Module 3

NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS
TO CE PROBLEMS

In this Module

• Bracketing Methods
• Open Methods

At the completion of this module, you should be able to:

• Learn to recognize the roots of an equation.
• Know how to use the different methods for finding the roots locations.
• Understand the concepts of convergence and divergence.
• Understand the problems posed by multiple roots and the modifications
available to mitigate them.

Are you ready? Then start the lesson now!

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 Lesson
BRACKETING METHODS
1

INTRODUCTION
Before the advent of digital computers, there were several ways to solve for roots of
algebraic and transcendental equations. For some cases, the roots could be obtained by
direct methods. Although there were equations that can be solved directly, there were
many more that could not. For example, even an apparently simple function such as:
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑥
This equation cannot be solved analytically. In such instances, the only alternative is an
approximate solution technique.
One method to obtain an approximate solution is to plot the function and determine where
it crosses the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠. This point, which represents the 𝑥 value for which 𝑓(𝑥) = 0, is the
root. But such method is haphazard, obviously inefficient and inadequate for the
requirements in the engineering practice.
There are certain techniques that will be discussed in this module that will represent
alternatives who are also approximate but employ systematic strategies to home in on
the root.
BRACKETING METHODS
Bracketing methods determine successively small intervals (brackets) that contain a root.
When the interval is small enough, then a root has been found. They generally use the
intermediate value theorem, which asserts that if a continuous function has values of
opposite signs at the end points if an interval, then the function has at least one root in
the interval.
Bisection method
The simplest root-finding bracketing algorithm is the bisection method. Let 𝑓 be a
continuous function, for which one knows an interval [𝑎, 𝑏] such that 𝑓(𝑎) and 𝑓(𝑏) have
𝑎+𝑏
opposite signs. Let 𝑐 = be the middle of the interval, then either 𝑓(𝑎) and 𝑓(𝑐), or 𝑓(𝑐)
2
and 𝑓(𝑏) have opposite signs, and one has divided the size of the interval into half.
Although the bisection method is robust, it gains one and only one bit of accuracy with
each iteration.
EXAMPLE. Determine the roots of
𝑓(𝑥) = −0.6𝑥 2 + 2.4𝑥 + 5.5 using
bisection method.
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
It is stated in the definition of the bisection
method that we should know an interval
[𝑎, 𝑏] such that 𝑓(𝑎) and 𝑓(𝑏) have
opposite signs, we should try and identify
those intervals first. The easiest way to
do this is to graph the given equation and
identify at which point it crosses the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
It is a quadratic equation, as we can see, thus we can expect two points at which the
equation crosses the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.

