protected lifeboats

4.9.1 In addition to complying with the requirements of section 4.8, a fire-protected lifeboat when
waterborne shall be capable of protecting the number of persons it is permitted to accommodate when
subjected to a continuous oil fire that envelops the lifeboat for a period of not less than 8 min.

4.9.2 Water spray system

A lifeboat which has a water spray fire-protection system shall comply with the following:

.1 water for the system shall be drawn from the sea by a self-priming motor pump. It shall
be possible to turn "on" and turn "off" the flow of water over the exterior of the lifeboat;

.2 the seawater intake shall be so arranged as to prevent the intake of flammable liquids
from the sea surface; and

.3 the system shall be arranged for flushing with fresh water and allowing complete
drainage.
Page 42

CHAPTER V - RESCUE BOATS

5.1 Rescue boats

5.1.1 General requirements

5.1.1.1 Except as provided by this section, all rescue boats shall comply with the requirements of
paragraphs 4.4.1 to 4.4.7.4 inclusive and 4.4.7.6, 4.4.7.7, 4.4.7.9, 4.4.7.10 and 4.4.9. A lifeboat may be
approved and used as a rescue boat if it meets all of the requirements of this section, if it successfully
completes the testing for a rescue boat required in regulation III/4.2, and if its stowage, launching and
recovery arrangements on the ship meet all of the requirements for a rescue boat.

5.1.1.2 Notwithstanding the requirements of paragraph 4.4.4 required buoyant material for rescue boats
may be installed external to the hull, provided it is adequately protected against damage and is capable of
withstanding exposure as specified in paragraph 5.1.3.3 .

5.1.1.3 Rescue boats may be either of rigid or inflated construction or a combination of both and shall:

.1 be not less than 3.8 m and not more than 8.5 m in length; and

.2 be capable of carrying at least five seated persons and a person lying on a stretcher.
Notwithstanding paragraph 4.4.1.5, seating, except for the helmsman, may be provided on
the floor, provided that the seating space analysis in accordance with paragraph 4.4.2.2.2
uses shapes similar to figure 1 , but altered to an overall length of 1190 mm to provide for
extended legs. No part of a seating space shall be on the gunwale, transom, or on inflated
buoyancy at the sides of the boat.

5.1.1.4 Rescue boats which are a combination of rigid and inflated construction shall comply with the
appropriate requirements of this section to the satisfaction of the Administration.

5.1.1.5 Unless the rescue boat has adequate sheer, it shall be provided with a bow cover extending for
not less than 15% of its length.

5.1.1.6 Rescue boats shall be capable of manoeuvring at a speed of at least 6 knots and maintaining that
speed for a period of at least 4 h.

5.1.1.7 Rescue boats shall have sufficient mobility and manoeuvrability in a seaway to enable persons to
be retrieved from the water, marshal liferafts and tow the largest liferaft carried on the ship when loaded
with its full complement of persons and equipment or its equivalent at a speed of at least 2 knots.

5.1.1.8 A rescue boat shall be fitted with an inboard engine or outboard motor. If it is fitted with an
outboard motor, the rudder and tiller may form part of the engine. Notwithstanding the requirements of
paragraph 4.4.6.1 , petrol-driven outboard engines with an approved fuel system may be fitted in rescue
boats provided the fuel tanks are specially protected against fire and explosion.

5.1.1.9 Arrangements for towing shall be permanently fitted in rescue boats and shall be sufficiently
strong to marshal or tow liferafts as required by paragraph 5.1.1.7.
 Page 43

5.1.1.10 Unless expressly provided otherwise, every rescue boat shall be provided with effective means
of bailing or be automatically self-bailing.

