RADAR & NAVIGATIONAL AIDS. wan Bol ols) qj 1 Introduction Working Principle of Radar, Radar Frequencies, Radar Equation, Minimum detectable signal, integration of radar pulses, Pulse repetition frequency and range ambiguities, Applications of Radar. Radar systems Elementary Radar signal processing, RADAR cross section, RADAR detection, range & Doppler measurements, tracking, CW Radar ‘The Doppler Effect, FM-CW radar- Multiple frequency radar , MT Radar- Principle, Delay line cancellers- Staggered PRF, MTI-Pulse Doppler radar- Tacking Radar ~ Sequential lobing- Conical Scan- Monopulse - Acquisition- Comparison of Track. Detection of Radar signals in noise Matched filter criterion-detection criterion - Extraction of information and waveform design , Propagation of radar waves -Radar clutter Navigation Aids Radio Direction Finding - The Loop Antenna - Loop Input Circuits - An Aural Null Direction Finder - The Goniometer - Errors in Direction Finding - Adcock Direction Finders - Direction Finding at Very High Frequencies - Automatic Direction Finders - ‘The Commutated Aerial Direction Finder - Range and Accuracy of Direction Finders Radio Ranges - The LE/MF Four course Radio Range - VHF Omni Direétional Range(VOR) - VOR Receiving Equipment - Range and Accuracy of VOR - Recent Developments. Global Positioning System (GPS) Books Recommended: 2 3. 4 5, Skolnik, “Introduction to Radar Systems”, Tata McGraw Hill. Peyton Z. Peebles, Jr, “Radar Principles”, John Wiley and Sons (2004). Nagaraja, “Electronic Navigation”, Tata McGraw Hill. : M.Skolnik, Introduction to Radar system, McGraw Hill 2002. ;- RJ Sullivan, Radar foundation for imaging & advanced concepts, PHI, 2004,-Unitt=_Introducti 31-820 Radax Applications , Polarization. 14-94-20. Max: unambiguous. Range. , Raclan. Equation, 28c%-2m | Roden equabien —-29=9-90_| hntegnditi t—talo=20 | i = Unit-3 Cw Radax Date Descrpdon ____|_FassUNIT-1 INTRODUCTION, IN RADAR- RAdin Detection And Ranging Radar an le Dus meg netic Austen for the detection and | dovattin of tflecting objects auch ar abecraft, Arid » | spac craft, Lebv'etor, people and the natoral nwhorment |e Radon Resta cg nificant militaxy dmpact . Tt Aat growin: | Rumbo of civd applications. Toajet ae ofglen aren ‘tangeti?, Varisty of Raslon Applications - : 5. Guound-Based, Stationary ? Nonoastatic -tplocatid Tk, Rx “Gril: vxathr radars radan. artronomy tiofhic conbeol mvernat SAR C Sgrcthattic Apvivu Rewlord). sMibitooy t aix olperus, missile oles, purimetix oleferas SMulthistalic — multiple Tk e Rx, atpaxatid * Geil - siadar aBiencrny : * MiliKary ~ abe lepers Cherm) missile oleperre 5 Jorbilgnby jaye anne I Guwund— ing nodar.- Thus ren hulp “che de vin oho ground cles JK zoatix o& minerals. Dr qouverts fiw nved ok digging hate toon echo ain j » 6 Gyl- ax Uktolo gy gia Aotunding *Militany — dinrelidsbedtion , Land mine olitection” A Abbooue (spanbounnr'S Thur axe dom or platiu installed OA space crate, AUMfAC a5 Monostatic— Civil ~ cotliston aveidants altimater, imaging (SAR) peg fomete ey Sea Corns ter Military aedich" onl Dede fuzing Imaging Haregeking navigation Jntuefurerr ic SAR >plarlory explenahion geAdiibutis of Radar - + Long Ran + ALE HU “dD ay / Night . at! spa cloeclion & Reasonably + against Courttin map awrer Pracliral puguiney ange $100 Miz de, OG Hz 8-94-20 anmel) mitted ah ar | [Tina mater camper )s | rokuwA b ee | Tanget Elke aignal | and he iripeenitten Reflated Tadse @chra ck on Range Jo toxgek ———> g Fouguency (1) = Spusd ef Bight Coord) Avaya toavelengin AC Las a pus of get c= axioom/s Phase and Amplitude “/ a> Asin® bh ] \ 1 . OTK. => pain (0-90) . IO pha oA obyeetPotoszation enc doy py: Th polarization of a wat Mobilt Communicahon IEEE Standand RADAR Bands Tobte |.1 HF 3-30 MHz vOG 30-300 MHz Seanch Radans UHF 300M H2- IHe L-Band 1- 2GRz > SACK: ‘ S-Band 2-4 itz Search awd X> Band 8 = Oe ; Ku-fand 12-18 GiHe. Fin Control & A Rend 18-1) GH2 Imaging — o- Bom 21-40 He Misstb Seekers W- Band 4YO—l00% (aR C-Band 4-8 Gz { Track RodanRADAR Blovk Diagnam 8 RADAR ae Equation A> Antenna turd ©- Taxoet 7 Gross Secti. Ps Tronsrat meek ie : 2 R> Distona Received Aegnat —