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As we can see in the graph, it really crossed the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 twice, between -2 and -1, and
5 and 6. Thus, we have to sets of solutions here.
Interval [𝑎, 𝑏] = [−2, −1]
𝑓(𝑥) = −0.6𝑥 2 + 2.4𝑥 + 5.5
𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑓(−2) = −1.7
𝑓(𝑏) = 𝑓(−1) = 2.5
Based on the calculations above, 𝑓(𝑎) and 𝑓(𝑏) have opposite signs. Now, we can solve
for the middle of the interval:
𝑎 + 𝑏 (−2) + (−1)
𝑐= = = −1.5
2 2
We then solve for:
𝑓(𝑐) = 𝑓(−1.5) = 0.55
Since 𝑓(𝑐) is positive, we have to pair it with a negative value. In our first interval, 𝑓(𝑎) is
negative. Therefore, our interval now would be [𝑎, 𝑏] = [−2, −1.5]. Again, let us solve for
𝑓(𝑎) and 𝑓(𝑏) using the new values.
𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑓(−2) = −1.7
𝑓(𝑏) = 𝑓(−1.5) = 0.55
𝑓(𝑎) and 𝑓(𝑏) still have opposite signs, so let us solve for the middle of this interval.
𝑎 + 𝑏 (−2) + (−1.5)
𝑐= = = −1.75
2 2
𝑓(𝑐) = 𝑓(−1.75) = −0.5375
Since 𝑓(𝑐) is negative, we have to pair it with a positive value. In the interval that we used,
𝑓(𝑏) is positive. Therefore, our interval now would be [𝑎, 𝑏] = [−1.75, −1.5]. We will
continue this process until we have an accurate enough result. The solution is
summarized in the table below.
a b c f(a) f(b) f(c)
-2 -1 -1.5 -1.7 2.5 0.55
-2 -1.5 -1.75 -1.7 0.55 -0.5375
-1.75 -1.5 -1.625 -0.5375 0.55 0.015625
-1.75 -1.625 -1.6875 -0.5375 0.015625 -0.25859
-1.6875 -1.625 -1.65625 -0.25859 0.015625 -0.1209
-1.65625 -1.625 -1.640625 -0.1209 0.015625 -0.05249
-1.640625 -1.625 -1.6328125 -0.05249 0.015625 -0.0184
-1.6328125 -1.625 -1.62890625 -0.0184 0.015625 -0.00138
-1.62890625 -1.625 -1.626953125 -0.00138 0.015625 0.007127
-1.62890625 -1.626953125 -1.627929688 -0.00138 0.007127 0.002876
-1.62890625 -1.627929688 -1.628417969 -0.00138 0.002876 0.00075
-1.62890625 -1.628417969 -1.62866211 -0.00138 0.00075 -0.00031
-1.62866211 -1.628417969 -1.628540039 -0.00031 0.00075 0.000218
-1.62866211 -1.628540039 -1.628601074 -0.00031 0.000218 -4.7E-05
-1.628601074 -1.628540039 -1.628570557 -4.7E-05 0.000218 8.54E-05
-1.628601074 -1.628570557 -1.628585816 -4.7E-05 8.54E-05 1.9E-05
Based on the table above, we can see that 𝑐 is converging to 𝑐 = −1.62858 …, therefore,
we can safely approximate that one of the roots of the equation is 𝑥 = −1.62858.

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Interval [𝑎, 𝑏] = [5, 6]
Here, we would directly show the summary of solutions in a table.
a b c f(a) f(b) f(c)
5 6 5.5 2.5 -1.7 0.55
5.5 6 5.75 0.55 -1.7 -0.5375
5.5 5.75 5.625 0.55 -0.5375 0.015625
5.625 5.75 5.6875 0.015625 -0.5375 -0.25859
5.625 5.6875 5.65625 0.015625 -0.25859 -0.1209
5.625 5.65625 5.640625 0.015625 -0.1209 -0.05249
5.625 5.640625 5.6328125 0.015625 -0.05249 -0.0184
5.625 5.6328125 5.62890625 0.015625 -0.0184 -0.00138
5.625 5.62890625 5.626953125 0.015625 -0.00138 0.007127
5.626953125 5.62890625 5.627929688 0.007127 -0.00138 0.002876
5.627929688 5.62890625 5.628417969 0.002876 -0.00138 0.00075
5.628417969 5.62890625 5.62866211 0.00075 -0.00138 -0.00031
5.628417969 5.62890625 5.62866211 0.00075 -0.00138 -0.00031
5.628417969 5.62866211 5.62854004 0.00075 -0.00031 0.000218
5.62854004 5.62866211 5.628601075 0.000218 -0.00031 -4.7E-05
5.62854004 5.628601075 5.628570558 0.000218 -4.7E-05 8.54E-05
5.628570558 5.628601075 5.628585817 8.54E-05 -4.7E-05 1.9E-05
Based on the table above, we can see that 𝑐 is converging to 𝑐 = 5.62858 …, therefore,
we can safely approximate that one of the roots of the equation is 𝑥 = 5.62858.
False Position Method
Although bisection method is a perfectly valid technique for determining roots, its brute
force approach is relatively inefficient. False position is an alternative based on graphical
insight. The false position method (regula falsi) is similar to the bisection method, but
instead of using bisection search’s middle of the interval, it uses the 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 of the
line that connects the plotted function values at the endpoints of the interval, that is:
𝑎𝑓(𝑏) − 𝑏𝑓(𝑎)
𝑐=
𝑏−𝑎
EXAMPLE. Determine the roots of 𝑓(𝑥) = −0.6𝑥 2 + 2.4𝑥 + 5.5 using false position
method.
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
The same with the bisection method, we have to identify first initial point intervals in order
for this to work. Since, we already know our point intervals (−2 and −1, and 5 and 6), we
can directly apply the false position method.
Interval [𝑎, 𝑏] = [−2, −1]
𝑓(𝑥) = −0.6𝑥 2 + 2.4𝑥 + 5.5
𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑓(−2) = −1.7
𝑓(𝑏) = 𝑓(−1) = 2.5
We then solve for:
𝑎𝑓(𝑏) − 𝑏𝑓(𝑎) (−2)(2.5) − (−1)(−1.7)
𝑐= = = −1.595238095
𝑓(𝑏) − 𝑓(𝑎) (2.5) − (−1.7)
𝑓(𝑐) = 𝑓(−1.595238095) = 0.1445578231
Since 𝑓(𝑐) is positive, we must pair it with a negative value. In our first interval, 𝑓(𝑎) is
negative. Therefore, our interval now would be [𝑎, 𝑏] = [−2, −1.595238095]. Again, let us
solve for 𝑓(𝑎) and 𝑓(𝑏) using the new values. Do not worry because here in the false