5.1.1.11 Rescue boats shall be fitted with weathertight stowage for small items of equipment.

5.1.2 Rescue boat equipment

5.1.2.1 All items of rescue boat equipment, with the exception of boat-hooks which shall be kept free for
fending off purposes, shall be secured within the rescue boat by lashings, storage in lockers or
compartments, storage in brackets or similar mounting arrangements, or other suitable means. The
equipment shall be secured in such a manner as not to interfere with any launching or recovery
procedures. All items of rescue boat equipment shall be as small and of as little mass as possible and shall
be packed in suitable and compact form.

5.1.2.2 The normal equipment of every rescue boat shall consist of:

.1 sufficient buoyant oars or paddles to make headway in calm seas. Thole pins, crutches or
equivalent arrangements shall be provided for each oar. Thole pins or crutches shall be
attached to the boat by lanyards or chains;

.2 a buoyant bailer;

.3 a binnacle containing an efficient compass which is luminous or provided with suitable

means of illumination;

.4 a sea-anchor and tripping line if fitted with a hawser of adequate strength not less than 10
m in length;

.5 a painter of sufficient length and strength, attached to the release device complying with
the requirements of paragraph 4.4.7.7 and placed at the forward end of the rescue boat;

.6 one buoyant line, not less than 50 m in length, of sufficient strength to tow a liferaft as
required by paragraph 5.1.1.7;

.7 one waterproof electric torch suitable for Morse signalling, together with one spare set of
batteries and one spare bulb in a waterproof container;

.8 one whistle or equivalent sound signal;

.9 a first-aid outfit in a waterproof case capable of being closed tightly after use;

.10 two buoyant rescue quoits, attached to not less than 30 m of buoyant line;

.11 a searchlight with a horizontal and vertical sector of at least 6° and a measured luminous
intensity of 2500 cd which can work continuously for not less than 3 h;

.12 an efficient radar reflector;

Page 44

.13 thermal protective aids complying with the requirements of section 2.5 sufficient for 10%
of the number of persons the rescue boat is permitted to accommodate or two, whichever
is the greater; and

.14 portable fire-extinguishing equipment of an approved type suitable for extinguishing oil
fires.*

5.1.2.3 In addition to the equipment required by paragraph 5.1.2.2, the normal equipment of every rigid
rescue boat shall include:

.1 a boat-hook;
.2 a bucket; and
.3 a knife or hatchet.

5.1.2.4 In addition to the equipment required by paragraph 5.1.2.2, the normal equipment of every
inflated rescue boat shall consist of:

.1 a buoyant safety knife;

.2 two sponges;
.3 an efficient manually operated bellows or pump;
.4 a repair kit in a suitable container for repairing punctures; and
.5 a safety boat-hook.

5.1.3 Additional requirements for inflated rescue boats

5.1.3.1 The requirements of paragraphs 4.4.1.4 and 4.4.1.6 do not apply to inflated rescue boats.

5.1.3.2 An inflated rescue boat shall be constructed in such a way that, when suspended by its bridle or
lifting hook:

.1 it is of sufficient strength and rigidity to enable it to be lowered and recovered with its full
complement of persons and equipment;

.2 it is of sufficient strength to withstand a load of 4 times the mass of its full complement of
persons and equipment at an ambient temperature of 20 ± 3°C, with all relief valves
inoperative; and

*
Refer to the Revised Guidelines for Marine Portable Fire Extinguishers, adopted by the
Organization by resolution A.602(15).
 Page 45

.3 it is of sufficient strength to withstand a load of 1.1 times the mass of its full complement
of persons and equipment at an ambient temperature of -30°C, with all relief valves
operative.

5.1.3.3 Inflated rescue boats shall be so constructed as to be capable of withstanding exposure:

.1 when stowed on an open deck on a ship at sea;

.2 for 30 days afloat in all sea conditions.

5.1.3.4 In addition to complying with the requirements of paragraph 4.4.9 , inflated rescue boats shall be
marked with a serial number, the maker's name or trade mark and the date of manufacture.

