4.

THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS

LIST OF FORMULAE

1. Output equation
Q  Co D 2 L n s
where Co  output coefficient  1.11 2 Bav ac K w  103
D  stator bore, m
L  stator core length, m
n s  synchronous speed, rps.

2. Q  kW /  cos 
where Q  kVA input
  efficiency
kW  output power in kW
cos   power factor
h.p  0.746
3. Q 
 cos 
where h.p  output power in h.p
4. Specific magnetic loading
p
Bav 
DL
5. Specific electric loading
Iz
ac  z
D
6. Range of values for Bav and ac for induction motors,
Bav  0.3 to 0.6 Wb / m 2
ac  5000 to 45000
7. L/τ ratio for various design features :
Good overall design  1.0
Good power factor  1.0 to 1.25
Good efficiency  1.5
Minimum cos t  1.5 to 2.0
8. For best power factor   0.18L

Es
9. Turns per phase, Ts 
4.44 f m K ws

10. Points for the selection of number of stator slots, Ss

i) Tooth pulsation loss
ii) Leakage reactance
iii) Ventilation
iv) magnetizing current and iron loss
v) Cost

11. Slot Pitch

i) for open type of slots :15 to 25 mm
ii) for semi closed slots :15mm or less
Stator slot pitch yss  D / Ss

12. Total number of stator conductors  3  2 Ts  6 Ts (for 3 phase machine)

13. Conductors per stator slot Zss  6 Ts / Ss

14. Length of mean turn of stator,

L mts  2L  2.3  0.24 where L and  are in m.

15. Minimum width of stator tooth,

(Wts ) min  m /1.7  (Ss / p) Li
where m  flux per pole in Wb

16. Depth of stator core,

d cs  m / 2Bcs Li

17. Outside diameter of stator lamination

D0  D  2 d cs  2 d ss

18. Points for consideration in the selection of length of air gap

i) Power factor
ii) Overload capacity
iii) Pulsation loss
iv) unbalanced magnetic pull
v) cooling
vi) Noise
19. Formula for length of airgap, g in mm
i) g  0.2  2 DL (small induction motors)
ii) g  0.125  0.35D  L  0.015 Va (small induction motors)
iii) g  0.2  D
iv) g  1.6 D  0.25 where D and L are in m.

Design of squirrel cage rotor

20. Rules for selecting rotor slots, Sr
i) Sr  Ss (It may be 15 to 30% larger or smaller than stator slots)
ii) (Ss Sr )  p, 2p or 5p (to avoid synchronous cusps)
iii) (Ss Sr )  3p (to avoid magnetic locking)
iv) (Ss Sr )  1, 2,(p  1) or (p  2) (to avoid noise and vibrations)
Summarizing
(Ss Sr )  0,  p,  2p,  3p,  5p,  1,  2,  (p  1), (p  2)

Design of rotor bars and slots

2ms K ws Ts Is cos 
21. Rotor bar current, I b 
Sr
For 3 phase machines, m s  3
6I T
I b  s s K ws cos 
Sr
6IT
0.85  s s
Sr

22. Rms value of endring current, Ie

S I
Ie  r b
p
23. Area of endring, a e  depth of ring  thickness of ring
 de  t e

Design of wound rotor

24. Rotor turns per phase, Tr  (K ws / K wr )  (E r / E s )  Ts

25. Full load rotor mmf is taken as 85% of stator mmf ,

I r Tr  0.85 Is Ts
I T
I r  0.85 s s
Tr
26. Minimum width of rotor teeth.
m
Wtr (min) 
1.7  (Sr / p)  Li
(D  2d sr )
Wtr   r  Wsr
Sr
where d sr  depth of rotor slot and Wsr  Width of rotor slot

27. Rotor core

Depth of rotor core, d cr  m / 2  Bcr  Li
Inside diameter of rotor lamination, Di  D r  2(d sr  d cr )

Magnetising current

28. Magnetising current per phase for sinusoidal flux distribution

0.37. p. ATm
Im 
K w1 Tph
2 I m K w1 Tph
where, ATm1   fundamental magnetizing mmf
p
K w1  winding factor for fundamental

29. Magnetising current per phase for non sinusoidal flux distribution
Flux density at = 60
B60 = Bm1 sin 60 + Bm3 sin3  60
= Bm1 sin 60
= 3 / 2 Bm1 (Remember fundamental flux density Bm1 is sinusoidal)
= 3 / 2  (  / 2) Bm1
 1.36 Bm1
mmf acting at   60
AT60  ATm sin 60
 3 / 2 ATm1

 
2.71 I ph K w1 Tph
 3/2 
p
Therefore Magnetising current per phase
0.427 p AT60
Iph (or I m ) 
K w1 Tph
Operating Characteristics

30. i) No load current Io  I m2  I 2

ii) Total magnetizing mmf per pole for B60
AT60  ATg  ATts  ATtr  ATcs  ATcr  ATm1 sin 60
0.427 p AT60
iii) Magnetising current per phase, I m 
K ws Ts
total no load loss
iv) Loss component of no load current per phase, I 
3  voltage per phase
31. Stator resistance per phase, rs  L mts Ts / a s

