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Week 3 - Direct Current Meters

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73 views32 pages

Week 3 - Direct Current Meters

Uploaded by

Bá Linh Nguyễn
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ELECTRONIC

INSTRUMENTATION
DMT 352/3

Direct-Current
Meters
Contents
• The d’Arsonval Meter Movement
• d’Arsonval Meter Movement Used in a DC
Ammeter
• The Ayrton Shunt
• d’Arsonval Meter Movement Used in a DC
Voltmeter
• Voltmeter Loading Effects
• Ammeter Insertion Effects
• The Ohmmeter
• Multi-Range Ohmmeter
Introduction
• A meter is a device to accurately detect and
display an electrical quantity in a readable form by
human being.
• The display mechanism of a meter is often
referred to as a movement borrowing from its
mechanical nature to move a pointer along a scale
so that a measured value may be read.
• Most mechanical movement are based on the
principle of electromagnetism: an electric current
through a conductor produces a magnetic field
perpendicular to the axis of electron flow.
• The greater the electric current, the stronger the
magnetic field.
Introduction…cont
• If the magnetic field formed by the conductor is
allowed to interact with another magnetic field, a
physical force will be generated between the two
sources of fields.
• If one of the sources free to move with respect to
the other, as current is conducted through the
wire, the motion (free-moving source) being
proportional to the strength of current (usually
against the resistance of a spring).
[1/8]
The
d’Arsonval
Meter Movement
The d’Arsonval Meter Movement

Figure 2.1: The construction of the d’Arsonval meter movement


The d’Arsonval Meter Movement
• The basic moving-coil system, generally referred
to as d’Arsonval meter movement or Permanent
Magnet Moving Coil (PMMC) meter movement.
• Figure 2.1 shows a horseshoe shaped permanent
magnet with soft iron pole pieces attached to it.
• Between the north-south pole pieces is a
cylindrical-shaped soft iron core with a coil of
a fine wire.
• This fine wire is wound on a very light metal
frame and mounted in a jewel setting so that
it can rotate freely.
• A pointer attached to the moving coil deflects
up scale as the moving coil rotates.
The d’Arsonval Meter Movement
The d’Arsonval Meter Movement

Figure 2.2: The operation of d’Arsonval meter movement


The d’Arsonval Meter Movement
The d’Arsonval Meter Movement
Operation
• Current from a circuit (measurement) passes
through the windings of the moving coil.
• Current through the coil causes it to behave as an
electromagnet with its own north and south
poles.
• The poles of the electromagnet interact with the
poles of the permanent magnet, causing the coil to
rotate.
• The pointer deflects up scale whenever current
flows in the proper direction in the coil.
[2/8]
d’Arsonval
Meter Movement
Used in a DC
Ammeter
d’Arsonval Meter Movement Used
in a DC Ammeter

• In ammeter design, an external resistance (low


resistance - shunt), Rsh are added to extend the
range of the movement in parallel with the meter
movement resistance, Rm.

• Why parallel? To divide the measured current, not


the measured voltage.

• Current divider circuit are always formed by


parallel resistances.
d’Arsonval Meter Movement Used
in a DC Ammeter

Figure 2.3: d’Arsonval meter movement used in an ammeter circuit

Rsh = resistance of the shunt


Rm = internal resistance of the meter movement (moving coil
resistance)
I sh = current through the shunt
I m = full-scale defflection current of the meter movement
I = full-scale defflection current for the ammeter
d’Arsonval Meter Movement Used
in a DC Ammeter
The voltage drop across the meter movement
V m I m Rm

The voltage drop across the shunt resistance


V sh I sh Rsh

Since the Rsh parallel with the meter movement


V sh Vm
d’Arsonval Meter Movement Used
in a DC Ammeter
Total current or full-scale deflection current for
the ammeter
I  I sh  I m

The shunt resistance


Vsh I m Rm I m Rm
R sh   
I sh I sh I  Im
Example 2.1
• A 1 mA meter movement with an
internal resistance of 100 Ω is to be
converted onto a 0-100 mA. Calculate
the value of shunt resistance required.
d’Arsonval Meter Movement Used
in a DC Ammeter
[3/8]
The
Ayrton Shunt
The Ayrton Shunt

Figure 2.4: An ammeter using an Ayrton shunt


The Ayrton Shunt
The shunt resistance, Rsh  Ra  Rb  Rc

where ( I1 )( Ra  Rb  Rc )  I m Rm

I m ( Ra  Rm )
Rb  Rc 
I2

I m ( Ra  Rb  Rm )
Rc 
I3
Example 2.2
• Design an Aryton shunt to provide an
ammeter with a current range of 0-1
mA, 10 mA, 50 mA, and 100 mA. A
D’Arsonval movement with an internal
resistance of 100 Ω and full scale
current of 50 µA is used.
d’Arsonval Meter Movement Used
in a DC Voltmeter
• The basic d’Arsonval meter movement can be
converted to a dc voltmeter by connecting a
multiplier Rs in series with the meter
movement.

Figure 2.5: The d’Arsonval meter movement used in dc voltmeter


Example 2.3
• A basic D’Arsonval movement with a
full scale deflection of 50 µA and
internal resistance of 500 Ω is used as a
voltmeter. Determine the value of the
multiplier resistance needed to measure
a voltage range of 0-10 V.
d’Arsonval Meter Movement Used
in a DC Voltmeter
• Multiplier – to extend the voltage range of the
meter and to limit current through the d’Arsonval
meter movement to a maximum full-scale
deflection current.

• To find the value of the multiplier resistor, we


must determine the sensitivity, S of the meter.
1
S ( / V )
I fs

where Ifs = full-scale current of the meter


Example 2.4
• Calculate the sensitivity of a 200 µA
meter movement which is to be used as
a dc voltmeter.
d’Arsonval Meter Movement Used
in a DC Voltmeter

Rs  S  Range  Rm

where
Rs = multiplier resistance
Rm = internal resistance
Range = the dc voltmeter range
Example 2.5
• Calculate the value of the multiplier
resistance on the 50 V range of a dc
voltmeter, that uses a 200 µA meter
movement with an internal resistance of
100 Ω.
d’Arsonval Meter Movement Used
in a DC Voltmeter

Multi-range Voltmeter Example


Example 2.6
• Convert a basic D’Arsonval movement
with an internal resistance of 50 Ω and
a full scale deflection current of 2 mA
into a multirange dc voltmeter with
voltage ranges of 0-10 V, 0-50 V, 0-100
V and 0-250 V.
Example 2.7
• Calculate the value of multiplier
resistance for the multiple range dc
voltmeter circuit.

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