5.1.3.5 The buoyancy of an inflated rescue boat shall be provided by either a single tube subdivided into
at least five separate compartments of approximately equal volume or two separate tubes neither
exceeding 60% of the total volume. The buoyancy tubes shall be so arranged that the intact compartments
shall be able to support the number of persons which the rescue boat is permitted to accommodate, each
having a mass of 75 kg, when seated in their normal positions with positive freeboard over the rescue
boat's entire periphery under the following conditions:

.1 with the forward buoyancy compartment deflated;

.2 with the entire buoyancy on one side of the rescue boat deflated; and
.3 with the entire buoyancy on one side and the bow compartment deflated.
5.1.3.6 The buoyancy tubes forming the boundary of the inflated rescue boat shall on inflation provide a
volume of not less than 0.17 m3 for each person the rescue boat is permitted to accommodate.

5.1.3.7 Each buoyancy compartment shall be fitted with a nonreturn valve for manual inflation and
means for deflation. A safety relief valve shall also be fitted unless the Administration is satisfied that
such an appliance is unnecessary.

5.1.3.8 Underneath the bottom and on vulnerable places on the outside of the inflated rescue boat,
rubbing strips shall be provided to the satisfaction of the Administration.

5.1.3.9 Where a transom is fitted it shall not be inset by more than 20% of the overall length of the
rescue boat.

5.1.3.10 Suitable patches shall be provided for securing the painters fore and aft and the becketed
lifelines inside and outside the boat.

5.1.3.11 The inflated rescue boat shall be maintained at all times in a fully inflated condition.
Page 46

CHAPTER VI - LAUNCHING AND EMBARKATION APPLIANCES

6.1 Launching and embarkation appliances

6.1.1 General requirements

6.1.1.1 With the exception of the secondary means of launching for free-fall lifeboats, each launching
appliance shall be so arranged that the fully equipped survival craft or rescue boat it serves can be safely
launched against unfavourable conditions of trim of up 10° and list of up to 20° either way:

.1 when boarded, as required by regulation III/23 or III/33, by its full complement of

persons; and

.2 with not more than the required operating crew on board.

6.1.1.2 Notwithstanding the requirements of paragraph 6.1.1.1, lifeboat launching appliances for oil
tankers, chemical tankers and gas carriers with a final angle of heel greater than 20° calculated in
accordance with the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as
modified by the Protocol of 1978 relating thereto and the recommendations of the Organization*, as
applicable, shall be capable of operating at the final angle of heel on the lower side of the ship taking into
consideration the final damaged waterline of the ship.

6.1.1.3 A launching appliance shall not depend on any means other than gravity or stored mechanical
power which is independent of the ship's power supplies to launch the survival craft or rescue boat it
serves in the fully loaded and equipped condition and also in the light condition.

6.1.1.4 Each launching appliance shall be so constructed that only a minimum amount of routine
maintenance is necessary. All parts requiring regular maintenance by the ship's crew shall be readily
accessible and easily maintained.

6.1.1.5 The launching appliance and its attachments other than winch brakes shall be of sufficient
strength to withstand a static proof load on test of not less than 2.2 times the maximum working load.

6.1.1.6 Structural members and all blocks, falls, padeyes, links, fastenings and all other fittings used in
connection with launching equipment shall be designed with a factor of safety on the basis of the
maximum working load assigned and the ultimate strengths of the materials used for construction. A

*
Refer to the damage stability requirements of the International Code for the Construction
and Equipment of Ships Carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk (IBC Code), adopted by
the Maritime Safety Committee by resolution MSC.4(48) and the International Code for
the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Liquefied Gases in Bulk (IGC Code),
adopted by the Maritime Safety Committee by resolution MSC.5(48).
 Page 47

minimum factor of safety of 4.5 shall be applied to all structural members, and a minimum factor of safety
of 6 shall be applied to falls, suspension chains, links and blocks.