Round Drip tim Mayimum Unamlyiguou Range — Onu a signal ik radiated ine spac by th: nadax, Suffident Hime must taps do able dhe tcho signals do rutunn do Fe Zadar tuber jh nut pubbe is Dian mitted - Th St ine ehotin pula Tp is Jeo shod, an echo ognad from a dong range target ight aware auive after Aned pur. And be mistake avodiated vith that pulse rathur than de pul nathyr than dhe actual pulse tram mitted eanlior 14~9-20 This’ results in an. unambiguous of: inconnect _maaurument Th angst buyond which Largat apypuan as Atusrnd —Hre— onound echoes is He max. _wunombi guout mange: Run = ce Th? pult rupabhion Byes — 78, ttn “ tows ‘Radar Gw% Section of 3 toe "Tneidawt % RES = Rabbeted 3 te pou o powtr 2 Wepem PRPC; \ deusity ‘ T7100 boo ¢ (Wotts/mr) Gar) Cwatt) ok RES L the effective ovoss-Aectonal ala “of ah “target as sun by RADAR, ~ Tongsts that eu fuuher than hat’ thr pulse period yed ambiguous range Peruth Pubes _Compoursin’ AMAA X & = 180. rm. Aint» acpulat coon be very Long, it Leer 2 dow not allow accumate rary mearwument . Sotubion: ust a pulse with changing Prrqueny aud Aigne Meus using ‘mat ced Pebter Moatded A <=> ee > \ PA)© Bandwidth One ent High wt » € oe ag Fh cenpinad Ee i oP sh Tim Range : Tine Romgs.- Bi Lemp rus tin the pubs, doe qe oo pule with vary ¢ \ aes ead Juna swe haut Aor Boamduwiclh in bye out | Binie the bogek might have vasdout smett oud Large frou on id sunpou, te Hay com interno with Ha corrteponoling w Hy, gel matwrn on echo, Thur, dts tongak Aunfeu con | 44 appro rimedid butler. | § = 9-20 _ Wide Band Target | Profi | , Signals in noi | Detethin of ignals in noise DD SS | PR XA | vou Neh (x30) dis Gel & pubie aight nas ult in purer LUM tran dium OS Arushold . ‘this cam Ue solutd . Se wiry Ghineut Integration ae : Tess Rignals ort same eath tm. Relative” Ronge Crs) Sop when ant added, Ut gt Ghret Aignal cu) eo ta diffount each First ond com ectdil Jincohuuuctly . haus ~ bing athe owog. of He odded stanal, wt Com how ty taayer suaponar — grtattn than +h dhueshetd.Doppler Foug weno Ahifts ete a é a Ca of Qe Set... cL _> a | . ey % al ce 3 wh Motion away! Echo Fougusnug - Motion Towards : Edro ceouw cats Fonequen cy In CLaAL 4 Ahiftid frug une Fof2 > bn Adobe Dopplr Cou dlp Aipanclt things thot | aie feoving from things thot ant not. ectig Cutter clopplen Sp Poladive power CB) (3 Blodk dliagroum of a Convertional pulse RADAR With a Aupwr hitho dy ne TU UWiver Ofeesoesogacone vlodiy Cena) Ard dona dow-neist RE amphifion Mier Fl Masded amp. | Pater 2d date— Video| | |Trowrheld oe ; of an I ya decision [ (2 Radian Equation - Tt vulats ake range oo RADAR A ae choracdodsha of, a ronsmitter, rraiven, antenna, target & enainonment . Tu not vadul for ditermining tht maximum range ot whith o Pah cular RADAR cam cletect @ dorget _ ot At cam Avwe Osa means fon unchins tam ding she factons offering nadar purformenccm " Foun clunaily at Rage R ‘Prom aa an “Isotropic pees P= Pe wettyee® “aire PR > dros mitted power nadiatid by an igcteepic antenna ae > AwiPau aus ofan imaginasy phos of reds R! Howes, Rada ane clinechive antenna Crarvure Bandwidth), Ao, ke goin of an antenna is a meas of, the inowased Power clensity radiated in some direction as compared to the postr clans itiy thet. would appear in that dincton from an dsctropuc antenna. The, mactmum gat ef ex antenna 9 : Cr = mx pre nadichd by a diudiw Jonkenns power density nadkiafid Jy’ berrtss ‘isotropic antenna with vi Aame pou Ypy = Foe clensity at range R prom a dindive antenna P= AG 28-49-20 Target inter capls a portion ef dh inudaut envegy amd su-nadicdu ik in Various diuchom © > target /nadan — Lwvss archion - Cm*) © determin dh power ders uy rehernid dy dh Hasan Poe ox pants! AG. power lensidy inddamt on the Thin ne nadieded power 4a Renae (RG nicl 1s -@) UR Ure : 7 Fowes — puceived naday Caportion df echo energy) = in dle me olemsity x But ana Ae +f, auuiving ardeane Be= & Sa Adenna — aperou eB ficiency A> Physical Aven 7 z Rome \-€ a os ie Fo = Ae = 1h Cum)'R') das of Th may range ch RADAR Rmgy? is Ie distance Leyend which Se Con not ke oketeched- TD fe _datechabl signal 2s th : y bar Minyn DRaue 2 rene) -® foie YT Spin Rosai ee udTmportont Ppanametins : > Tranamilting ontenna lain 12 = Receiving effective aun. i ‘a Po har be not Len sneufied as eituy avoraye oh prak porsen. Ip depends om Aro ‘Smnin! Ut oltined. However Bou, P= Rak Ren. TH vame antenna 24 astd for oth Te & Ry as tb is atsuably in PADAE, Other forms of RADAR equah‘on! — Rmay = [ Rotate My pubstitubing Cun)? Smnin fe = (Addo. 74 suubatifuding 4 ATS nay, Raver Newt and SNR- At micw wave Prequmney, tre nove with which Pe t echo signal compte is us uably generated vi tn She. Re itself. Even if tis bould Le puvented +4 pentict Apeguemay Aignal, noise with ARM be | trou — thermal pour or Technion noise | Bandwidth omd absolute temp. of the \ Ohmic. perbens cf, te del. Availabe Thermal Nous Power = KT B, n Ts ctemp ¢ Kelvin) K Qotle man's lonabant = 38x 10? T/elgk B,> Bw CH2) Coie Barnduitin) Pvaitab 5 davia a optrated with a mabe ip & & matded Dood . Ta BWot superhetindyne Re a tutem = BWep IF amphi Pion. Moist Bandwidth PH) "ae tate TN Saat oe aoe 8 [real Fruguoy 1 \ . Jrtap ease eb By F Hall, Power Bw = 3d Bw Fin ab IF amp. : Subponse The noise BW By us te OW dhe Qquivalent sictanpulan Rbter whose nese power ofp » ty sme ast Bi with Preguemey mMpense cH) Bur UP QW ua a Masonable approximahion fon many prachcel Radar A ,[7 2... | Noise Fquxt ~ Rao 4 nove eut of real PUL Crthvorl Jy 13 thot Prom the idiad receiver wth, only nei Fn = Noi cub of procicol newlver 2 Neut Moise cut of ideal Rx at Std. Temp Te KT Bara, Ga unite gain To > 290K (62°F) defined by IEEE fox uni ity RT = Uxio! Wits Gia = signal out [Gee Ser) wth mat A [oan See) eb il c. aes, moa ot Tdeal reen'ver Yp nour Nin = kB, > (Fy = _Nouk = Newt ~ — Nin Ga Nin Ce) > [F- ein => Fr= measur of olignaclabion of sivg ST ewe as signal Pasar Hrough te receiver “> Sins Nin Sar & = kTB, Sour Fy Nout Nout It minimum — cletectabl. Algnok 'Sirin' de that value of Sin which Covurpands to the min, dutecable SNR orth. ofp of the I. (ge, then, min = KT, Bn Fi (Sex : J wine oo =b Mare mur Range Decornnss Rita t= co 4 min 2 ae 2 LeGAer us Beck = Adurantngeol A Go KTB Fs (So) (an 2 ident 24-9-20 “integ nation of RADAR pulses ~ A toxget os dually produus reweral pulses each Jima B the antenna beam sweeps Ahorough ts position. Thus, SNR is ephanad by vtey nating CAumming) Ha owpud pulses . Tetyrahon = LPF. The mary Aampbs inkegrated, the NarwrowLr He BWand Hs bower the neue power Pulse ndegration ~ TN prow of Aumming abt the radon peelses improve te delechion Antenna Beam Qiclh- 6, is aorbitranily defined as He angle Leluews tha points at whik Hue patton is 3dB lu Man the maximumHis por cam Tr ont Acam, Amu many hile wetocumed (4 “By > anlnna notion spud — '% te —> PRE (te) COm~) Polabron pwd (np) Ao: of, pulses on Aareg-et Ng = Og t /q Na= Onto AoW eg. Sapm, Opals, PRE = 300K Thin N= 15 /seany : Depending om lLocahion of Jl pulse indegrotor ion She a4 nol pours) choin Jhis pro ces ia nafroud fo ar— > coherent integration -~ inltgnohon befor oletection (acutechon) > Nen- cohtruat integs acien - inkegrabion after dotechon C post olechon 2a Jeena’ da wd, phase infomation 4s pourerved’s SNR integrakd =nSNR, COI Pficutt ty implument)) o TP postoktechion UW used. SNRintenvedech aing pulse SNR (SN)n = (S/N) Yq Jha regubud suk por pulse whee show ann pulses inkegn obed. © poaoltction without tess ue Tu Impnovemt im SNR wohot in pulses ast integrated u callid dh i ion_ ment fadon Tid © Tilm= n€\in) equivalent numb ef pulses Me = n EjCa) % {- n Cpsuclealich on) Tien Cpest ole tectiona ' { Is © The integr oFion Low is sped fied in dB Litn)= 10doy i, t n) tho Fey ] The Hadar