5.

SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES

LIST OF FORMULAE
1. Output Equation:
(i) Output equation for polyphase a.c machines.
kVA output Q = Co D 2 Ln s
Where, Output coefficient Co = 11Bav ac Kw  10-3
(ii) Output equation in terms of peripheral speed is
2
kVA output Q = (1.11Bav acK w *10-3 )(Va L)/n s
(iii) Ratic L/=0.6 to 0.7 for round poles.
L/  1 to 5 for rectangular poles
(iv) Short circuit ratio (SCR),
1 1
SCR= 
 per unit voltage on open circuit  Xd
 corresponding per unit current 
 
 
 on short circuit 
2. Lengh of air gap :
(i) For salient pole machines of normal construction and having open type slots,
Lenght of air gap
  0.01 to 0.015
g

pole pitch 
where, g  length of air gap at the centre of poles

 0.02 to 0.025
g
(ii) For turbo-alternators, with massive rotors,

(iii) For synchronous motors designed with maximum output 1.5 times rated output
 0.02
g


(iv) For an exact sinusoidal flux distribution, lenght of air gap at a distance x
 x 
from centre, g x  g / cos  
  
(v) Usual values of slot pitch, ys
ys  25mm for low voltage machines
ys  40mm for 6kV or low voltage machines
ys  60mm for machines upto 15kV
3.Turns per phase :
(i) flux per pole   Bav L
E ph
(ii) Turns per phsae Tph 
4.44fK w
 But if there are 'a' parallel paths per phase,
 Tph 
E ph =4.44   fK w
 a 
(E ph  a)
(or) Tph 
(4.44  f K w )

(kVA  103 )
4. Current in each conductor, I z  I ph 
(3E ph )
I ph
But if there are 'a 'parallel paths, the conductor current is Iz 
a
I
Area of cross-sec tion of armature conductors, a z  z
a
A
where, a  current density in armature conductors, .
mm 2
5. Minimum width of tooth Wt (min)   /((s / p)Li 1.8)

6. Maximum permissible width of slot, Ws(max)  ys  Wt (min)

7. Length of mean turn,

length of mean turn of armature, L mt  2L  2.5  0.06kV  0.2
and kV  voltage of machine in kilovolt.

8. Depth of armature core,d c 
(2  L1  Bc )
Outer diameter of stator Do  D  2(d s  d c )

9. Estimation of airgap length :

No load field mmf per pole, ATfo  ATa  SCR
 I ph Tph K wI 
ATfo  2.7    SCR
 p 
K f ATf 0
g 
1000000 Bav K g
10. Area of pole body
For rectangular, A p  0.98 Lp bp
For circular,  
A p   bp2
4

ATf  104
11. Height of field winding, h f 
sf d f q f
height of pole, h p  h f  h1  0.02
height of pole body, h p  h f  0.02

12. Full load field mmf per pole , ATf  2ATa

ATa  2.7 Iph Tph kW / p

13. Voltage across each field coil, E f  (0.8 to 0.85) Ve / p

14. Area of field conductor, a f  ATf L mtf / E f

15. Area of damper bars per pole, A d  0.2ac / d

pole arc = (number of bars/pole) ys  0.8
Cross section of each damper bar, a d  A d / N d
SOLVED PROBLEMS
PROBLEM 1
Determine suitable stator dimensions for a 500 kVA, 50 Hz, 3 phase alternator to run at
375 rpm. Take mean gap density over the pole pitch as 0.55 Wb/m2, the specific electric loading as
25,000 A/m. The peripheral speed should not exceed 35 m/s.
Given data
Q  500 kVA, f  50 Hz, n  375 rpm, ac  25, 000 A / m
Va  35 m / s, Bav  0.55 Wb / m 2
Solution
Synchronous speed n s  375 60  6.25 rps
Assume winding factor K w  0.955
Output co-efficient Co  11 K w  Bav  ac  10 3
 11  0.955  0.55  25, 000  10 3
Co  144
Q 500
From output eqn, D 2 L  
CO n s 144  6.25
D 2 L  0.56
Since Va 
 35 m / s, Assume Va  34 m / s   D n s
34
D   1.73m
  6.25
 (1.73) L  0.56
2

L  0.186 m

PROBLEM 2
Determine for a 500 kVA, 6600 V, 12 pole, 500 rpm, 3 phase alternator suitable values for (i) the
diameter at air gap (ii) the core length (iii) the number of states conductors
(iv) the number of stator slots. Assume Bav = 0.6 Wb/m2; ac = 30,000 A/m, L/ = 1.5.
Given data
Q  500 kVA ; L /   1.5; V  6600V; Bav  0.6 Wb / m 2 ;
p  12 poles ac  30,000 A / m; n  500 rpm
Solution
500
ns   8.33 rps
60
Assume K w  0.955
C0  11 Bav ac K w  103
 11  0.6  30000  0.955  103
C0  189
L  1.5(given)

D 1.5    D
L  1.5  
p 12
L  0.393D
From output eqn,
Q 500
D2 L  
C0 n s 189  8.33
D 2 L  0.317
0.393D3  0.317
D  0.93m
L  0.393(0.93)
L  0.37m
B LD
we know,   av
p
0.6    0.37  0.934

12
  54.3  103 Wb
6600
E ph   3810
3
E ph 3810
Tph  
4.44 f  K w 4.44  50  54.3  103  0.955
Tph  330
 V  6 kV, 
Z  6 Tph  6  330  1980  
 Assume y s  50mm 
D   0.934
q   1.64
3 p ys 3  12  50
q 2 (assume)
 S  3pq  3  12  2
S  72

PROBLEM 3
Determine for a 250 kVA, 1100V, 12 pole, 500 rpm, 3 alternator (i) air gap diameter (ii) core
length (iii) number of stator slots (iv) cross section of stator conductors assuming average gap
density as 0.6 Wb/m2, ampere conductors per metre as 28,500; and the current density to be
3.5A/mm2.
Given data
Q  250 kVA; Bav  0.6 Wb / m 2 ; V  1100V; ac  28,500;
p  12 poles   3.5 A / mm 2 ; n  500 rpm
Solution
500
ns   8.33
60
K w  0.955 (assume)
C0  11 Bav ac K w  103
 11  0.6  28500  0.955  103
C0  180
L
Assume  1.5

D
L  1.5 
p
1.5   D
L
12
L  0.392 D
From output eqn,
Q 250
D2 L  
C0 n s 180  8.33
D L  0.167
2

0.167
D3   D  0.75m
0.392
L  0.392 D
 0.392  0.75
L  0.29m, L  0.3m
B  DL
  av
p
0.6    0.75  0.3

12
  35.32  103 Wb
 1100
E ph   640 volts
3
E ph
Tph 
4.44  f  K w
640
  86
4.44  50  35.32  103  0.955
Z  6 Tph  516
D   0.75
q   2.65
3 p ys 3  12  25
s  3 pq
 3  12  2.65
s  90
250  1000
I ph   130 A
3  640
I 130
aZ  Z 
a 3.5
a z  37.14 mm 2