6.1.1.7 Each launching appliance shall, as far as practicable, remain effective under conditions of icing.

6.1.1.8 A lifeboat launching appliance shall be capable of recovering the lifeboat with its crew.

6.1.1.9 Each rescue boat launching appliance shall be fitted with a powered winch motor capable of
raising the rescue boat from the water with its full rescue boat complement of persons and equipment at a
rate of not less than 0.3 m/s.

6.1.1.10 The arrangements of the launching appliance shall be such as to enable safe boarding of the
survival craft in accordance with the requirements of paragraphs 4.1.4.2, 4.1.4.3, 4.4.3.1 and 4.4.3.2 .

6.1.2 Launching appliances using falls and a winch

6.1.2.1 Every launching appliance using falls and a winch, except for secondary launching appliances for
free-fall lifeboats, shall comply with the requirements of paragraph 6.1.1 and in addition shall comply
with the requirements of this paragraph:

6.1.2.2 The launching mechanism shall be so arranged that it may be actuated by one person from a
position on the ship's deck and, except for secondary launching appliances for free-fall lifeboats, from a
position within the survival craft or rescue boat. When launched by a person on the deck, the survival
craft or rescue boat shall be visible to that person.

6.1.2.3 Falls shall be of rotation resistant and corrosion resistant steel wire rope.

6.1.2.4 In the case of a multiple drum winch, unless an efficient compensatory device is fitted, the falls
shall be so arranged as to wind off the drums at the same rate when lowering, and to wind on to the drums
evenly at the same rate when hoisting.

6.1.2.5 The winch brakes of a launching appliance shall be of sufficient strength to withstand:

.1 a static test with a proof load of not less than 1.5 times the maximum working load; and

.2 a dynamic test with a proof load of not less than 1.1 times the maximum working load at
maximum lowering speed.

6.1.2.6 An efficient hand gear shall be provided for recovery of each survival craft and rescue boat.
Hand gear handles or wheels shall not be rotated by moving parts of the winch when the survival craft or
rescue boat is being lowered or when it is being hoisted by power.

6.1.2.7 Where davit arms are recovered by power, safety devices shall be fitted which will automatically
cut off the power before the davit arms reach the stops in order to prevent overstressing the falls or davits,
unless the motor is designed to prevent such overstressing.

6.1.2.8 The speed at which the fully loaded survival craft or rescue boat is lowered to the water shall not
be less than that obtained from the formula:
Page 48

S = 0.4 + 0.02H

where S is the lowering speed in metres per second and H is the height in metres from the davit
head to the waterline with the ship at the lightest sea-going condition.

6.1.2.9 The lowering speed of a fully equipped liferaft without persons onboard shall be to the
satisfaction of the Administration. The lowering speed of other survival craft, fully equipped but without
persons on board, shall be at least 70% of that required by paragraph 6.1.2.8.

6.1.2.10 The maximum lowering speed shall be established by the Administration having regard to the
design of the survival craft or rescue boat, the protection of its occupants from excessive forces, and the
strength of the launching arrangements taking into account inertia forces during an emergency stop.
Means shall be incorporated in the appliance to ensure that this speed is not exceeded.

6.1.2.11 Every launching appliance shall be fitted with brakes capable of stopping the descent of the
survival craft or rescue boat and holding it securely when loaded with its full complement of persons and
equipment; brake pads shall, where necessary, be protected from water and oil.

6.1.2.12 Manual brakes shall be so arranged that the brake is always applied unless the operator, or a
mechanism activated by the operator, holds the brake control in the "off" position.

6.1.3 Float-free launching

Where a survival craft requires a launching appliance and is also designed to float free, the
float-free release of the survival craft from its stowed position shall be automatic.

6.1.4 Launching appliances for free-fall lifeboats

6.1.4.1 Every free-fall launching appliance shall comply with the applicable requirements of
paragraph 6.1.1 and, in addition, shall comply with the requirements of this paragraph.