epucchion ol th n pulses i niegraded 4 Reo = Ae Ae = PAebrch n€n) (4n)* KT.BaFn (§), (GT) 7 ET OF (Sy), : wt ed foward inddint pow» chews by Ag rp (GF En > E fill stiength of te echo signal back at Hu radar Ba filed abwagth jociduat on He target S CRS) dapemdd en Phe taxgctahane, dlimensions, matoials, Polaris, R >» of the tage : R 4 t= ag than du taxget's climensions, Acaitlering & said 4, fe wm th Raspboi on. $ & wu proportional Jo Ju So uu determined ty th volume than its Ahape . eg echo fem rain. Opticat Ragion. — The coane bong hh CA) is small compared to Hy ects dimensions ' So is affected Fhe shape Than pounjectecl avna ot Acathoing from Airoaft- Reroname ion- She wowrtongi Cr) js tomporalt ost On ashy otzets dimensions » “ny >eru doxgin In Yeten amu vugion than the oHur tuo negro. Tht Radax Oss Secon % whine egual te rae K Bode ee . WH the eshels Long el Only 3 epelHon interacts wil Hy RADNQ 3 a = 3 & or Od O81 . Bi —3 Cireumperence famanlongto= 25072Tutorial Ahuk O1 16 ALA wxdain ainboxnr Pulud RADAR hat pak power P= lokWl, and ws two PRE, | fy elokH= and ta =3dkHz. What ae ths Pequirud pubes wriclths for cach PRE do that ithe auenagh Aranomithd your iu constant amd is cqual to 1600 wots? Compucds the pulse emg in 20h Cau. Ans. Jyiven Peak power Py =1okW fa = lokHe faug = BOkKH2- We lero Duly woe = i) Pw= Pavx 6 Pay = 1500 Watt Pac PW = PW PRE Pe PRE = [S00WXL = 15 ys = PRE Tokw: IokRz Eng = PLEX PW,= low x ISi> i) pwe fav = IsooW = Pex PRE 1k wx Bette, (Eus] Enexgy = AXP = low x Sys = 50mT = 2 A RADAR Aystem Sas an Un ambi gunus nosy of 100 km, ads BW 05 MH. Gmputlety saquioud PRE, PRI, SR,T a. PRI = pRI= 2Run = 2x100,000m = Bx ws m/sn ZBeAsnum a weain Chand radan with Uv following Pareenstoy t Peak pousn R= SMW, opurdling Puquony t.= 5.6GH2, anteng Grain = "de, Yfedive tempenodwa To = 290K, pubs width To 0-2 The nadan Horshetd is (SNA, = 208) Assume farger cuss Stttion © = Oye | avist figue F = 3dB, Compute tte maximum xonyy Ans. fiver PetSmw Pp = 5-6 Gne nm £5 8bolm Gain Ge 4Sda = JOS 316200. T=220K* ts SMRyin = BOIBewi=100. , THOS EON Fe3dB =10 722 New Smin= KTo Fann = = Igaxio” Scpoagean %2 '*100 Jak 02s <2 = 400200 X10 - ayo We Ae Reman A Me = (smu) Ca16ar7y (0-054) Ont Can)? Sain 1aBg.y x wooax to Mi =S:So¥Kipt im" “= 5507 x10 Sm! = SSoTEXIo mi = 55-011 X10 a4 Y=002K10" Rmax= 4{ 55.077 x10 = BEIUF-Y Fm 4. Compuke Jht ingle pulse SNR fora Nigh PRE Sadan with tht ing panamalin ? peak pects R100 kW, antenna Gain (n= 20AB, cpenating frrguen cy f=; =5.6 G2, Lem L=8 AB, neist Biju F=Sd8, clued intowml T; =25, dy fader dy = 03. TH range oft intowt i Sokm. Assum toyet RCS ©=0.0)m> Ae Snr = Pav Ge Te Pve Pexde Be fr t00 CiTy® RY TEL é T fe 36 " (look 0.3) (100 (o-osu)™ CeO * e623" TIBUY x (Sx10")" x LBBAION X YOOK 3.16 X 6-308 = [29xt0-* = [38x = (28, To -23 % (XP Je 2 10 bog RR = 101-1072)_—— Tutorial Ahet 02 a 4. A nadere Aignad Takes 2009, do Dravel Jowarib, Lhe tang amd back. Pind She range of ths large « A. T= 200p6. et . Re cT = Bxin® 200 KW” = axio8? <— pies = axel = 30km a 2: Ta pur dtadan opwrciles wilh ¢ pula ssid of Qs aul ner of, BOO Hz, han hind Ds maximum unambiguous gang! and TAMIL surcluh'on , A- PWe= T= ns PRE= §00W2 PRE= 1 = 1.25 m4 F Ran = PRIEXS = 125 m¥lO%3 = (84.5 bm ce —— Range rutotubion AR= ct = gxiixorio7 4. gvio'= 300m cs a 3: TP a Redan has maximum range of S00km, thm find PRE Jo obtain tramly guous SUupiion, 8 An. Rune £ sp PRE = SS = Sein MK = dota - ee > 2Ran x Gos LeQ. Given an oin- borne Radar with PRP = 1000 Hz. a Wid, ma average prow of 100M. Colebade Reale power b ty yt, A. f= fv = = 100 sok Ww PW Par 2px J000 d= PWxPRE = QpeX1000 = 2104 ee 9. A pulse Radar idee GSI. padre soiddll ce ce P , 1 804., Gdautate — mary 2 unambiguous Range Roary resetution : ee NT ce ore 2 PRE 2x Foo AR = ct = & = = BX fo" X4us 30d m fe QA pHs RADAR has a pak pows f SEW, vim rpRE, Gnd 2okHZ » What wlll be te tum PRIc aml Pub. Ry = phy lok ya Av Re Sk Bye |kw fav 1 i = Te Sil x 270: 1) PRE = (OKW2 PRI = PKF = ine O-lmA, Pw fav a 2% iF 4 te ois PEX PRE Skw x ink | Ti) PRE 2 20KRe PREZ eRe = d= 0:05 mi k Pw 1 =F = one SEW 20k a( Unit-3 CW RADAR en MT! RADAR ard Pulse Doppler RADAR A *puln RADAR" that empleo ys Du dopplr abipe a detecting the target” com be dit MTEC Moving Tanget Indicakon) nade on Pulst Dopplr RADAR. Uhe MTZ Radaw has a PRE dow trough to not haw any yrange = ambiquiti $ = S 7 a wr or y Runt - Tr dew phoweres Aarx mony ambiguities in depplix demain . Di Pubs depp RADAR» $+ is just oppodutids MTZ. Tb has Joxge enough PRE. te avoid clopplus ambiguities, dat it om howe niumescous range ambiguities . Shou i abo a medium PRE pulse doppler that accepts both range and deploy ambiquihes. Femaattis Appbeasons of clepplin shift — : oblousing CW xnadax to oleect moving target aud Js measur Stadial elec} * dynthebc apwrctiv RADAR CONRD in el phorus + nsec SAR fon produciag images of target * M deo sustogi cal radian. Concanad With meas wung wind sped « Dopplr fruquancy Adib - Doppler bet changes dh fag uen oy of, EM Aign al Sat pro pagades from at RADAR Jo a moving target and back Ao ty RADAR. TP Rk wdh pramye % Hu toregek , ton He total number of wavelousine 07 e.| in the Dion way Pad fern vadan te wl2RA) , 2k Eau warelougth Corstapondé to a phase change rf op) nad The tot phos change ™ Aur- way purpa gation u R Adb= 28 (sr) 2p O. wR Te target 4 moving, R will change, Ab phan rll alee change Di fpeuhiating 4, D wd. dims gow ang ular Apraquaorney, Was db = we de =4VYy \ stodiial velocity (m/s > a ae a Cy = or hy ute fre 24 i et Prom tee igus, iP angle bo eee te taped vdlodiay (Vv) aml Ha 6 >; Kadan — dinse of sight CED Chive fy Hh toxpeh iy A RADAR Y= vane Grecmitry f Radax and daxpir crccetfets for doppler freq vert Radan, tanget amd diraction f He target travel ott tie Un Je sami plant in His Ulustredion. dopplin fpaguiney shift fys ov = 2h » c= opued ef Light Radan wen ee frequency aa (KEY (es knots) a 4,(H2)= 2Vnim) = 103%, (KO ws Vo A ACm or Ay UH = 3-43 CHEE. Clot) Simpl Cw Do RADAR Unbite pula RADAR, Cw raciote tohile its tranamilling - Ls age Gere al 0 Continua Cunmedut ated) Aiausoidal Osabbahon (4) : — |Ly> deppbin shift £2» received algnel frequency Tenger Beebe + dei i tevgper U moving powands siadax Cdistame decreasing) fee Pee By: if age is Detector : Peppa moving away from vod ar on) Rab ox Gdistama invaasng> Block dingham eg CW depplsn Rodan Tr dhs Rodan, dhe diteder/min mires toe aud fy 5 Er produces a differmee signal Py. D Ute allms Hu obi = frequen ay 4 from Du dated jo pes and aye hs HM higher fray Filter has bow frequency cube do sumovt Tx leakage amd chiller — Upyer cu off ws datvanined Ang Dhe maximum sadial vebouity expedled of maving “darget . Filter dite only $0 uk Bge Amt along sith tu dick ction ef dtaxget mélion . “Depplin fet PULL Radax— Te comt be produced doy just turning ON aud OFF dhs CW dopple Rodan. Tr pill bad do removed of tM yapown a aignal at sucsives which pest “ lb Uvud te recognize te £ ene past A) my agrien the fy, By Povo en ampli fier ba word te maintain adleq ual AN power oy oan: hM Pransmibl ed pubs slgnol | | :23 Dopplr frequency Ahift da Abightly di fount manny, — a the Dransmilled aignal 4 uguaacy fa an os. Ay Ain ITAL), dm dae | Aignal wer A, sind 2h Ce-tel). Ay > amplitude 4 dransnutted signal se 7} Ay > amplitucs 4 sacuved Agnal 6 mony Te > seound- dup chime Te = 2h LY Oo boxy R> song /distanu of target TP tasgut wa moving Joword Uke Radar, He sosige tt Changing R= Ro-Vat Va> stadial vebod fy Cousumed Constant) ek, kage RApAR Vez An ain Latdt — atte] Ay Aim Park Gsm de - use, Re | € c doko fa= doppler shift and lu given hy 2 Favs = 2¥n fy cu ve fer moving away target. Une racrived signal ts Actre dynad Conixad) stl Te refered signal Asap An 2A E amd He difforemia’ prequena, 4+ astnacted, which iv oi Bigioimeby [ys Aa cas (atat — “spe | en ee te a Gn cestn ruphaus the pune uy the ar P & Tugonomebyy , the bistro dining prow) Fo atalionasy