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position method, once you have established in the first interval that 𝑓(𝑐) is positive, the
rest of the 𝑓(𝑐) that we will have are always positive. Thus, we don’t need to keep on
solving for 𝑓(𝑐) anymore. Nevertheless, in the summary of solution, it will be shown to
prove our point.
a b c f(a) f(b) f(c)
-2 -1 -1.595238095 -1.7 2.5 0.144558
-2 -1.595238095 -1.626959248 -1.7 0.144558 0.0071
-2 -1.626959248 -1.628510755 -1.7 0.0071 0.000346
-2 -1.628510755 -1.628586309 -1.7 0.000346 1.68E-05
-2 -1.628586309 -1.628589988 -1.7 1.68E-05 8.2E-07
-2 -1.628589988 -1.628590167 -1.7 8.2E-07 3.99E-08
-2 -1.628590167 -1.628590176 -1.7 3.99E-08 1.94E-09
-2 -1.628590176 -1.628590176 -1.7 1.94E-09 9.46E-11
-2 -1.628590176 -1.628590176 -1.7 9.46E-11 4.61E-12
-2 -1.628590176 -1.628590176 -1.7 4.61E-12 2.24E-13
As you can see above, our 𝑓(𝑐) is always positive. Since 𝑓(𝑎) is negative, then this
implies that our 𝑎 and 𝑓(𝑎) will be the same across the solution. Notice that after the
seventh iteration, the value for 𝑐 is now the same up to nine decimal digits. Our value
converges at 𝑐 = −1.628590176, therefore one of the roots is 𝑥 = −1.628590176.
Interval [𝑎, 𝑏] = [5, 6]
Here, we would directly show the summary of solutions in a table.
a b c f(a) f(b) f(c)
5 6 5.595238095 2.5 -1.7 0.144558
5.595238095 6 5.626959248 0.144557823 -1.7 0.0071
5.626959248 6 5.628510755 0.00709997 -1.7 0.000346
5.628510755 6 5.628586309 0.000345821 -1.7 1.68E-05
5.628586309 6 5.628589988 1.68372E-05 -1.7 8.2E-07
5.628589988 6 5.628590167 8.19745E-07 -1.7 3.99E-08
5.628590167 6 5.628590176 3.99106E-08 -1.7 1.94E-09
5.628590176 6 5.628590176 1.94311E-09 -1.7 9.46E-11
5.628590176 6 5.628590176 9.46034E-11 -1.7 4.6E-12
5.628590176 6 5.628590176 4.60432E-12 -1.7 2.24E-13
As you can see above, our 𝑓(𝑐) is always positive. Since 𝑓(𝑏) is negative, then this
implies that our 𝑏 and 𝑓(𝑏) will be the same across the solution. Notice that after the
seventh iteration, the value for 𝑐 is now the same up to nine decimal digits. Our value
converges at 𝑐 = 5.628590176, therefore one of the roots is 𝑥 = 5.628590176.
If you have noticed, we have fewer iterations here in the false position method than the
bisection method. And most of the time, it would be the bracketing method of preference.
But there are cases that it would perform poorly. There are certain cases where bisection
yields superior results.
Therefore, the results should always be checked by substituting the solved root estimate
into the original equation and determining whether the result is close to zero.