6.1.4.2 The launching appliance shall be designed and installed so that it and the lifeboat it serves
operate as a system to protect the occupants from harmful acceleration forces as required by
paragraph 4.7.5 , and to ensure effective clearing of the ship as required by paragraphs 4.7.3.1 and 4.7.3.2.
6.1.4.3 The launching appliance shall be constructed so as to prevent sparking and incendiary friction
during the launching of the lifeboat.

6.1.4.4 The launching appliance shall be designed and arranged so that in its ready to launch position, the
distance from the lowest point on the lifeboat it serves to the water surface with the ship in its lightest
seagoing condition does not exceed the lifeboat's free-fall certification height, taking into consideration
the requirements of paragraph 4.7.3.

6.1.4.5 The launching appliance shall be arranged so as to preclude accidental release of the lifeboat in
its unattended stowed position. If the means provided to secure the lifeboat cannot be released from
inside the lifeboat, it shall be so arranged as to preclude boarding the lifeboat without first releasing it.
 Page 49

6.1.4.6 The release mechanism shall be arranged so that at least two independent actions from inside the
lifeboat are required in order to launch the lifeboat.

6.1.4.7 Each launching appliance shall be provided with a secondary means to launch the lifeboat by
falls. Such means shall comply with the requirements of paragraph 6.1.1 (except 6.1.1.3) and paragraph
6.1.2 (except 6.1.2.6). It must be capable of launching the lifeboat against unfavourable conditions of trim
of up to only 2° and list of up to only 5° either way and it need not comply with the speed requirements of
paragraphs 6.1.2.8 and 6.1.2.9. If the secondary launching appliance is not dependent on gravity, stored
mechanical power or other manual means, the launching appliance shall be connected both to the ship's
main and emergency power supplies.

6.1.4.8 The secondary means of launching shall be equipped with at least a single off-load capability to
release the lifeboat.

6.1.5 Liferaft launching appliances

Every liferaft launching appliance shall comply with the requirements of paragraphs 6.1.1
and 6.1.2, except with regard to embarkation in the stowed position, recovery of the loaded liferaft and
that manual operation is permitted for turning out the appliance. The launching appliance shall include
an automatic release hook arranged so as to prevent premature release during lowering and shall release
the liferaft when waterborne. The release hook shall include a capability to release the hook under load.
The on-load release control shall:

.1 be clearly differentiated from the control which activates the automatic release function;

.2 require at least two separate actions to operate;

.3 with a load of 150 kg on the hook, require a force of at least 600 and not more than 700 N
to release the load, or provide equivalent adequate protection against inadvertent release
of the hook; and

.4 be designed such that the crew members on deck can clearly observe when the release
mechanism is properly and completely set.

6.1.6 Embarkation ladders

6.1.6.1 Handholds shall be provided to ensure a safe passage from the deck to the head of the ladder and
vice versa.

6.1.6.2 The steps of the ladder shall be:

.1 made of hardwood, free from knots or other irregularities, smoothly machined and free
from sharp edges and splinters, or of suitable material of equivalent properties;

.2 provided with an efficient nonslip surface either by longitudinal grooving or by the

application of an approved nonslip coating;

.3 not less than 480 mm long, 115 mm wide and 25 mm in depth, excluding any nonslip
Page 50

surface or coating; and

.4 equally spaced not less than 300 mm or more than 380 mm apart and secured in such a
manner that they will remain horizontal.

6.1.6.3 The side ropes of the ladder shall consist of two uncovered manila ropes not less than 65 mm in
circumference on each side. Each rope shall be continuous with no joints below the top step. Other
materials may be used provided the dimensions, breaking strain, weathering, stretching and gripping
properties are at least equivalent to those of manila rope. All rope ends shall be secured to prevent
unravelling.

6.2 Marine evacuation systems

6.2.1 Construction of the marine evacuation systems

6.2.1.1 The passage of the marine evacuation system shall provide for safe descent of persons of various
ages, sizes and physical capabilities wearing approved lifejackets from the embarkation station to the
floating platform or survival craft.