taryeh,” PO | Jk. ouput Aignal u constant 10-20 He modan pulaer usiddh uw Leng oncugh amd if Je egal dn wag Y Seog emough , it may be domirh Jo duted Hy chepjlr ed Ait on He Araxi of He fue uauery harage uatian a aing same ea Sn ge AWA ©) ab RE os ae ee ASO OY ot LoVe, abt phaw clabuho= be eules Pou exaggerated =) ——— 24 | : a dus ty Ay cM, Th dopplan shite Ris Righ past gut C8 sours a gy, UNA 7P corptin ahigt fin dew, we cash accemodate aing& pauls oat : nt Va de ingle pub, Ao, Uhrimuived waueform cll be te) Awup- te -Awep Aubitradtion Awup as used dow u ured occurs in ee fone Lehoeen duro | rons miuthed pubs onde PRI, Bipelar aignot dA mcd) wd from orceo signal, | Wee — tay) Tue auccessivt weeps of, ae MTL { Madar A-~Acepe duptay Campi tics os yee ” 1 a Punchion of Am, monge) Moving targets Ab) —@)= CC) eches from stationary jh = tang s ant canceled , heaving ony. redbehng. banged s : 42 Dday Lin Comeler - Aubt rack on oa eens feem tive Auceaiue Sutyps Ju actemp bishid ie @ cleloy Line comcebonr. Bipdan Uniden “v S digi™h dig thao Sie Alb Delay Auatrack ae ~ ae a» Praleg : Convedo, #. display inpat P 7 “Digit MYL ov Block diagham ok a singh dilay-Bine canubty tb accumula autemahic detechon agram ok Inge dikay -Hine amd data procwniny Cautom ad Tracking or target Mtusynthon ou ouput o MTT suciven digits 2d aud Act as on input to ‘Delay Hina comcalin Cpertonm the vote of doppler ) The bipolar digitad Videou a Ava of, digital words nathen Shar aw anabeg vidio Aignal. BAA usnuerter pro oluas analge sign al fh le clisplay ed on PPT CPhane Reiter Trdicalon)4 as Mil “Rada — nploying a pewey amplifion asa Tx. Os UWaton cobruuk orclotos~ to preside Te supp Sigel | oe 71 excited port on fore igh Atabity | Pa To Dubay bine Camalen (DLC) -HPF to Aepar dlr dep yer shifted Cre signal fom unwasted — echos of station asuy ttle. MTL A Aimple, Delay Lin fe Gnratbr CDLO ds am sxampls of a FAms- domain filter that duyedis Atoclion evuy ictter at ww Brgusncy. Ti freq uamey response Beanckeon HCe) Hab Cam be denied from Uh Sime- domain sepsorsnkadryor of, the Avenals. Freq turey rusponae of the Sngte DLC~ Yin Aignod jyvcon I yt at namge Ry ab the output of the Phare deberon coum be ioruitten at . Me ne Carkt-b&) —O Crom P-25] bor tonvenienu , Hu casing ds replaced dy Ane. oe fa doppler Abit frequency. Ww wanelragth 2 a tontank TR 1? armpli hadke 4% pham equal by 41 i dia deed 6 gra! dom Preuiow RADAR dransmunion sy Atyntla svupt layed by a Sime Tp-= PRI. od bu Vek ain C00) -b] — @Ra amumuid to be Aam fox doth puliu- 26 Th DLC subbrad het diss signads Mev. Ve V-Vz= Ain (2 fat-O,)— k Ain CruTle-T)- Vo = 2k Aw THA, eos [ ered t Te) -b, — 7G a we b ® ampli tuds wo hich dlep wads Casing th ome fpuguenyy on Ly ancl Tp Ek np Foaguem og uapuonse chien A 5DEC 4 gives by tho, nao Oukput me pon a np amplitudes. WCE) = 2K Ain ba Tp) R= IanlTS —@ (ol mogetdt [HE] ca care ahd 4c Wir = ‘A 3 ee nf, =PRF= t= > Po=PR ar ag 0 % _ 7 fy (@ (UW )= orn som, | dimitadiom sf singlt DLC- ) Th baquency Suapronut function HCP) has & coro SuAponat when moving tos gets Aare dopplr Abad fa =nPRF awe NEL This sped a cold as blind apoti. 19-10-20 DT chuitler ups ctum at Zor fouguoniyis net o olka franchen ot Zero wich ,Lut it hasa fini wid Ay PTL bo thot clicther sill Appear in dhs possboawd of the DLC Thy susubt is that Shane. ule target apace called Lind oputd, when Gh target will not be detected Biker will be an Cincamcelld’ chute susidual that cam inderfact usta dns ole chion of, moving targets Glind Speda- Sh xepome of sing. TC will be aro, wher magnitude of su (ET) =O, which occurs ot IhTp 20,457, 22% -- =b THe 0,28 220 43m. =P Pen v, Op ett ; d= 722M €z Tr Tp Ip e Ir wo faez fie 2x is dhe 4 mdeeg vol multiple ch PRE (Pp) fer zur sesperun “1 pe \HceN=0 for Puen Fo nex Doppler shift cam Le -ve om ve Crr ceding, approaching tasgel), cok She sign coum An ignomd coh coniidaring Dtind spud Pre On, a2 d= We =D ap Vand = adhe or oe Op > n’® blind antec TP Xu in miu, Fp