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LESSON TEST

Answer the following problems. Show you solutions in a whole sheet of paper.
BOX YOUR FINAL ANSWERS and AFFIX YOUR SIGNATURE beside the boxed
answers.

1. Determine the real root of 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 2.3 using bisection method.

2. Determine the real root of 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 2.3 using false position
method.

3. You are designing a spherical tank to hold water for a small village in a developing
country. The volume of liquid it can hold can be computed as:
3𝑅 − ℎ
𝑉 = 𝜋ℎ2 ( )
3
If radius is equal to 30 m, to what depth must the tank be filled so that it holds 30
cubic meter? (Use any of the two methods)

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 Lesson
OPEN METHODS
2

INTRODUCTION
For the bracketing methods in the previous lesson, the root is located within an interval
prescribed by a lower and an upper bound. Repeated applications of these methods
always result in closer estimates of the true value of the root. Such methods are said to
be convergent because they move closer to the truth as the computation progresses.\
In contrast, open methods are based on formulas that require only a single starting value
of 𝑥 or two starting values that do not necessarily bracket the root. As such, they
sometimes diverge or move away from the true root as the computation progresses.
However, when the open methods converge, they usually do so much more quickly than
the bracketing methods.
Simple Fixed-point Iteration
The simple fixed-point iteration, also called one-point iteration or successive substitution,
is a method of solving a root where you successively substitute the value of the previous
function to the original equation. This can be done by first rearranging the function 𝑓(𝑥) =
0 so that an 𝑥 is on the left side of the equation:
𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑥)
This transformation can be accomplished algebraically. Of course, because it depends
on the number of 𝑥 we have in the function, it is expected that we can have multiple
starting equations.
EXAMPLE. Find the root of 𝑓(𝑥) = −0.6𝑥 2 + 2.4𝑥 + 5.5 using fixed-point iteration.
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
The very first step here is to transform this 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 into 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑥). As mentioned earlier,
we have more than one possible transformed equations. In this case, we have two:
0.6𝑥 2 − 5.5
𝑥=
2.4

2.4𝑥 + 5.5
𝑥=√
0.6

Let us first try and use the first one.

0.6𝑥 2 − 5.5
𝑥=
2.4
Using this equation, let us choose an initial guess of zero. What we are going to do is
substitute this to the right side of our equation, which becomes:
0.6(0)2 − 5.5
𝑥= = −2.291666667
2.4
Now this value of −2.291666667 will be substituted back to our equation, which becomes:
0.6(−2.291666667)2 − 5.5
𝑥= = −0.9787326389
2.4

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We will keep on doing this successive substitution until hopefully, the value converges.
The solution is summarized in the table below.
𝑥𝑖 x
0 0 -2.291666667
1 -2.291666667 -0.978732639
2 -0.978732639 -2.052187272
3 -2.052187272 -1.238798517
4 -1.238798517 -1.908011225
5 -1.908011225 -1.381539958
6 -1.381539958 -1.814503503
7 -1.814503503 -1.468560926
8 -1.468560926 -1.752498868
9 -1.752498868 -1.523853596
10 -1.523853596 -1.711134221
11 -1.711134221 -1.559671586
12 -1.559671586 -1.683522803
13 -1.683522803 -1.58310441
14 -1.58310441 -1.665111774
15 -1.665111774 -1.598517362
16 -1.598517362 -1.652852227
17 -1.652852227 -1.608686545
18 -1.608686545 -1.644698566
19 -1.644698566 -1.615408323
20 -1.615408323 -1.639280654
21 -1.639280654 -1.619856401
22 -1.619856401 -1.635682977
23 -1.635682977 -1.622801967
24 -1.622801967 -1.633295111
25 -1.633295111 -1.624753437
26 -1.624753437 -1.631710734
27 -1.631710734 -1.626046687
28 -1.626046687 -1.63065971
29 -1.63065971 -1.626903894
30 -1.626903894 -1.629962596
31 -1.629962596 -1.62747215
32 -1.62747215 -1.629500267
33 -1.629500267 -1.627848887
34 -1.627848887 -1.629193667
35 -1.629193667 -1.628098666
36 -1.628098666 -1.628990351
37 -1.628990351 -1.628264276
38 -1.628264276 -1.628855528
39 -1.628855528 -1.628374084
40 -1.628374084 -1.628766128
I think you get the process of how to do it so I am cutting it short at the 40th iteration. But
if you continue this process up to the 160th iteration, you will see the exact value of the
first root which is 𝑥 = −1.62859017617954. Of course, you can opt to choose a different
initial guess. Two things will happen – either our value converges to 𝑥 =
−1.62859017617954 or it will diverge. If it diverges, stop the process and use the other
equation.