6.2.1.2 Strength and construction of the passage and platform shall be to the satisfaction of the
Administration.

6.2.1.3 The platform if fitted shall be:

.1 such that sufficient buoyancy will be provided for the working load. In the case of an
inflatable platform, the main buoyancy chambers, which for this purpose shall include any
thwarts or floor inflatable structural members are to meet the requirements of section 4.2
based upon the platform capacity except that the capacity shall be obtained by dividing by
0.25 the usable area given in paragraph 6.2.1.3.3;

.2 stable in a seaway and provide a safe working area for the system operators;

.3 of sufficient area that will provide for the securing of at least two liferafts for boarding
and to accommodate at least the number of persons that at any time are expected to be on
the platform. This usable platform area shall be at least equal to:

20% of total number of persons that the Marine Evacuation System is certificated for 2
m
4

or 10 m2, whichever is the greater. However, Administrations may approve alternate

arrangements which are demonstrated to comply with all the prescribed performance
requirements*.

*
Refer to the Recommendation on Testing of Life-saving appliances adopted by the
Organization by resolution A.689(17), as it may be amended.
 Page 51

.4 self draining;

.5 sub-divided in such a way that the loss of gas from any one compartment will not restrict
its operational use as a means of evacuation. The buoyancy tubes shall be sub-divided or
protected against damage occuring from contact with the ship's side;

.6 fitted with a stabilizing system to the satisfaction of the Administration;

.7 restrained by a bowsing line or other positioning systems which are designed to deploy
automatically and if necessary, to be capable of being adjusted to the position required for
evacuation; and

.8 provided with mooring and bowsing line patches of sufficient strength to securely attach
the largest inflatable liferaft associated with the system.

6.2.1.4 If the passage gives direct access to the survival craft, it should be provided with a quick release
arrangement.

6.2.2 Performance of the marine evacuation system

6.2.2.1 A marine evacuation system shall be:

.1 capable of deployment by one person;

.2 such as to enable the total number of persons for which it is designed, to be transferred
from the ship into the inflated liferafts within a period of 30 min in the case of a
passenger ship and of 10 min in the case of a cargo ship from the time abandon ship
signal is given;

.3 arranged such that liferafts may be securely attached to the platform and released from the
platform by a person either in the liferaft or on the platform;

.4 capable of being deployed from the ship under unfavourable conditions of trim of up to
10° and list of up to 20° either way;

.5 in the case of being fitted with an inclined slide, such that the angle of the slide to the
horizontal is:

.1 within a range of 30° to 35° when the ship is upright and in the lightest sea-going
condition; and

.2 in the case of a passenger ship, a maximum of 55° in the final stage of flooding
set by the requirements in regulation II-1/8;

.6 evaluated for capacity by means of timed evacuation deployments conducted in harbour;

.7 capable of providing a satisfactory means of evacuation in a sea state associated with a

wind of force 6 on the Beaufort scale;
Page 52

.8 designed to, as far as practicable, remain effective under conditions of icing; and

.9 so constructed that only a minimum amount of routine maintenance is necessary. Any

part requiring maintenance by the ship's crews shall be readily accessible and easily
maintained.

6.2.2.2 Where one or more marine evacuation systems are provided on a ship, at least 50% of such
systems shall be subjected to a trial deployment after installation. Subject to these deployments being
satisfactory, the untried systems are to be deployed within 12 months of installation.

6.2.3 Inflatable liferafts associated with marine evacuation systems

Any inflatable liferaft used in conjunction with the marine evacuation system shall:

.1 conform with the requirements of section 4.2 ;

.2 be sited close to the system container but be capable of dropping clear of the deployed
system and boarding platform;

.3 be capable of release one at a time from its stowage rack with arrangements which will
enable it to be moored alongside the platform;

.4 be stowed in accordance with regulation III/13.4; and

.5 be provided with pre-connected or easily connected retrieving lines to the platform.