on Hz and xadial velocity lemcts, them fost Wind spurl yz Af 5 v, Cet) = 144 Alo nlite) 2 Eman) = Geshe] Vi, sci change sith Be BA A wilh dleuidh the optrahing bond Cfrapuimey 4 epunation) — Blind 4 casa Aouicus Bimiteston, da MT Redan sinu eg cout Aoma dleivud moving target A LK tamuhd along sits The undertd clutter at wo ba. D> Blind apurk v, Chet) Four ynuthods vie ee as jo rds Hoa. eo ltbri mented abe of Lind opaad | 4. Opench he adan at ee ou eng warelenatt, ( 2. Operate azith igh PRE. {ove gusty) 3S. Opera ssi mor than A PRE. Me Opinatr with me them 4 RE Prequamey Coscrrel eng My) Uh Combination of tise ox mosu f Mu above atu alo Ady de pow further abbivicte 3h ebbecr of Lind spuscls. Blind dpsid« cee becouse f Hy Stampbid N of, Pula Radon D : : ante pty 2h cate 4 ambigitn and aby in he doppler Brey vay, star sa myling in a palo node ot Ht PRE) can give sep . td do ambjous ten ; Meroe big Hts i tha Seange_ Cittix Attuwclion — Th Limitaion single DLC ia 2 Sr invufpicet —atlantation of chidlor shat susubls from Hy finite adh of, eluvtlen Apscbuim , dotuidh a Aum do: > intoenal motions ef, chictlen > intabiliHer of; Atelo , coho oscitladtou => ofan imaportctions of the nadan and ib signed pow wan > trib agned Aurion Fox poataest purpont, ayums that dhe hitler poser dpucbrol dusity wu seapouseurcted by fyourrian funchion - WE)= We xp CP) = w, exp C- fear) , £20 Zee t We prak valus of the CLuttlen power Spuchal ( deniihy (PSD) ak P=B, 2 / 5 > standard dyviahion (SD) of she chutlox . Apediuum in He Sy > SDin MAte Uke sullation tehoten Ju tu fomma ef de chuttur $o= 2 Advantage —v a 6 ws indeperduut f ry fugue whine as s2 cleptuds on nadan prey. How wer, wt will wa > fon chithn spuchuum Cate ping concillabion _cluttox fetdover Soe! Rela ve Pruguescy zo Fags de, op Singht - hint 3 owt “ tin Ctebid ey ve) 3 on . ond the cloubl—pic Ay : Me, y Cdashid cure). : Re 2 Foaguseacty The chucth ox Aprdourm aA folded (us ok A, PRE ack “ut rarmonics Becaune af a Aampbrd natu da pulse nadan waveform . Hou, Ang BLE entomp aes o poxlion of clutle specbuum 5 et chutt ox. atoll appar in dhe Oudput . Gy rater Ie SD, Ye ~ iY pie the quater Jt aroun cutter vhat undl be pawed boy he fibter do interfOu wikhmovng tar geh cletecionSe chitttx attenuation CA. produced Ly a single Die’ as oo = wed » HA) > Prequancy swap rst = Die fo walde Substituting HCE) pb CAs fw, exp (- Ped “Cw, expl- Pre) Y aia (are TP AP a GR 20S e I xp(-un Tee) SP He mepenent in dh dat dineminaler att RUS. uu tmall, Ae term exp x) can be duplaced by 1-%, 40 that Cisse tei 14 (Po Yate Toney othe clutter attenuation provided - tng le DLC is net sufficient fon met mt! Radar applications, Ip a second DLC is phacd in Cascade , Hs Srequomey dels promse , tam filluu iste squau d AurGd a oa ng PHC or ety = Pains wich Haut ah pe yt Slee cles BUG arg hacia eee rs [N _ inchaclad Shu drum ay 4p Coun mm ge Sesporme sulabue stapes Set ADT, Henn, ik attenuates mau of Cast alesuke. suapeors dy luther, CB. fr D-DLC, OA. = Ppl = fiat : Yee = 168 ss Addition DLCs con be carcaded cto obtain frequency rupert HC#) ashich is the pn power 4 S-DU , n> no. ct DLC | ler attenuation iu a useful measurt of cutter camcaling Peyormentt, | OR (wa be made linginite Log duverineg off, the stadan suceiver. t Qdiminalt Ue duud moving tecqer ttho Aignedl. To avoid Ht yp rowaaing utter atkonuation at Hn Avpunse of disvud signal, difeed «meas un ch Prorat knaen as the MT! improveree! foot —hich inchuclus #2, dignal gon wwlh as cludes atlenrcd'on 30 D, - ignak \ , Tirrproverrant fadon Psp.) a om of luther filter (HOY utter) ab sip of hitter fieten Averageal teiforernty over all Taste ct radial vebodity ofa Jt internat - > IF=, (Bed atte oa Cin x Sout C ¢ Gral/ cuter) ih ee Sin SS Poucage filter gain ([Fe= CM average goin | Tr indicate thak avenagt is takin wot. cepylor fpuquaney °. cA TM average goin iis dutvumind prom te filter suspense H(P) 8 4 muscle Amel Compound to de clutlen attenucilion . Average