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Let us now use the second equation.

2.4𝑥 + 5.5
𝑥=√
0.6

The same process applies, choose an initial guess then substitute it to the right side of
the equation. Then the resulting value is substituted back to the equation. The process
persists until the value converges (or diverges). The summary of solution is given at the
table below. Let us again use an initial guess of zero.
𝑥𝑖 x
0 0 3.027650354
1 3.027650354 4.612728919
2 4.612728919 5.255243319
3 5.255243319 5.494327979
4 5.494327979 5.580679043
5 5.580679043 5.611540149
6 5.611540149 5.622528547
7 5.622528547 5.626435893
8 5.626435893 5.627824645
9 5.627824645 5.628318154
10 5.628318154 5.628493518
11 5.628493518 5.628555831
12 5.628555831 5.628577972
13 5.628577972 5.62858584
14 5.62858584 5.628588635
15 5.628588635 5.628589629
16 5.628589629 5.628589982
17 5.628589982 5.628590107
18 5.628590107 5.628590152
19 5.628590152 5.628590167
20 5.628590167 5.628590173
21 5.628590173 5.628590175
22 5.628590175 5.628590176
23 5.628590176 5.628590176
24 5.628590176 5.628590176
25 5.628590176 5.628590176
We can clearly see that after the 25th iteration, the value converges. Now we have the
other root 𝑥 = 5.628590176.
Newton-Rhapson Method
Also known as the Newton’s Method, this is the most widely used of all root-calling
formulas. The concept of this method is the same with the fixed-point iteration method but
instead of transforming the equation 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 into 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑥), we find the tangent of the
given function 𝑓(𝑥). If an initial guess at the root is 𝑥𝑖 , a tangent can be extended from
the point [𝑥𝑖 , 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 )]. The point where the tangent crosses the 𝑥-axis usually represents an
improved estimate of the root.
The Newton-Rhapson formula is given by:
𝑓(𝑥𝑖 )
𝑥 = 𝑥𝑖 −
𝑓′(𝑥𝑖 )

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EXAMPLE. Find the root of 𝑓(𝑥) = −0.6𝑥 2 + 2.4𝑥 + 5.5 using Newton-Rhapson method.
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
The very first thing to do here is solve for the derivative of the given function, 𝑓′(𝑥).
𝑓(𝑥) = −0.6𝑥 2 + 2.4𝑥 + 5.5
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = −1.2𝑥 + 2.4
Now that we have the 𝑓(𝑥) and the 𝑓′(𝑥), let us have an initial guess. For consistency
with our previous method, let us start with an initial guess of zero. Using the formula, that
is:
𝑓(𝑥𝑖 ) −0.6(0)2 + 2.4(0) + 5.5
𝑥 = 𝑥𝑖 − ′ =0− = −2.291666667
𝑓 (𝑥𝑖 ) −1.2(0) + 2.4
This new value will then again be substituted to our formula, which becomes:
−0.6(= −2.291666667)2 + 2.4(= −2.291666667) + 5.5
𝑥 = (−2.291666667) −
−1.2(= −2.291666667) + 2.4
𝑥 = −1.679813916
We will continue to do this process until the value of 𝑥 converges. The process is
summarized in the solution below.
𝑥𝑖 x
1 0 -2.291666667
2 -2.291666667 -1.679813916
3 -1.679813916 -1.628946698
4 -1.628946698 -1.628590194
5 -1.628590194 -1.628590176
6 -1.628590176 -1.628590176
As we can see, after just six iterations, we already have the exact value of the root 𝑥 =
−1.628590176.
Although the Newton-Rhapson method is often very efficient (as you have observed from
the previous problem), there are situations where it performs poorly. One problem we
might see with this (and this includes even the fixed-point iteration) is that we can
simultaneously solve for multiple roots. We can only solve for one each time.
Secant Method
Another potential problem of the Newton-Rhapson method is the evaluation of the
derivative of the function. Although this is very efficient for polynomials and many other
functions, there are certain functions whose derivatives may be extremely difficult or
inconvenient to evaluate. For these cases, the derivative can be approximated by a
backward finite divided difference.
𝑓(𝑥𝑖−1 ) − 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 )
𝑓′(𝑥𝑖 ) ≅
𝑥𝑖−1 − 𝑥𝑖
This can be substituted to our Newton-Rhapson formula to become:
𝑓(𝑥𝑖 ) 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 )
𝑥 = 𝑥𝑖 − = 𝑥 = 𝑥𝑖 −
′(𝑥
𝑓 𝑖 ) 𝑓(𝑥𝑖−1 ) − 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 )
𝑥𝑖−1 − 𝑥𝑖
𝑓(𝑥𝑖 )(𝑥𝑖−1 − 𝑥𝑖 )
𝑥 = 𝑥𝑖 −
𝑓(𝑥𝑖−1 ) − 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 )