32. Rotor resistance

a) Wound rotor :
(i) Rotor resistance per phase rr  L mtr Tr / a r
(ii) Rotor resistance per phase referred to stator
r 'r  (K ws Ts / K wr Tr ) 2 rr
b) Cage rotor :
(i) Total rotor resistance rr  Sr2 L b / Sr a b  (2D e ) /  p 2 a e 
(ii) Total rotor resistance referred to stator
2
m T K 
r 'r   s s ws   Sr2 L b / Sr a b  (2 D e ) /  p 2a e 
 m r Tr K wr 
Note :
(i) The number of phases in a squirrel cage winding is equal to number of bars
per pole (or) m r  Sr / p
(ii) The number of turns in series per phase for rotor is equal to the number of
pole pair (or) Tr  p / 2 and rotor winding factor, K wr  1
On substitution, total resistance of cage rotor referred to stator
r'r  4 ms2 Ts2 K 2ws L b / Sr a b  (2 D e ) /  p 2a e 
Resistance of cage rotor, referred to stator, per phase
rr1  4 ms Ts2 K 2ws L b / Sr a b  (2 D e ) /  p 2a e 

33. Leakage reactance

Stator : x ss  8 f Ts L ( ss / pq s )
2

Rotor(referred to stator) :
xsr  8 f Ts2 L ( sr / pqs )
 Total leakage reactance of the machine referred to stator
 Bracketed reactances may 
Xs  x ss  xsr  (x 0  x z  x h )  
 be neglected 
34. Total impedance of motor at standstill
Zs  R s2  Xs2
35. Short circuit (blocked rotor) current per phase,
Isc  E sc / Zs

36. Short circuit power factor, cos sc  R s / Zs

where R s  rs  rr'

Circle diagram

37. No load current per phase, I0  I m2  I 2

38. No load phase angle, 0  tan 1 (I m / I )
39. Short circuit current per phase, Isc  E sc / Zs
40. Short circuit phase angle, sc  tan 1 (X s / R s )

SOLVED PROBLEMS
PROBLEM 1
Determine the approximate diameter and length of the stator core, the number of stator
slots and the number of conductors for a 11 kW, 400 V, 3, 4 pole, 1425 rpm delta
connected Induction motor. Adopt a specific magnetic loading of 0.45 Wb/m2 and a
specific electric loading of 23,000 A/m. Assume full load efficiency and power factor as
0.85 and 0.88 respectively. The ratio of core length to pole pitch is 1. The stator employs
a double layer winding.
Given data:
11 kW, 400 V, 3, p = 4, 1425 rpm, Bav = 0.45 Wb/m2,
ac = 23000 A/m,   = 0.85, power factor = 0.88, L/ = 1.
Solution:
 output
kVA input =
η × cos 
11
= = 14.7 kVA
0.85 × 0.88
2f
Synchronous speed, n s =
p
2 × 50
= = 25 rps
4
Let K ws = 0.955
Co = 11 K ws Bav ac ×10-3
= 11× 0.955 × 0.45 × 23000 ×10-3
Co = 108.7268 kVA/m3 - rps
kVA input, Q = Co D 2 Ln s
Q 14.7
 D2 L = =
Co n s 108.7268 × 25
2
D L = 0.0054 m3
Given that, L/τ = 1
πD
L=τ=
p
L = 0.7854 D
0.7854 D3 = 0.0054
D3 = 6.875 ×10-3 m 3
D = 0.19 m
L = 0.7854 D
= 0.7854 × 0.19
L = 0.15 m
Bav π DL
Maximum flux per pole, m =
p
= 0.45 × π × 0.19 × 0.15/4 = 0.01 Wb
Since the stator is delta connected, line voltage is same as phase voltage.
Es
Stator turns per phase, Ts 
4.44f m K ws
400
Ts 
4.44  50  0.01 .955
Ts  188.67 188 turns.
The stator slots should be multiple of q, where q is slots per pole per phase.
Stator slots, Ss  Number of phase  poles  q
For q  2, Ss  3  4  2  24
q  3, Ss  3  4  3  36
q  4, Ss  3  4  4  48
Since this is a low voltage machine.
D   0.19
When Ss  36, yss    16.58 mm
Ss 36
The stator slot pitch should lie between 15  25 mm. Hence the stator slot can be 36.
6T 6  188
conductors per slot, Zss  s   31.333.
Ss 36
Zss should be even integer for double layer winding and so it is either 30 (or) 32.
Let, Zss  32,
Total stator conductors  Ss  Zss
 36  32
Total stator conductors  1152
If we select Zss  30, then total stator conductors  1080.
Ans :
Diameter of stator  0.19m
Length of stator  0.15m
stator slots  36
stator conductors  1080

PROBLEM 2
Find the values of diameter and length of stator core of a 7.5 kW, 220V, 50 Hz,
4 pole, 3 phase induction motor for best power factor. Given: Specific magnetic
loading = 0.4 Wb/m2; specific electric loading = 22000 A/m; efficiency = 0.86 and
power factor = 0.87. Also find the main dimensions if the ratio of core length to pole
pitch is unity.
Given data :
7.5 kW, 220V, f  50 Hz, p  4, 3 Induction motor, Bav  0.4 Wb / m 2 ,
ac  22000 A / m,   0.86, power factor  0.87, L /   1.
Solution :
Q  Co D 2 Ln s
Co  11 Bav ac K ws  103
Let K ws  0.96
Co  11 0.4  22000  0.96  103
Co  92.928 kVA / m3  rps
output 7.5 103
kVA input, Q  
 pf 0.86  0.87
7500
Q  10.024 kVA
0.86  0.87
2f 2  50
ns    25 rps
p 4
Q 10.024
D2 L  
Co n s 92.928  25
D L  0.00431 m3
2

case (i) when L /   1

D
L  0.7854 D
p
0.7854 D3  0.00431
D  0.1763 m
L  0.1763  0.7854
L  0.138 m
case (ii) for best power factor
  0.18 L
D
 0.18 L
p
0.7854 D  0.18 L
D  0.54 L
D 2 L  0.00431
0.54 2 L2  0.00431
L2  0.01478 m 2
L  0.1215 m
D  0.54 0.1215
D  0.188 m