goin for a S-DLC in 2 whit Por D-DLC UG 7 HEP T,G-D1d) = sh ae 2m Ce py Br CBB D™ Tp Ce-Didg= 4 8” Cec/pyt 8 128.04 CS /p 4 =p genial ayowsion for Ip fer Ty t-Didg = 2" \ Pr ni [ate a camcelen with M-DLC in conta As “otk th praviow deproraions, pris ayyrties ichin S27, 4 bral. 191d 3 mearweref "dopplin Apa’! ra loo ocurpied by luther » Sy, +49) 2I-10 -20 3 N= Pulse Delay Line Crnelon— Ba te” DLC is difyyud from 6 : de te DLC. Gu dhut culpa +s 8 = oe i. Uh othy. Se = clatter spuchal sich & Aimilox do ea 2 Sadan PRE 1 Jom7 a it > 7 : ae = Doub DLC Dulay in TH) \nh pws _ ae — Thur pulse cameleon, examples & tramvencl futer mpat 4 alt), dhy owput of a-pulu DLC ? YQ) = ACh) =-24 Tp +5 C442) Aom as the ouput of D-DLC: yx lM= sled-ace 2Tp) - LaeeTara lt a)] When She binemial woright with’ alkuinaling ig au gives by: We=z Co" nl oo ned Gas )1d-! |. She No pulse comeitlon shar det dome frequincy response as naaringlt Dic. tn cascade | wh Nensl eg. Pome Yepube BiG, Wr AUB) 43/1 foro. S-puse DLC, Wie tl re 4G, >I for am n-TAC, wr har filter of Ain” (FT Tagust Owput Troms vorriad (Nor sucwuin) Filkn — FIR fder , Fud Porusord filterBtogqoed PRE Cfite ftchon Baypanse) oe War of ruth phe waveforms vsith diftountk PRE: allros He datedction cf moving lost s thet would ofhousit Le eliminated with a cmstamt PRE aveforms FP dhin xadiol velo dies Loou i | ot (ox in vicinity of) a Atind Spud CVn= ghendh. nez) 347 A targtt ok the Bbind spud of 4 Bak ore PRE ds Covad by tht 3 ee ruapon of dhe other PRE tupt - é usher 2P,2 ah . s ee oe 2 The berafit of bring masa than on one PRE ia tt to radu te Foeaquan cy susport off Aingle DLC Ups of Blind apuads. us ut with hoo dipunk PRE: yPy-2h might be cautonad Hrat Ie Large nakio (3/2) 4A net tefl. hen au arveral muthnda for employing multi ple PRA Jo avoid Losing tcho ts dus te blind spuds. “Te PRE: com Le changecl y Aw@u to aan ity used de duvell iil Pubs te pula (atoggerd PRE) 33-10-20 A Dust as te How on target, and U auually Ue dima ik dates to Alan the antenna beam pve a beam width on @ rome fundion of a beamuidth. A duo cam be the dime Jo scam ent halh-Beamuidth Uf Hav at only Hee PRFs. Aagquud PRE have Leon popular fox ain drafhic control. Staggoud PRE— Tim behoen pulses u quad PRES cam be pound Ee A Aronaversah fleur. The pilten Stagquud pulse tran uit four di Pharcadt med Ho Boat non- Ux form Polve -poued y ox inturvals. MO nothin dhaw He uni for S Pata Hie Aamplu wher He PRE U constant, Mitrebin fyter- a Fragquaey Us porse of, 20 Tay. Ta) 4 T a i HE = wor wy eh, QitM HT, we Yht Aube Clie of, Lhe nad dwtight Wj aud Us n-pubt supebbon ferveds Ty au genvrally contbrarrad by several oluign factors — ) Tht minimum pedod Ahould not serilt Ur range ambiguittel . DTW age ef Ad potiods should Le adtictid 40 as de nat oe ation ty @ Tx by empbeying a -esielely veorying duly cycle ona duty wyce fon shih Te is net dasiguned STH madimum ind Ahould not be loo Abo; any ond De a lack vonambigusus namgt aed " lead hm te a nada 9D oh setapors in Ue fill» atpband Ahould produ the raquined MTI improvement factor fon detedlion oftangel in chutten. 3) Th dupeat null in Jk pauland abeuld note sxcsioe- Usually one cespert null occurs ata pequescy equal 4o ha invout of He averoar oud. 6) The vasuation ox sipple) of tu rapes over athe passband Ahsuld be minimized and seakively uniform. Not alt ake uondiliont cam be sadishied simubtartously | Duin of s Aegguud PRF amd it prowning wu often a tomprumun. Pulse Dopplr Radar An on MT) Hadax, PRE is cron ro that Hwa au no nang ambiguibe, Bur Sheu an us wally many oleppter amlaguitres Cox bind Apts). Dopplr ombigdibtes com be surdurud in cussing PRE. aud Jhus ruduu te ne mu L va=ndte > found within ka doppler space. 1 4 Wigh-PRE Pulse Depplin Rada inv one with no Blind suede ike depen apau Cav depplin rugion whou disiud moving targit be detectid’) La a eclium — PRE Pulse Dopplr Radan - Ty oprratu at a slightly Laver RE amd attept both MAME and deppl icc ities. at M