6.2.4 Containers for marine evacuation systems

6.2.4.1 The evacuation passage and platform shall be packed in a container that is:

.1 so constructed as to withstand hard wear under conditions encountered at sea; and

.2 as far as practicable watertight, except for drain holes in the container bottom.

6.2.4.2 The container shall be marked with:

.1 maker's name or trade mark;

.2 serial number;

.3 name of approval authority and the capacity of the system;

.4 SOLAS;

.5 date of manufacture (month and year);

.6 date and place of last service;

 Page 53

.7 maximum permitted height of stowage above waterline; and

.8 stowage position on board.

6.2.4.3 Launching and operating instructions shall be marked on or in the vicinity of the container.

6.2.5 Marking on marine evacuation systems

The marine evacuation system shall be marked with:

.1 maker's name or trade mark;
.2 serial number;
.3 date of manufacture (month and year);
.4 name of approving authority;
.5 name and place of servicing station where it was last serviced, along with the date of
servicing; and
.6 the capacity of the system.
Page 54

CHAPTER VII - OTHER LIFE-SAVING APPLIANCES

7.1 Line-throwing appliances

7.1.1 Every line-throwing appliance shall:

.1 be capable of throwing a line with reasonable accuracy;

.2 include not less than four projectiles each capable of carrying the line at least 230 m in
calm weather;

.3 include not less than four lines each having a breaking strength of not less than 2 kN; and

.4 have brief instructions or diagrams clearly illustrating the use of the line-throwing
appliance.

7.1.2 The rocket, in the case of a pistol-fired rocket, or the assembly, in the case of an integral rocket
and line, shall be contained in a water-resistant casing. In addition, in the case of a pistol-fired rocket, the
line and rockets together with the means of ignition shall be stowed in a container which provides
protection from the weather.

7.2 General alarm and public address system

7.2.1 General emergency alarm system

7.2.1.1 The general emergency alarm system shall be capable of sounding the general emergency alarm
signal consisting of seven or more short blasts followed by one long blast on the ship's whistle or siren
and additionally on an electrically operated bell or klaxon or other equivalent warning system, which shall
be powered from the ship's main supply and the emergency source of electrical power required by
regulation II-1/42 or II-1/43, as appropriate. The system shall be capable of operation from the navigation
bridge and, except for the ship's whistle, also from other strategic points. The system shall be audible
throughout all the accommodation and normal crew working spaces. The alarm shall continue to function
after it has been triggered until it is manually turned off or is temporarily interrupted by a message on the
public address system.

7.2.1.2 The minimum sound pressure levels for the emergency alarm tone in interior and exterior spaces
shall be 80 dB (A) and at least 10 dB (A) above ambient noise levels existing during normal equipment
operation with the ship underway in moderate weather. In cabins without a loudspeaker installation, an
electronic alarm transducer shall be installed, e.g. a buzzer or similar.

7.2.1.3 The sound pressure levels at the sleeping position in cabins and in cabin bathrooms shall be at
least 75 dB (A) and at least 10 dB (A) above ambient noise levels.*

*
Refer to the Code on Alarms and Indicators , 1995, adopted by the Organization by
resolution A.830(19).
 Page 55

7.2.2 Public address system

7.2.2.1 The public address system shall be a loudspeaker installation enabling the broadcast of messages
into all spaces where crew members or passengers, or both, are normally present, and to muster stations.
It shall allow for the broadcast of messages from the navigation bridge and such other places on board the
ship as the Administration deems necessary. It shall be installed with regard to acoustically marginal
conditions and not require any action from the addressee. It shall be protected against unauthorized use.

7.2.2.2 With the ship underway in normal conditions, the minimum sound pressure levels for
broadcasting emergency announcements shall be:

.1 in interior spaces 75 dB (A) and at least 20 dB (A) above the speech interference level;
and

.2 in exterior spaces 80 dB (A) and at least 15 dB (A) above the speech interference level.

***