Numerical Solutions to CE Problems, Surigao del Sur State University – Bislig Page | 10
This is the formula for the secant method. It can be noticed that this approach requires
two initial estimates of 𝑥.
EXAMPLE. Find the root of 𝑓(𝑥) = −0.6𝑥 2 + 2.4𝑥 + 5.5 using the secant method. Start
with initial estimates 𝑥𝑖−1 = 0 and 𝑥𝑖 = 1.
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
First thing we have to do is substitute our initial estimates to our equation.
𝑥𝑖−1 = 0
𝑓(𝑥−1 ) = −0.6(0)2 + 2.4(0) + 5.5 = 5.5
𝑥𝑖 = 1
𝑓(𝑥𝑜 ) = −0.6(1)2 + 2.4(1) + 5.5 = 7.3
Then, we can substitute these values to our secant method formula.
𝑓(𝑥𝑖 )(𝑥𝑖−1 − 𝑥𝑖 ) 7.3(0 − 1)
𝑥 = 𝑥𝑖 − =1− = −3.0555556
𝑓(𝑥𝑖−1 ) − 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 ) 5.5 − 7.3
After this, we will now change our initial estimates.
𝑥𝑖−1 = 1
𝑥𝑖 = −3.0555556
The whole process is summarized in the table below.
𝑖 𝑥𝑖−1 𝑥𝑖 𝑓 (𝑥𝑖−1 ) 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 ) 𝑥
0 0 1 5.5 7.3 -3.055555556
1 1 -3.055555556 7.3 -7.435185185 -1.009174312
2 -3.05556 -1.009174312 -7.435185185 2.466921976 -1.518991342
3 -1.00917 -1.518991342 2.466921976 0.470019962 -1.638989308
4 -1.51899 -1.638989308 0.470019962 -0.045345911 -1.628430951
5 -1.63899 -1.628430951 -0.045345911 0.000693302 -1.628589948
6 -1.62843 -1.628589948 0.000693302 9.92084E-07 -1.628590176
7 -1.62859 -1.628590176 9.92084E-07 -2.17666E-11 -1.628590176

As we can see, the value of 𝑥 converges at 𝑥 = −1.628590176.

Numerical Solutions to CE Problems, Surigao del Sur State University – Bislig Page | 11
LESSON TEST

Answer the following problems. Show you solutions in a whole sheet of paper.
BOX YOUR FINAL ANSWERS and AFFIX YOUR SIGNATURE beside the boxed
answers.

1. Determine the root of the equation 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 2.3 using the simple
fixed-point iteration method.
2. Determine the root of the equation 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 2.3 using the Newton-
Rhapson method.
3. Determine the root of the equation 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 2.3 using the secant
method.

Numerical Solutions to CE Problems, Surigao del Sur State University – Bislig Page | 12